系统滤波模型在滇池水质预测中的应用

根据滇池水深较浅，流场比较稳定等特点，对湖泊进行了单元划分，考虑计算误差和观测误差干扰的存在，建立了系统滤波模型，用吉尔算法求解微分方程，对ＢＯＤ，ＣＯＤ多点连续模拟预测，经用１９８８年实测资料检验，取得满意结果。     

大地热流对滇池环境的影响与滇池污染治理的新思路

滇池经过长达7年、投资40多亿元的治理,在污染源头控制上已经取得了明显成绩,在一定程度上缓解了生态环境的进一步恶化。滇池水体水质至今没有好转的根本原因在于对滇池蓝藻爆发机理的认识没有考虑其所处的特殊地理环境。滇池水体富营养化之后,是由于较高的大地热流背景和四季如春的气候条件使蓝藻得以不停息地繁殖,致使滇池的水生生态系统完全瘫痪,水体完全失去自净能力。“抑制蓝藻的繁殖”和“清除水体中的营养物质”两大问题形成了滇池治理中一个难解的死结。解开死结的有效措施是从抚仙湖调清水给滇池换水,恢复草海,提高湖水自净能力,发展水生生态系统,抑制藻类繁殖。     

Distribution and degradation of Alkyl benzene sodium sulfonate, and its harmful effect on carp in Dianchi Lake

Sanitary and industrial sewage is a daily serious detriment to the water quality of Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province, China. The numerous anionic detergents contained in sanitary sewage and the large number of metallic elements such as Cu, Pb, Cd contained in industrial discharge have made an obvious harmful effect on growth of carp (Cyprinus carpio chilia Wu et al.) in the lake. At the Dianchi Lake sampling and water intake area near Dragon Gate Village, the Linear Alkyl Sulfonate content in the water is over 0.7 (mg/l). This caused the carp's incubation rate and the terateger rate to reach 85% and 28% respectively, and results in a lethality rate of young carp of about 38%. In addition, further study has been stated on the distribution and degradation rates in Dianchi Lake water and in its sediments of two isomeric anionic detergents: ABS (Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate, in short form ABS) and LAS (Linear Alkyl Sulfonate, in short form LAS), and the harmful effect of LAS to its carp. Measures for harnessing and protecting the lake's aquatic environment from pollution, and using the area to develop carp aquaculture are posed. Water quality standards for feeding carp are also covered.     

洞庭湖萎缩对湖内洪水影响

为了更好地理解湖泊萎缩对湖内洪水过程的影响,在假定洞庭湖将继续萎缩的前提下,通过建立荆江-洞庭湖水动力模型,定量分析洞庭湖萎缩对湖内洪水的影响。研究结果表明,湖内水位及洪峰流量随湖泊面积的萎缩而增加,洪峰水位到达时刻随着湖泊萎缩而提前。若遇1996年型洪水,洞庭湖面积若从目前的2 670 km2减小至1 380 km2时,西洞庭湖及南洞庭湖内最高水位将抬高2.0 m左右,东洞庭湖水位将抬升0.4 m左右,城陵矶站点洪峰水位到达时刻将提前约11 h,洪峰流量增加约4 800 m3/s。因此,若洞庭湖湖泊面积在目前基础上（面积2 670 km2）继续萎缩,湖区特别是西洞庭湖及南洞庭湖将面临更为严峻的洪水灾害。虽然湖泊萎缩对西洞庭湖与南洞庭湖内水面坡降影响较小,但东洞庭湖内水位同时受湖泊萎缩及长江来流的影响,水面坡降发生较大变化,在距离蔡家洲80~110 km（鹿角站附近）河段水面坡降出现大幅增大。     

Prospective scenarios for water quality and ecological status in Lake Sete Cidades (Portugal): The integration of mathematical modelling in decision processes

