漳州热田地下热水的循环深度

漳州热田是我国东南沿海地区目前所见温度(121.5℃)最高的一个。热田地热地质、地球化学以及地温场的研究结果表明,漳州热田属于深循环对流型热田。为了计算热田的热水循环深度,本文采用管道模型的方法,利用热田中心钻孔的测温资料计算地下热水上涌的流速,利用热田内水化学资料计算热储温度,然后用图解法求出漳州热田热水的循环深度为3.4—4.0 km,为漳州热田的成因分析和热水资源的评价提供了依据。     

河南省城市浅层地温场特征及影响因素分析

本文在大量钻孔测温资料的基础上,系统分析了河南省城市浅层地温场分布特征,分析了不同地貌类型城市恒温带特征。全区地下水恒温带深度平均深度24.8m,温度一般15.5℃~17.5℃;冲积平原区松散层恒温带深度最浅、温度最高,内陆河谷盆地区松散层恒温带深度最深、温度最低。近山前地带基岩浅埋区,地温梯度低;沿深大断裂带和构造隆(凸)起区,地温梯度高;济源—商丘断裂的新乡—延津段、内黄凸起和通许凸起地温梯度高。通过分析地温增温率特征和地温恢复能力,得出颗粒越粗地温恢复能力K值较大,富水性越强、水力坡度越大K值越大。对影响浅层地温场的多种因素的系统研究表明,该区浅层地温场受城市、人类活动、地下水流场、地下水埋深、构造、地下水补给、排泄等因素影响明显。     

内蒙古海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷现今地温场特征

乌尔逊凹陷作为内蒙古海拉尔盆地油气资源最丰富的凹陷之一,其地温场特征尚未进行系统研究。根据5口井系统测温数据和42口井油层测温数据以及实测热导率资料,分析了海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷现今地温场特征。乌尔逊凹陷的现今地温梯度在2.8~3.7℃/hm之间,平均地温梯度为3.35℃/hm。现今大地热流密度值在42.2~59.4 mW/m2之间,平均大地热流密度值为56.0 mW/m2,表明乌尔逊凹陷是一个中温型地温场。现今地温梯度和大地热流密度值分布具有北高南低的特点,造成南北差异的原因主要为地下水活动、断裂及火山岩体。现今地温场对油气生成具有明显的控制作用;乌尔逊凹陷为持续埋藏性凹陷,现今地温为烃源岩经历的最高温度;西部地区现今温度最高,铜钵庙组、南屯组、大磨拐河组烃源岩仍处于较高的温度环境中,烃源岩现今仍处于生烃过程中,西部地区是乌尔逊凹陷主要的找油气区。     

渤海湾盆地中原地区古地温梯度恢复研究

渤海湾盆地中新生代具有叠合盆地多期叠加演化的特点,不同地质时期地温场的恢复具有多解性和不确定性。应用包裹体测温、磷灰石裂变径迹分析、Barker温度函数法、EASY%Ro模拟等方法,通过不同构造单元的最高古地温的恢复,进行不同地质时期的地温梯度恢复。研究表明:(1)包裹体测温、磷灰石裂变径迹分析、Barker温度函数等方法仅适用于欠补偿沉积区古地温及古地温梯度恢复;(2)Barker法计算的地温梯度偏高;(3)而EASY%Ro热史模拟方法是补偿-近补偿沉积区古地温梯度恢复的有效方法;(4)三叠纪、侏罗—白垩纪、古近纪是影响上古生界烃源岩演化的关键时期,地温梯度分别为3.3℃/100 m、4.5℃/100 m和4.0℃/100 m。     

