The effect of opium poppy oil diesel fuel mixture on engine performance and emissions

Recently, decreasing of fossil fuel reserves and their negative effect on environment have increased the interest in alternative energy sources. One of the alternative energy sources is vegetable oils. In this study, blends of 50 % opium poppy oil — 50 % diesel fuel mixture are tested as alternative fuel on a single cylinder, 4-stroke, air cooled, pre-combustion chamber diesel engine at different speeds and its effects on engine performance and emissions are investigated. When compared to the diesel fuel as average, engine torque and power decrease at 4 % and 5.73 %, respectively. Specific fuel consumption increases by using of 50% opium poppy oil — 50 % diesel fuel mixture. When compared to the diesel fuel as average, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emissions of 50 % opium poppy oil — 50 % diesel fuel mixture decrease to 15.5 % and 5.9 %, respectively. Diesel fuel-opium poppy oil mixture has been found notably successful and environment friendly as an alternative fuel for diesel engines.     

稠油区浅层天然气成因探讨

中国含油气盆地稠油分布广泛,在这些稠油分布区与稠油伴生一些浅层天然气,这些天然气大多数甲烷碳同位素较常规天然气碳同位素轻,干燥系数大,非烃中氮气含量高,研究认为这些与稠油伴生的浅层天然气为原油在厌氧细菌(主要是产甲烷菌)作用下形成的原油降解气,同时混有少量热成因天然气。通过对稠油分布区的地质环境、地层水组成和储层特征等方面研究,提出微生物降解原油具备形成天然气所需的地质条件,认为原油降解气具有较大勘探潜力。     

Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from coal and natural gas thermal power plants using life cycle approach

The importance of mitigation of climate change due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from various developmental and infrastructure projects has generated interest at global level to reduce environmental impacts. Life cycle assessment may be used as a tool to assess GHG emissions and subsequent environmental impacts resulting from electricity generation from thermal power plants. This study uses life cycle approach for assessing GHG emissions and their impacts due to natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) and imported coal thermal power plants using the IPCC 2001 and Eco-Indicator 99(H) methods in India for the first time. The total GHG emission from the NGCC thermal power plant was 584 g CO₂ eq/kWh electricity generation, whereas in case of imported coal, it was 1,127 g CO₂ eq/kWh electricity generation. This shows that imported coal has nearly ~2 times more impacts when compared to natural gas in terms of global warming potential and human health as disability-adjusted life years from climate change due to GHG emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O).     

Laboratory-scale analysis of transportation and natural attenuation of diesel fuel in aquifer

Processes that control the distribution and natural attenuation (NA) of petroleum hydrocarbons dissolved from the released diesel fuel in a bench-scale model aquifer were evaluated. The experimental results obtained in two-dimensional aqueous-phase petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations indicated that the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in the aquifer migrated in longitudinal and lateral directions. The TPH plume of 2 mg L^?1 spread to the entire area of the aquifer, and the maximum concentration at the center of the plume was 44.15 mg L^?1 after 90 days of release. After diesel fuel release, the NA of TPH was evaluated and quantified. Experimental data indicated that the NA of TPH was immediately implemented to prevent migration of the plume into the downgradient of the aquifer, but controlling the TPH plumes using NA mechanisms requires a long time.     

油气田开发中油气藏地质成因分析

本文从油气藏地质成因分析的基础资料入手,总结该项研究的主要内容包括:构造、储层和油气水分布特征等3方面.结合自身科研实践,认为油气藏地质成因分析方法主要包括:野外露头和现代沉积考察、岩心观察描述、显微镜下薄片观察鉴定、地球物理解释预测、地质统计学分析、分析测试、各种物理模拟和数值模拟、油气藏动态监测和生产动态等,并阐述了不同研究方法的优缺点.目前油气藏地质成因分析存在的主要问题包括:对油气藏地质成因分析重视程度不够、研究方法偏定性、地质成因分析和油气藏表征结合不紧密、油气藏表征精度制约了地质成因分析的准确度、油气藏地质成因分析综合性不强、特殊类型油气藏地质成因分析还存在诸多难题等.本文指出了该研究未来发展方向.主要包括:依靠油气藏地质成因分析解决油气田开发中的难题、通过各种模拟方法提高油气藏地质成因分析定量化水平、加强地质成因分析以提高油气藏表征水平、利用油气藏表征促进地质成因分析进步、拓展油气藏地质成因分析在油气田开发中应用的领域、特殊类型油气藏地质成因分析等.     

