基于Boussinesq数值模型的波浪速度垂向分布模拟研究

在Liu和Fang推导的双层Boussinesq方程基础上,将其简化为一层水波方程,并建立了基于混合4阶Adams-Bashforth-Moulton时间格式的立面二维数值模型;数值模拟了波浪在潜堤上的演化过程,并将数值计算结果与相关实验结果进行了对比,验证了该数值模型的正确性。进而在不同的入射波条件下,将沿着水深分布的水平速度和垂向速度的数值模拟结果与线性、二阶、三阶解析解解析结果进行综合对比。对比结果表明,在不同的无因次水深kh条件下,数值解与解析解的整体吻合程度较好。在不同的波陡H/L条件下,数值解展现了较好的非线性特征。在不同的波高水深比H/h条件下,数值解与解析解之间的整体差异较小。可以看到,该数值模型较好地模拟了波浪垂向速度场分布,体现了其优良的综合性能。     

胶州湾围隔浮游生态系统氮、磷营养盐迁移-转化模型研究

通过对目前生态动力学模型的总结和综合,以生态系统中氮、磷营养盐循环为主线,建立了适用于海洋围隔浮游生态系统的多变量的营养盐迁移-转化动力学模型.该模型包括浮游植物、浮游动物、溶解无机态营养盐、溶解有机态营养盐和生物碎屑5个模块,涉及溶解无机氮、磷酸盐、溶解有机氮、溶解有机磷、浮游植物、浮游动物和生物碎屑7个状态变量.分别利用1999年秋季和2000年夏季胶州湾围隔生态实验数据进行了模型和验证工作,成功地模拟了富加营养盐条件下围隔浮游生态系统中氮、磷营养盐生物化学迁移-转化过程,并确定了20余个参数的量值.     

非饱和带全剖面尿素态氮迁移转化规律分析

尿素是农田常用氮肥,本文通过实验室土柱试验,利用HYDRUS-1D建立非饱和带尿素态氮迁移转化模型,并对大沽河地下水源地夏玉米生长季节内水氮运移过程进行模拟,分析灌溉农业条件下非饱和带全剖面中氮迁移转化和深层淋溶规律。结果表明:(1)常规施肥条件下,尿素态氮水解达97.09%,仅有0.01%能够淋溶至地下水;(2)硝态氮更易淋溶至地下水,硝态氮淋失量与灌溉量和施肥量呈正相关,与灌溉强度呈负相关,不同施肥方式下淋失量表现为深施>灌施>表施;(3)根系吸氮量与灌溉量和施肥量呈正相关,与灌溉强度呈负相关,不同施肥方式下吸氮量表现为灌施>深施>表施,不同管理策略下玉米氮素利用率为20%~50%;(4)常规条件下土壤储氮量>玉米氮素利用率>氮淋溶量>气态氮损失。本研究对量化氮迁移转化过程、定量评价氮损失、预测地下水氮污染具有重要意义。     

混合重金属(Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn,Hg)在厦门海洋围隔生态系中的迁移和归宿

1985年在厦门港海边水池内采用10m3围隔式生态实验装置研究了两组低浓度的混合重金属的迁移和归宿,溶解态金属浓度最初随袋内颗粒沉降呈指数形式下降,其去除速率Pb>Hg>Zn>Cu>Cd,其后由生物活动转为颗粒态,Zn在水华期明显地发生了生物转移,27天后Cd和Cu仍主要以溶解态形式存在,Pb和Hg大部分转移到沉降物中,Zn几乎各占一半,袋壁吸附不超过袋内金属的2%,浮游动物与重金属的结合很不稳定,有机质在重金属的迁移转化过程中起重要作用.     

浅海内波垂直模式方程的一种解析解

给出了一些海区实测浮力频率剖面的数学模型.利用超几何函数对内波垂直模式方程进行了解析求解,得到内波模式方程的解析解和频散方程.利用得到的解析解给出了一种理想条件下内波前三阶简正模式的结构.     