漳州地热田基岩裂隙水系统温度分布特征

为研究漳州地热田基岩裂隙水系统温度分布特征,建立了新的三维基岩裂隙水系统概念模型,并利用Fluent软件求解模型。结果表明:基岩裂隙热水温度场受到断裂区的强烈控制,在北东—南西向断裂中,强烈对流形成的高温热柱刺穿了基岩顶部形成热田高温中心;基岩热流在断裂区中部高温区达到最大,在北东—南西方向上最大值为343.02mW/m2,在北西—南东方向最大值为368.72mW/m2,并向边缘逐渐降低;第四系孔隙水的存在和运动使得地表热流的最大值和局部值降低。未来漳州热田应加强深部温度的测量研究。     

非洲G盆地南部凹陷热演化史恢复及成藏期次判断

非洲G盆地是受中非剪切带影响而发育形成的典型被动裂谷盆地,其南部凹陷带为盆地主要油源区。为进一步明确G盆地油气勘探方向,需开展盆地南部凹陷热演化史及油气成藏方面的研究。油层测温表明,南部凹陷现今平均地温梯度为3.9 ℃/100 m,属于中温型地温场。根据镜质体反射率、包裹体测温恢复了G盆地凹陷带古地温演化史,研究表明G盆地凹陷白垩纪古地温梯度为2.4～3.77 ℃/100 m,古地温梯度低于现今地温梯度。古地温恢复及热史模拟表明最高地温是在现今达到的,下白垩统烃源岩热演化程度主要受现今地温场控制。包裹体均一温度分析表明G盆地南部凹陷存在两次流体作用事件,分别发生在晚白垩世早期(96.0～87.0 Ma)及第四纪(3.0～0 Ma)。下白垩统油气的主要成藏期在晚白垩世早期。     

河南省地温场分布规律及成因机制分析

河南省新生界地温梯度变化范围2.0℃/100m～4.0℃/100m,总体分布具有由山前至平原,地温梯度渐增,局部存在地温异常,沉积盆地内凸起区大于凹陷区的特点。不同埋深的地温,总体具有由山前向东部平原或盆地边缘向盆地内部渐增的变化规律,高温区往往位于断裂构造发育部位或构造单元的交汇部,地温场成因受所在位置、区域构造、地层组合、岩浆活动及地下水活动的密切影响。     

河北雄县地热田钻井地温测量及地温场特征

根据研究区22口井的实测井温资料及前人的研究成果,开展了雄县地区地温场分析,对雄县地热田地温场的特点取得了以下认识：雄县地热田的盖层以传导热传递方式为主,热储层中源于供暖期热水生产和回灌引起的地下水受迫对流的影响,以对流热传递为主,不同静井时间的重复测温结果显示,静井时间的长短和井内流体的运移方式（抽水或回灌）控制了井内温度的分布及井内温度的动态变化：静井时间增加则测得的温度在中性点上下呈反向变化,生产井和回灌井的测温曲线存在明显不同,雄县热田第四系底部的温度为32.8 ℃～48 ℃,容城凸起为28 ℃～35 ℃,雄县热田第三系底部温度为64.5 ℃～81.3 ℃,容城凸起为45 ℃～60 ℃。雄县地热田盖层内的地温梯度为43.9～72.2 ℃/km之间,平均为51 ℃/km,容城凸起的井地温梯度为31.4～41.1 ℃/km,平均为37.1 ℃/km。雄县地热田内盖层导热流值变化为80.61～113.86 mW/m² 的范围。     