Experimental simulations and methods for natural gas hydrate analysis in China

This paper provides an overview of the developments in analytical and testing methods and experimental simulations on gas hydrate in China. In the laboratory, the analyses and experiments of gas hydrate can provide useful parameters for hydrate exploration and exploitation. In recent years, modern analytical instruments and techniques, including Laser Raman spectroscopy (Raman), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray computed tomography (X-CT), scanning electron microscope (SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high pressure differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), were applied in the study of structure, formation mechanisms, phase equilibrium, thermal physical properties and so forth of gas hydrates. The detection technology and time-domain reflectometry (TDR) technique are integrated to the experimental devices to study the physical parameters of gas hydrates, such as the acoustics, resistivity, thermal and mechanical properties. It is believed that the various analytical techniques together with the experimental simulations from large-scale to micro-scale on gas hydrate will play a significant role and provide a powerful support for future gas hydrate researches.     

模糊聚类分析法在油气评价中的应用

文章介绍了模糊聚类分析在石油勘探决策中的应用,选用了烃源岩9个评价参数,利用模糊聚类方法对烃源岩进行分类评价,并对评价过程进行了详细的论述.通过对评价结果与实际地质情况进行比较,评价结果与实际情况完全符合,证明模糊聚类方法用于油气资源评价是完全可靠的.     

相干体技术在川东北油气勘探中的应用

相干体技术是近几年才发展完善的一项用于辅助解释的分析技术,主要用于解决复杂断裂带的断裂性质和预测裂缝发育带等地质问题。通过对相干体的技术及原理的了解,选用适当的关键参数及方法,利用相干体技术预测出川东北宣汉～达县三维地震工区陆相断裂系统的分布,以及元坝三维地震工区雷口坡组碳酸盐岩岩溶裂缝发育带,识别出了该区长兴组礁滩岩性异常体的边界,理清了宣汉～达县三维地震工区陆相断裂系统的小断层和大断层间的切割关系,准确而有效地解决了常规地震解释中遇到的断裂组合问题。     

AVO异常分析在大杨树盆地油气勘探中的应用

大杨树盆地岩性复杂,储层含有大量孔隙及裂缝,但是在该区油气并没有取得重大突破,因此勘探方向成为研究区的重要问题。这里利用杨参1井测井数据计算了含气层位的阻抗,分析判断该含气层位AVO异常为第一类AVO异常。运用AVO分析软件处理杨参1井所在74号线的叠前道集资料,发现该含气层位AVO异常振幅为第一类AVO异常。运用AVO技术分析认为,杨参1井两侧存在范围较大的含气异常,而且存在含气性更好的第二类AVO异常特征。最后综合各类资料,认为74号线位于大杨树盆地南部坳陷最有利的勘探远景区,AVO异常特征段为下一步重点工作的地区,作为探井位置CDP3010附近应引起重视。     

Control of gas emissions in underground coal mines

A high level of knowledge is now available in the extremely relevant field of underground gas emissions from coal mines. However, there are still tasks seeking improved solutions, such as prediction of gas emissions, choice of the most suitable panel design, extension of predrainage systems, further optimization of postdrainage systems, options for the control of gas emissions during retreat mining operations, and prevention of gas outbursts. Research results on these most important topics are presented and critically evaluated. Methods to predict gas emissions for disturbed and undisturbed longwall faces are presented. Prediction of the worked seam gas emission and the gas emission from headings are also mentioned but not examined in detail. The ventilation requirements are derived from the prediction results and in combination with gas drainage the best distribution of available air currents is planned. The drainage of the gas from the worked coal seam, also referred to as predrainage, can be performed without application of suction only by over or underworking the seam. But in cases where this simple method is not applicable or not effective enough, inseam-boreholes are needed to which suction is applied for a relatively long time. The reason for this is the low permeability of deep coal seams in Europe. The main influences on the efficiency of the different degasing methods are explained. Conventional gas drainage employing cross measure boreholes is still capable of improvement, in terms of drilling and equipment as well as the geometrical borehole parameters and the operation of the overall system. Improved control of gas emissions at the return end of retreating faces can be achieved by installation of gas drainage systems based on drainage roadways or with long and large diameter boreholes. The back-return method can be operated safely only with great difficulty, if at all. Another method is lean-gas drainage from the goaf. The gas outburst situation in Germany is characterized by events predominantly in the form of ‘nonclassical' outbursts categorized as ‘sudden liberation of significant quantities of gas'. Recent research results in this field led to a classification of these phenomena into five categories, for which suitable early detection and prevention measures are mentioned.     