河口、港湾潮流数值模拟中的区域分裂法

本文引用区域分裂法,建立了河口、港湾非恒定流一、二维联解的整体数学模型和二、二维联解的整体数学模型。在一、二维或二、二维模型的联接处,设计了一个重叠域,由此互为相邻子域提供水边界点(线)上的水力要素。重叠域的设置保证了各子域间的协调性,大大提高了计算稳定性。上述两模型应用于椒江河口,结果令人满意。     

浙江近岸海域表层沉积物中氮的存在形态及其含量的分布特征

运用分相浸取法分析了浙江近岸海域60个站位的表层沉积物(0～2 cm)中各形态氮的含量和分布.研究结果表明,表层沉积物中总氮(TN)含量为214.66～861.44 mg/kg,均值为580.52mg/kg,位于浅水区的长江口、杭州湾和浙江沿岸的TN含量低于东部远岸海域;可转化态氮(TTN)含量只占总氮的3.06%～37.24%,有机态和硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)是沉积物中可转化态氮的主要赋存形态,非转化态氮(NTN)是浙江近岸海域表层沉积物中的优势形态.各站位沉积物中氮在不同提取相中的含量差异较大,与沉积物的陆源输入、沉积物重金属含量、粒径分布及沉积海域的水动力条件等因素有关.     

九龙江口铜、铅化学形态的研究

一引言随着环境科学的发展,重金属存在形态的研究已日益为环境科学工作者所重视。重金属在环境中分布、迁移和转化等化学行为都与它的存在形态密切相关,对生物的毒性效应也取决于它的存在形态。离子态铜的毒性远大于络合态铜,并且铜的络合物越稳定,其毒性越小。因此,如果只测定重金属的总浓度,就难以对环境质量作出正确的评价。环境科学的深入研究,更需要人们了解污染物在环境中的存在形态。Florence和Batley(1976)及Florence(1977)提出了较详细的重金属存在形态分类图式。这个形态分类图式利用阳极溶出伏安法(ASV)将溶存天然水中铜、     

莱州湾围隔浮游生态系统氮、磷营养盐迁移-转化模型研究

通过对目前生态动力学模型的总结和综合，以生态系统中氮、磷营养盐循环为主线，建立了适用于海洋围隔浮游生态系统的多变量的营养盐迁移-转化动力学模型。该模型包括浮游植物、浮游动物、溶解无机态营养盐、溶解有机态营养盐和生物碎屑5个模块，涉及溶解无机氮、磷酸盐、溶解有机氮、溶解有机磷、浮游植物、浮游动物和生物碎屑7个状态变量。利用2002年8月末莱州湾围隔生态实验数据进行了模型的验证工作，成功地模拟了富加营养盐条件下围隔浮游生态系统中氮、磷营养盐生物化学迁移-转化过程，并通过灵敏度分析探讨了模型主要状态变量对参数改变的灵敏程度。     

营养盐对海洋浮游植物生长的影响--数学模型研究

概述了海水中营养盐和细胞体内营养元素含量对海洋浮游植物生长的影响，并阐述了数学模型方法描述海洋浮游植物生长的发展过程，指出在现有生物生长模型基础上，建立重要营养物质迁移，转化等生态学过程与赤潮生物生长关系相结合的数学模型是建立现场环境条件下海洋浮游植物生长数学模型，进而揭示有害赤潮发生的生态学机理等的必要科学基础。     

沉积物暴露条件下文蛤Meretrix meretrix 对重金属Cu、Pb的富集动力学研究

应用半静态双箱动力学模型室内模拟了沉积物暴露条件下文蛤Meretrix meretrix 对Cu、Pb的生物富集,通过对富集与排出过程中文蛤体内重金属污染物的动态监测和对富集与排出过程监测结果的非线性拟合,得到了文蛤富集重金属的吸收速率常数K₁、排出速率常数K₂、生物富集因子BCF(bioconcentration factors)、生物学半衰期B_1/2等动力学参数。拟合结果得到的Cu、Pb各动力学参数分别为,K₁为4.6333—72.3754;K₂为0.0512—0.0798;BCF为60.7646—1414.9634;B_1/2为8.69—13.55。对模型的拟合优度检验结果显示,沉积物暴露条件下文蛤对重金属Cu、Pb的生物富集数据符合双箱模型,模型的拟合优度良好。比较结果得出,吸收速率常数K₁及生物富集因子BCF均随着外部水体金属暴露浓度的增大而减小;文蛤对Cu富集能力大于Pb;Cu在文蛤体内的生物学半衰期B_1/2大于Pb;理论平衡状态下生物体内Cu、Pb的含量C_Amax随着外部水体中金属暴露浓度的增大而增大,且呈显著正相关,实验结果表明沉积物暴露条件下双箱动力学模型在一定条件下是可以应用于文蛤的富集动力学研究的,仍需要进一步开展不同条件下实验研究分析。     