渭河盆地地温场分布规律及其控制因素

本文以渭河盆地地温场为研究对象,在收集补充新地热井资料及分析测试样品的基础上,通过盆地深部结构、构造特征、地温场特征、热储层特征、地热资源量等分析,建立了盆地不同岩性岩石热导率与深度关系图版,确定了盆地地温场变化规律及地热田控制因素,提出了渭河盆地地热田形成模式。评价了盆地地热资源有利区,为盆地后续的开发利用提供了理论支持。研究认为渭河盆地热地温梯度分布在2.34～5.85℃/100m之间,平均地温梯度为3.50℃/100m,代表性大地热流68.33mw/m~2,地温梯度及不同深度地层温度具有东高西低、南高北低的特点。热导率总体上具有随深度的增加,逐渐增大的规律,热导率随深度增加主要受压实程度增强控制。相同深度条件下泥岩热导率最低,砂岩热导率居中、白云岩热导率最高。渭河盆地主要为层状地热田,盆地内地热通过热传导及热对流两种方式进行传递,以热传导为主。渭河盆地地热资源丰富,热储层可分为三种类型:①新生界砂岩孔隙型;②下古生界碳酸盐岩岩溶型;③断裂型。渭河盆地地热资源有利区主要分布于西安凹陷、固市凹陷。盆地地温场及地热田分布与莫霍面、软流圈上隆、岩石圈厚度减薄的深部背景密切相关,主要受地热传导和深大断裂热对流控制,是岩石圈深部结构、盆地构造、基底岩性、储盖组合等多因素共同作用下形成的。最后结合当前渭河盆地地热资源开发利用现状及存在问题,提出了地热开发利用建议。     

新安煤田中深部地温场特征及其影响因素

利用新安煤田5个矿区的测温数据,分析了该煤田中深部地温场的分布、热演化、形成机理及其影响因素。经统计分析,整个研究区的地温梯度值介于1.24～3.24℃/hm之间,极小部分属高温异常区,大部分为正常地温区。在纵向上,地层温度与埋深呈现正相关性,且线性关系明显,充分体现出传导型增温特征;地温梯度则大致以400～600 m深度为分界线,该深度以浅的地温梯度值较为分散,且与地层深度呈负相关性,超过该深度以后地温梯度值变化幅度极小。在平面上,研究区地温梯度的整体分布规律为北低南高。分析结果表明,影响研究区地温场分布的主导因素为地质构造,其次为岩性变化及地下水活动。     

李四光教授倡导的中国地热研究

李四光教授是中国地热研究的倡导者,作者以中国科学院地质研究所地热室近20年来的研究工作为基础,从大地热流、深部地热、区域地温场、地热数学模拟、地热实验和分析测试系统、地热资源、矿山地热以及油田地热等八个方面阐述了我国地热研究的进展,以资缅怀和纪念李四光教授诞生100周年。     

漳州盆地水热系统氚同位素研究

本文依据26个天然水样品的氚同位素测试数据,分析了漳州盆地地下热水及其它天然水的氚值特征及其形成条件;利用“活塞模型”方法计算了漳州盆地地下水和地下热水的年龄;为弄清全盆地地下水的补给、迳流和排泄的总体格局和揭示地下热水的成因提供了依据。     

Geochemical characteristics of geothermal water in Weiyuan geothermal field,Huzhu County,Qinghai Province

According to the chemical composition of thermal water from Geothermal Well DR2010 located in the Weiyuan Geothermal Field of Huzhu County in Qinghai Province, the groundwater recharge, age and geothermal resource potential of the thermal water are discussed by using the methods of Langelier-Ludwig Diagram, isotopic hydrology and geochemical thermometric scale. The analysis results indicate that the Weiyuan Geothermal Field is located in the northern fringe of Xining Basin, where the geothermal water, compared with that located in the central area of Xining Basin, is characterized by greater water yield, shallower buried depth of thermal reservoir and easier exploitation. Due to its active exchange with the modern cold water, the thermal water here shows relatively younger age. These findings provide a hydro-geochemical evidence for the exploitation of Weiyuan Geothermal Field.     