The design of alternative strategies for water and ecological quality protection at the Lake Verde of Sete Cidades should be coupled with the assessment of future trophic states. Therefore, a mathematical model was developed to make prospective scenarios to reduce the risk of environmental degradation of the lake, and a modified Psenner scheme was used to characterize P distribution in the sediments. The model was able to describe thermal stratification, nutrient cycling (P, NH₄ and NO₃), dissolved O₂, and phytoplankton dynamics in the water column and adjacent sediment layers. Internal P recycling, resulting from thermal stratification and sediment anoxia, was identified as the main cause for the increase of P concentration in the hypolimnion followed by slow transfer to the epilimnion (about 20 μg/L annual average). Cyanobacteria blooms during spring were explained by the availability of P and increased water temperature verified during this season. The most sensitive model parameter was sediment porosity. This parameter has a direct effect in dissolved O₂ and P profiles and also in phytoplankton biomass. Finally, different water quality restoration scenarios were identified and their effectiveness assessed. Without the adoption of remediation measures (scenario control), Lake Verde water quality would deteriorate with annual average concentrations of total P and phytoplankton biomass (dry matter) reaching 34 μg/L and 2 mg/L, respectively, after 10 years of simulation. The reduction of P loads (scenario PORAL) into the lake would improve water quality comparatively to the scenario control, reducing the annual average concentrations of total P from 34 μg/L to 26 μg/L and of phytoplankton from 2 mg/L down to 1.4 mg/L after 10 years of simulation. In scenario sediments, corresponding to a decrease in the organic content of the sediments, a reduction in the concentrations of total P and phytoplankton is expected in the first two years of simulation, but this effect, would be attenuated throughout the years due to organic matter sedimentation. The best strategy is obtained by combining external and internal measures for P remediation. Finally, it is recommended that the model be used to integrate the results of water quality monitoring and watershed management plans.     

Hydrological and nitrogen distributed catchment modeling to assess the impact of future climate change at Trichonis Lake, western Greece

According to regional climatic models, climate change may affect Mediterranean lakes significantly in terms of water availability and quality. Trichonis Lake catchment covers a semi-mountainous area of 403 km² including the largest Greek lake by volume (2.6?×?10⁹?m³), located in western Greece. The impact of climate change on the hydrology and water quality of the lake, in terms of lake water level and nutrient concentrations, has been assessed. Water balance estimates and geographical information system tools were then used to set up a physically based, spatially distributed model. The calibrated model was simulated for two future scenarios specified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: A2 (pessimistic) and B2 (more optimistic), which involved temperature/evaporation/evapotranspiration increase and small precipitation decrease. The model was calibrated efficiently for the 1990–1992 period. The two basic climatic scenarios illustrated that the responses of the lake water levels will show a decrease of 24.2 and 12 cm, respectively, and an increase of total nitrogen concentrations by 3.4 and 10%, in relation to the early 1990s values. These important findings suggest that mitigation and optimum management plans should be developed to eliminate the aforementioned climate change impacts and further research should follow.     

The Potential Endangers of the Tectonic Lake Water Leakage from Dianchi and Water Security

Dianchi or Lake Dian is the largest shallow water lake on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, which is not only crucial to maintain the ecological environments of Kunming, the famous city with four springs, but also contains almost 1.5×10⁹ m³ highly polluted water. The management of the lake pollution and eutrophication will be a long-lasting hard work and the sudden diffusion of such highly polluted water can lead to catastrophic eco-environmental problems. Based on the historical documents, underwater topographic features, regional geological tectonics and the chronology of the sediments, it can be concluded that at one time the water leaked out in Dianchi, which is in consistent with the historical record of 1764 AD. This water leak event resulted in two funnels in the center of Dianchi. The sedimentary feature and the deformation properties indicated that the slope of one funnel collapsed, which means it was blocked, but the other one was under development or in dormancy. When the pressure induced from the water level changed or the earthquakes occurred, the underwater channel could be open or connected, a catastrophic water leakage might be induced. The highly polluted lake water would possibly flow to Lake Fuxian and pollute almost 9% national strategic fresh water resource, resulting in an eco-environmental event and endangering the national water security. Therefore, to monitor the water flowing situation, detect the position and direction of the channel, block the channel and prevent possible lake water leakage are the priority and urgent measurements at present.     

三峡水库蓄水期洞庭湖出湖水量变化

基于长江与洞庭湖一、二维耦合水动力模型,模拟了三峡水库蓄水前后洞庭湖湖区的水文过程,定量分析了蓄水期三峡水库蓄水与洞庭湖出湖水量的响应关系。结果表明:蓄水期三峡水库蓄水减少了荆江三口进入洞庭湖的水量,同时也改变了洞庭湖湖容变化的速度;相比还原情况,各典型年下9-10月洞庭湖出湖水量均明显减少,且10月份减少幅度大于9月份,11月变化不显著;9-10月荆江三口水量变化是洞庭湖出湖水量变化的主导因素,而11月主导因素是湖容的变化。通过多元回归分析,构建了三峡水库蓄水量与洞庭湖出湖水量、湖容变化量的响应关系,在湖容不变情况下,洞庭湖出湖水量减少量约为三峡水库蓄水量的23%。     