Thermodynamic Analysis of Heavy Metals Biosorption by Two Macroalgae

The thermodynamic process of two macroalgae, Sargassum fusiforme and Lamin aria japonica, absorbing heavy, metal ions Cu^2 , Pb^2 , Cd^2 and Ni^2 . has been studied. The result indicates that the absorption isotherms of these two macroalgae clearly accord with the Landmuir adsorption model. The absorptive processes of S. fusiforme and L. japonica for Cu^2 are endothermal, and at 35℃, the adsorption heat of these two algae is 59.5kJ/mol and 76.8 kJ/mol respectively. Temperature could affect the algae‘s adsorption capacity. Their adsorption capacity increases with temperature (25℃ and 35℃).     

源解析受体模型在伶仃洋沉积物重金属污染研究中的应用

源解析受体模型是在大气气溶胶粒子来源及酸雨成因研究中建立与发展起来的。首次将该模型移植到水环境的沉积物重金属污染研究中，经验证处理后，解析了伶仃洋沉积物中重金属的地理区域源，并定量计算了这些区域源对特征污染元素的贡献率。     

Effects of heavy metal ions on larval Penaeus chinensis and comparative study on their elimination methods

In order to establish a new method to eliminate toxicities of heavy metal ions to larval penaeid shrimp, the effects of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium ions on larval metamorphosis of Penaeus chinensis at each stage were determined in detail, and two methods eliminating toxicities were compared. The results indicate that sensitivity of larvae to heavy metal ions decreases in the order of nauplii, protozoea, mysis and postlarvae. The phytoplankton food can reduce, by chetating, the toxicities of heavy metal ions. Both EDTA chelation and PHMA absorption can be used to eliminate the toxicities effectively and there is no significant difference between the two methods. EDTA is harmful to larval P. chinensis at high concentration but affects neither survival nor metamorphosis at below 10 mg/dm3. It is preliminarily observed that copper and zinc ions at low concentration are beneficial to the development of larvae after protozoea stage. It is suggested that it is unnecessary to e-liminate the effects of heavy     

粤东柘林湾沉积物重金属背景值初步研究

海洋区域环境背景值是多种环境因素的共同作用的结果,往往具有很强的地域性特点.在评价区域元素的累积、人为污染强度时,使用全球页岩或其他大范围的元素地球化学背景作为衡量依据,会使得判断结果出现较大的偏差.位于广东省东部的柘林湾是一个具有典型热带与亚热带特色和鲜明地质特点的小型河口湾,也是粤东地区最大规模的增养殖区.2003年9月、12月在柘林湾进行了两个航次的沉积物背景值调查,对取得的3个沉积物柱状样分层并测定了各层沉积物的重金属含量,在分析重金属垂直分布特征的基础上,结合已知的沉积速率,确定了柱状样下部未受人类活动影响的背景段,并根据数据的分布类型确定重金属的环境背景值.结果表明,柘林湾重金属元素Cd、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni、 Pb、 Zn的背景值分别为0.150mg·kg-1、28.6mg·kg-1、15.8mg·kg-1、14.8mg·kg-1、32.2mg·kg-1,57.8mg·kg-1.与其他区域比较,柘林湾Pb的背景值最高,而Cd、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni、 Zn的背景值与其邻近的粤东外海和南海北部陆坡区及广东沿海的相近,但与南海陆坡和南海海盆的相比则明显偏低.     