Research on the fault controlling mechanism of geothermal water in Zhangzhou Basin

Fault has an important influence on the storage and movement of geothermal water. The Zhangzhou Basin is wholly located in a granodiorite rock mass. Due to the low permeability of granodiorite, faulted structure has an evident control action on the hydrothermal activity of geothermal fields. Hot springs in Zhangzhou Basin crack along Pingtan-Dongshan Fault to the northeastern direction and emerge along Fu’an-Nanjing Fault. Through measurement of the temperature of several hot springs in the Basin, we found the temperature along the northwestern direction of Zhangzhou-Tianbao Fault is high and the temperature gap between the two sides of Yangxi-Yuanshan Fault is huge; the estimation of geothermal reservoir temperature of geothermal water through quartz geothermometer indicates that the geothermal reservoir temperature of the northern area of Nanjing-Xiamen Fault is obviously higher than that of southern area. Such result indicates that Fault obviously obstructs underground heat source. Under the condition that the average geothermal gradient of the Zhangzhou Basin is set, the circulation depth of the geothermal water of the Zhangzhou Basin measured by geothermal reservoir temperature is 3 550-5 200 m and the circulation depth of the geothermal water of the north of Nanjing-Xiamen Fault is deeper than that of the South.     

Subsurface temperature variations and heat flow in the Anambra Basin,Nigeria

Data from sixteen deep walls drilled for oil exploration purposes in the Anambra Basin of southeastern Nigeria indicate large variations in temperature gradients and heat flow within the basin. Geothermal gradients vary between 25 and 49 ± 1°C km⁻¹, while heat flow estimates are in the range 48 to 76 ± 3 mW m⁻². The highest geothermal gradients and heat flow values were computed for the wells located in the southwestern part of the basin north of Onitsha and Asaba. This part of the basin coincides with zones of thick, low conductivity sediments, low ground surface elevation, and hydraulic discharge zones. The general direction of increase in geothermal gradient, originally projected as south to north by earlier workers dealing with the Niger Delta data and the very limited well data from the Anambra Basin, is inconsistent with the results of the present study.The distribution of subsurface temperatures, geothermal gradients and heat flow is found to be directly related to the basin hydrodynamics - higher geothermal gradients and heat flow in areas of low hydraulic head distribution. Hydrocarbon metamorphism and migration appear to have been greatly influenced by the movements of circulating meteoric waters. A higher level of organic maturity of sediments should be expected in the southwestern zone, where the thermal anomaly exists. However, owing to hydrodynamic activities, tertiary migration would have taken place leaving many traces of residual hydrocarbons. The several cases of fluorescence noticed in wells in the southwestern zone of the Anambra Basin are taken as evidence that this process may indeed have taken place in the geological past of the basin.     

Characteristics of geothermal reservoirs and utilization of geothermal resources in the southeastern coastal areas of China

Based on regional geological setting, stratigraphic distribution and other geological conditions, this paper summarized three types of geothermal reservoirs in the southeast coastal areas of China: Cenozoic sandstone or sandy conglomerate reservoir, Mesozoic granite fissure reservoir and Paleozoic karst reservoir. Cenozoic sandstone or sandy conglomerate reservoirs are mainly located in Cenozoic basins, such as Zhangzhou, Fuzhou, Sanshui and Leiqiong basins. The Tertiary sedimentary basins such as Leiqiong Basin and Sanshui Basin, are controlled by NE-trending faults, while the Quaternary sedimentary such as Zhangzhou and Fuzhou basins are controlled by NW-trending faults. Mesozoic granite fissure reservoirs are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas, such as Zhangzhou, Fuzhou, Fengshun, Yangjiang and southern part of Hainan Province. The distribution of good Mesozoic granite fissure reservoir in these areas is mainly controlled by NE-trending faults. Paleozoic carbonate reservoirs are widely distributed in these areas. Most carbonate rocks are from the upper Paleozoic strata, such as those in the area of Huizhou in Guangdong Province. The major types of geothermal systems in the southeast coastal areas of China belong to medium and low-temperature convection. The geothermal resources developed from the ground to-3 000 m underground could be utilized directly for space heating, greenhouse heating, aquaculture pond heating and industrial uses, as well as other purposes. The geothermal resources with a depth of 3 000～6 000 m underground is mainly featured by Hot Dry Rock(HDR) with a temperature ranges from 150 ℃ to 200 ℃, which is conductive to the development of Enhanced Geothermal System(EGS) and can be utilized for power generation.     