The carbon isotopic composition of catalytic gas: a comparative analysis with natural gas

The idea that natural gas is the thermal product of organic decomposition has persisted for over half a century. Crude oil is thought to be an important source of gas, cracking to wet gas above 150°C, and dry gas above 200°C. But there is little evidence to support this view. For example, crude oil is proving to be more stable than previously thought and projected to remain intact over geologic time at typical reservoir temperatures. Moreover, when oil does crack, the products do not resemble natural gas. Oil to gas could be catalytic, however, promoted by the transition metals in carbonaceous sediments. This would explain the low temperatures at which natural gas forms, and the high amounts of methane. This idea gained support recently when the natural progression of oil to dry gas was duplicated in the laboratory catalytically. We report here the isotopic composition of catalytic gas generated from crude oil and pure hydrocarbons between 150 and 200°C. δ¹³C for C₁ through C₅ was linear with 1/n (n = carbon number) in accordance with theory and typically seen in natural gases. Over extended reaction, isobutane and isopentane remained lighter than their respective normal isomers and the isotopic differentials were constant as all isomers became heavier over time. Catalytic methane, initially −51.87‰ (oil = −22.5‰), progressed to a final composition of −26.94‰, similar to the maturity trend seen in natural gases: −50‰ to −20‰. Catalytic gas is thus identical to natural gas in molecular and isotopic composition adding further support to the view that catalysis by transition metals may be a significant source of natural gas.     

Geochemical features and origin of natural gas in heavy oil area of the Western Slope,Songliao Basin,China

The Western Slope of the Songliao Basin is rich in heavy oil resources (>70 × 10⁸ bbl), around which there are shallow gas reservoirs (∼1.0 × 10¹² m³). The gas is dominated by methane with a dryness over 0.99, and the non-hydrocarbon component being overwelmingly nitrogen. Carbon isotope composition of methane and its homologs is depleted in ¹³C, with δ¹³C₁ values being in the range of −55‰ to −75‰, δ¹³C₂ being in the range of −40‰ to −53‰ and δ¹³C₃ being in the range of −30‰ to −42‰, respectively. These values differ significantly from those solution gases source in the Daqing oilfield. This study concludes that heavy oils along the Western Slope were derived from mature source rocks in the Qijia-Gulong Depression, that were biodegraded. The low reservoir temperature (30–50 °C) and low salinity of formation water with neutral to alkaline pH (NaHCO₃) appeared ideal for microbial activity and thus biodegradation. Natural gas along the Western Slope appears mainly to have originated from biodegradation and the formation of heavy oil. This origin is suggested by the heavy δ¹³C of CO₂ (−18.78‰ to 0.95‰) which suggests that the methane was produced via fermentation as the terminal decomposition stage of the oil.     

An estimate of gas emissions and magmatic gas content from Kilauea volcano

Emission rates of CO₂ have been measured at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, in the east-rift eruptive plume and CO₂ and SO₂ have been measured in the plume from the noneruptive fumaroles in the summit caldera. These data yield an estimate of the loading of Kilauean eruptive gases to the atmosphere and suggest that such estimates may be inferred directly from measured lava volumes. These data, combined with other chemical and geologic data, suggest that magma arrives at the shallow summit reservoir containing (wt.%) 0.32% H₂O, 0.32% CO₂ and 0.09% S. Magma is rapidly degassed of most of its CO₂ in the shallow reservoir before transport to the eruption site. Because this summit degassing yields a magma saturated and in equilibrium with volatile species and because transport of the magma to the eruption site occurs in a zone no shallower than the summit reservoir, we suggest that eruptive gases from Kilauea characteristically should be one of two types: a ‘primary’ gas from fresh magma derived directly from the mantle and a carbon-depleted gas from magma stored in the summit reservoir.     