大亚湾沉积物中重金属元素背景值研究

根据大亚湾的自然条件认为,大亚湾沉积物的物质来源是其周围集水区的岩石风化壳,并计算了其风化壳中重金属元素的平均丰度值;又根据沉积物的粒度和深层沉积物重金属元素的含量资料,列方程计算出湾内沉积物中重金属元素的平均含量,根据这两组数据,确定该区域内重金属元素的平均背景值。再通过粒度关系,计算得出大亚湾内各站沉积物中重金属元素的背景值。应用此结果和大亚湾沉积物重金属元素实测结果,计算了由人为影响带入沉积物中的重金属元素含量,了解其受污染的程度。     

九龙江河口区表层沉积物重金属元素分布特征及其沉积环境

通过对九龙江河口表层沉积物的重金属元素含量、沉积物粒度等要素进行分析,结合相关与聚类分析等统计手段,探讨了九龙江河口地区的沉积环境与重金属元素含量特征的关系.结果表明,即使在沉积环境复杂的河口地区,重金属含量分布与沉积物粒度仍存在明显的对应关系.受沉积动力影响,不同的重金属元素分布在九龙江河口地区表现出较大差异,而嵩屿至屿仔尾一带呈带状南北向展布的重金属相对高值条带值得引起注意.     

Study on the Adsorption of Metal Ions by Immobilized Marine Algae with the Existence of Clay

The process of adsorption of metal ions by immobilized marine algae with the existence of clay was investigated. It can be noted from the results that, after mixing with clay, the adsorption rate increases rapidly with the increasing amount of the marine algae. When pH=5, the best ratio between the clay and the marine algae is 1：4 for Pb^2＋. The result of in situ handling of the waste water containing heavy metals shows that the average adsorption rates of heavy metal irons Cu^2＋, Cd^2＋, Pb^2＋ and Ni^2＋ are all over 70 %.     

Origins of heavy oils in the Erlian Basin, ne China

The Erlian Basin is located in the Central Asia-Mongolian fold belt between the Siberian and Sino-Korean Cratons. It is a Mesozoic continental rift basin composed of 52 individual fault-depressions. The main phase of rifting took place during the Early Cretaceous when a series of fluvial-lacustrine sediments were deposited. Each depression forms an independent sedimentary system and behaves as an independent petroleum system. Hydrocarbon source rocks are found in the upper Arshan and lower Tengger Formations. These are mainly type II source rocks and are mainly located in oil generation window at the present day. A series of oilfields and commercial oil flows have been found in the basin, highlighting its good petroleum potential. Many of these oils are heavy.Six oil samples from the Anan and ten from the Jirgalangtu Depressions have been subjected to routine geochemical analytical techniques in order to evaluate the origins. The methods used include gas chromatography of the saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions, gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction and stable carbon isotope analyses. The trace metal elements of the biodegraded oils from the Jirgalangtu Depression were also analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy.Two types of heavy oils : primary and biodegraded were identified on the basis of these data. The former includes both immature and mature heavy oils. A filtering-and-spill process was proposed to explain the origin of primary mature heavy oils (or tar-mat) in the Anan Depression. The biodegraded oils from the Jirgalangtu Depression were ranked and classified in terms of the degree of biodegradation, using a series of geochemical parameters based on the gas chromatographic concentrations and biomarker fingerprints of gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction. The relationship between oil saturation and porosity indicates that the heavy oils in the Jirgalangtu Depression were biodegraded after they accumulated.     

On the effect of spray on the dynamics of the marine atmospheric surface layer in strong winds

A nonlinear analytical model of the near-water air layer is considered. In the model, the effect of spray droplets on turbulent exchange is taken into account through their effect on density stratification. To close the system of equations, a semiempirical turbulence theory in the Kolmogorov-Monin form is used. Unlike previous publications, we use an alternative closure scheme that seems more appropriate. A version is also proposed for generalizing the model to the case where heavy admixture particles (spray droplets) make a dominant contribution to the average density of a medium. This model allows a general analytical solution that, in principle, describes non-linear effects such as a decrease in the effective friction and “self-closure” of the heavy admixture in the near-surface layer because of turbulence suppression due to the strengthening of stratification stability. As the current data show, however, the intensity of spray production is probably insufficient to explain the recently discovered phenomenon of the aerodynamic-drag decrease (saturation) in storm winds.