柴达木盆地地温场分布特征及控制因素

含油气盆地的地温场在油气的生成、运聚及盆地演化过程中起着十分重要的作用。柴达木盆地是中国西部重要的含油气盆地,位于喜马拉雅构造域的东北部,盆地现今地温场特征研究不仅为柴达木盆地及周缘陆内或板内大陆动力学及盆地动力学研究提供了科学依据,同时也是油气成烃、成藏及资源评价等工作的研究基础。柴达木盆地现今地温场研究的前期工作主要集中在盆地西部,盆地的北缘、东部开展的工作很少,所用研究数据多取自20世纪之前,盆地现今地温场特征的系统研究尚比较缺乏,亟须开展相关研究工作。文中采用先进的钻孔温度连续采集系统,实现了深井稳态测温工作的大规模化、高精度化,使用光学扫描法测试岩石热导率,获得了批量的、高精度的岩石热导率数据,新增了17口钻井的测温剖面。研究表明：柴达木盆地现今地温梯度平均为(28.6±4.6) ℃/km,地温梯度分布具有西部高,中、东部低的特点。柴达木盆地现今大地热流值平均(55.1±7.9) mW/m2,盆地不同构造单元大地热流分布存在差异。大地热流分布特征表明：柴达木盆地总体属于温盆,热流值低于我国大陆地区大地热流平均值,但高于西部的塔里木、准噶尔盆地。柴达木盆地现今地温场分布特征受地壳深部结构、岩石热导率性质及盆地构造等因素的控制。     

鄂尔多斯周缘地质构造对地热资源形成的控制作用

地热资源是一种宝贵的清洁矿产资源,属于新能源家族中重要成员之一。地热资源的形成严格受地质构造控制。随着我国能源勘探工作重点西移,在鄂尔多斯盆地特别是在其周缘断陷盆地中发现了储量丰富的中-低温地热资源,但是,对其形成机理与属性研究却明显不足,在一定程度上制约了该地区地热资源的广泛利用。本文在总结研究鄂尔多斯及其周缘断陷盆地地质构造特征的基础上,系统全面地总结了地质构造和地热研究成果,定性分析了大地热流、地温梯度和地温场分布与地质构造的关系。研究认为,鄂尔多斯块体是一个相对完整、断裂不发育的构造单元,块体内大地热流、地温梯度整体偏低。然而鄂尔多斯块体周缘构造边界带则呈现出环状高值异常,带内热流值、地温梯度都比块体内部高。说明鄂尔多斯周缘地质构造控制着地热资源的形成。     

西藏羊八井地热田水热蚀变的时空演化特征

西藏亚东—谷露裂谷中—北段的羊八井地热田是我国著名的高温地热田,研究其水热蚀变的时空演化有助于更好地认识藏南地热的发育特征。通过对羊八井地热田及其水热蚀变岩开展地表调查、显微特征与X衍射分析等工作,总结了其主要蚀变类型特征,划分出黄褐色蚀变中心带、灰白色中强蚀变带、灰白色中等蚀变带和浅灰白色弱蚀变带4个不同的水热蚀变带,并区分出红褐色—黄褐色蚀变期、灰白色蚀变期和淡黄色—灰色蚀变期共3期蚀变。研究结果揭示,羊八井地热田高温地热活动中心一直在北区硫磺沟区域,其水热蚀变活动主要受亚东—谷露裂谷内部的活动断裂构造控制,并与断裂构造活动具同步性;地热水的排泄方式早期为沿北东向断裂构造直接排泄,晚期为经浅层第四系径流后再排泄,由直接排泄向间接排泄转变;中高温地热水的排泄区由北区硫磺沟地区向南区藏布曲迁移。根据研究结果推断,硫磺沟区域的北东向断裂与北西向断裂交汇区可作为羊八井热田北区深部地热勘查的主要方向。