油气化探方法在方正断陷油气勘探中的应用

方正断陷近地表油气地球化学勘探工作采用土壤酸解烃、蚀变碳酸盐(△C)和荧光光谱分析技术,筛选出多个反映油气异常的指标,圈定出红旗Ⅰ级综合异常、西六方Ⅱ级综合异常和宝兴Ⅲ级综合异常。红旗Ⅰ级综合异常和西六方Ⅱ级综合异常具有异常强度大、平均衬度和评价指数高等特征,为最有利含油气远景区,是进一步勘探的主要方向;而宝兴Ⅲ级综合异常强度弱,仅具一定的参考意义。方3井、方401井、方6井和方4井均部署在西六方Ⅱ级综合异常上,获得工业油气流,证实了异常下油气的存在。     

Effect of capillary pressure on distribution of gas and oil occurrences in lateral migration of oil and gas

In a chain of structural traps the same collector stratum sometimes contains oil, sometimes gas, sometimes water. Phenomena here disclosed show why empty or half empty traps occur between others filled with gas or oil, both in the pattern resembling the differential trapping of these fluids and in any other pattern. While still an important principle in the forming of deposits, differential trapping of oil and gas during their lateral migration is neither universal nor exclusive. – Authors.     

Risk assessment of bottom ash from fuel oil power plant of Italy: mineralogical,chemical and leaching characterization

The main aim of the present study is to contribute to the field of environmental research by providing new data on bottom ash samples derived from an oil power plant located in Southern Italy. To achieve this purpose, the mineralogical and chemical properties of representative bottom ash samples were investigated through the integrated employment of different analytical techniques, i.e., X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrometry. The obtained experimental results show that quartz, alunogen, rhomboclase and potassium hydrogen silicate are the major crystalline phases of all the analyzed samples. Furthermore, the revealed main ash constituents are SiO₂ and SO₃, with low contents of Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃, and little amounts of CaO, Na₂O, K₂O, MgO, P₂O₅ and TiO₂. Among the trace elements, very high amounts of heavy metals, i.e., V, Cr, Ni, La, Pb and Mo, were detected. The comparison of the obtained heavy metal abundance data with those reported in the literature highlights significant differences. Leaching test evidenced V, Ni and Cr values that make these ashes a potential contamination source for groundwater quality and for soil, nearby the ash disposal landfills area. All the obtained findings show that these materials are highly harmful for the human health, with a greater extent for the heavy metal concentrations.     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格大气区天然气近源运聚的证据剖析

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气区是中国最大的非常规连续型致密砂岩大气区,探讨其天然气分布与聚集机制可为非常规致密砂岩气的勘探提供理论依据。研究区地球化学方面的直接证据和储层、古构造背景等方面的间接证据包括:天然气主要分布在生气强度高值区,天然气组分未发生明显的混合效应,含气饱和度远离源岩明显减少,天然气碳同位素反映与原地烃源岩来源相同、成熟度一致的特征;储层经历了强烈的压实、硅质胶结和钙质胶结3种主要的致密化成岩作用,储层完成致密化过程、形成低孔渗、细孔喉致密储层的时间(R_o小于1.3%,早白垩世早期)要早于天然气大量生成的时间(R_o为1.5%~2.5%,早白垩世早期到晚白垩世初期);晚侏罗世到现今古构造坡降都较为平缓,缺乏形成较高垂直连续气柱的条件,综合多方面的证据,论证了现今苏里格大气区天然气分布聚集为近源短距离运聚的结果。     

Observed oil and gas field size distributions: A consequence of the discovery process and prices of oil and gas

If observed oil and gas field size distributions are obtained by random samplings, the fitted distributions should approximate that of the parent population of oil and gas fields. However, empirical evidence strongly suggests that larger fields tend to be discovered earlier in the discovery process than they would be by random sampling. Economic factors also can limit the number of small fields that are developed and reported. This paper examines observed size distributions in state and federal waters of offshore Texas. Results of the analysis demonstrate how the shape of the observable size distributions change with significant hydrocarbon price changes. Comparison of state and federal observed size distributions in the offshore area shows how production cost differences also affect the shape of the observed size distribution. Methods for modifying the discovery rate estimation procedures when economic factors significantly affect the discovery sequence are presented. A primary conclusion of the analysis is that, because hydrocarbon price changes can significantly affect the observed discovery size distribution, one should not be confident about inferring the form and specific parameters of the parent field size distribution from the observed distributions.This paper was presented at Emerging Concepts, MGUS-87 Conference, Redwood City, California, 13–15 April 1987.