Toxic effects of Alkyl benzene sodium sulfonate on incubation of carp (Cyprinus carpio rabeifusecus) eggs in Dianchi Lake

Dianchi Lake is a famous freshwater lake in China, and also an important fishery base of Kunming City. Every year, more than 2000 metric tons of washing powder are poured into Dianchi Lake along with urban sewage, which endangers the fishery breeding activities. Toxic effect tests were carried out on incubation stages of carp eggs, newborn fish and young fish at different concentrations of Alkyl Benzene Sodium Sulfonate (ABS) liquid. It is concluded that the most seriously impaired stage by the ABS is that at incubation, which also causes young fish mutations and high death rates. The safe concentration of ABS for incubation of carp eggs is lower than 0.3 mg/1. This study has an important and practical meaning for the protection of fishery resources as well as for establishment and improvement of water quality standards for the fishery.     

滇池湖泊沉积物中甘油二烷基甘油四醚脂的组成特征

以云贵高原浅水湖泊—滇池作为研究对象,在对湖心一个63 cm沉积物柱样的有机质总体及分子有机地球化学研究的基础上,对沉积物有机质中甘油二烷基甘油四醚脂（GDGTs）组成进行了测定。研究结果表明,滇池湖泊沉积物中具有丰富的GDGTs,且以反映陆相土壤来源的支链类GDGTs为主。该沉积柱样中支链类GDGTs的环化指标（CBT）和甲基化指标（MBT）揭示出:1）整个沉积阶段滇池流域土壤的pH值主要介于7.5~8.2,相对中、下部层段,上部层段pH值呈现略微减小的趋势;2）基于CBT/MBT重建的滇池流域内年平均气温呈现由早期的温暖潮湿气候逐渐向寒冷干燥气候变化,近来又有所回暖的变化过程,这可以很好地解释该沉积柱中、下层段记录的总体有机质主要特征的演化规律。     

滇池水中铝的形态分布初探

采用铬天青S光度法对滇池水中的总铝和各主要形态铝进行分析，并利用简单易行的紫外吸收表征水中有机物污染程度和颗粒物含量，初步探讨了各因素的变化对铝形态分布的影响。     

湖泊蓝藻水华生态灾害形成机理及防治的基础研究

湖泊具有供水、渔业、旅游、维持区域生态系统平衡等功能,是支撑我国经济和社会发展的重要资源之一。但是近30年来,湖泊富营养化所导致的蓝藻水华频繁暴发,生态灾害事件频发,严重影响湖泊功能的发挥, 制约区域经济可持续发展。针对国家在保障区域水安全和生态安全、保护人民健康及建设和谐社会等方面的重大需求,国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“湖泊蓝藻水华生态灾害形成机理及防治的基础研究”于2008年7月正式立项。项目拟解决的关键科学问题包括：①湖泊蓝藻水华主要衍生污染物的形成机理、迁移转化规律和毒理效应;②蓝藻水华导致湖泊生态系统结构变化和功能退化的机理;③蓝藻水华生态灾害评估及调控机理。针对上述科学问题,项目以蓝藻水华污染物的产生、湖泊生态系统结构与功能的响应以及生态灾害的评估与调控为研究主线,重点开展以下几个方面的研究：①蓝藻水华衍生污染物的产生及其环境过程;②蓝藻水华衍生污染物的毒理效应与生态和健康风险;③蓝藻水华导致湖泊生态系统结构变化与功能退化的关键过程和机制;④蓝藻水华灾害治理和调控的的技术原理和途径。项目的实施和完成将为我国湖泊蓝藻水华生态灾害的预防与控制提供理论和技术原理支撑。     

Lake water quality assessment: a case study of Shahu Lake in the semiarid loess area of northwest China

A comprehensive assessment on lake water quality was carried out in Shahu Lake, northwest China, to provide valuable information about present lake water quality for decision making. Major ions, general parameters, bacteriological parameters, organics and trace metals monitored monthly in 2014 were considered. Monitored parameters were compared with quality criteria for surface water of China, and overall water quality assessment was carried out using an entropy weighted water quality index (EWQI) based on 20 selected parameters. Lake water quality was also assessed for irrigation purpose. The results show that the lake water is of Cl·SO₄–Na facies with high salinity and COD. The geochemistry of the lake water is regulated by intense evaporation and human activities. TP, TN and F^? are major inorganic contaminants, with over 50% of the water samples polluted by them. Oil, mainly attributed by leaky motor tourist boats, is the major organic pollutants in the lake water, with 10 samples (37.04%) showing higher oil content than the permissible limit. The concentrations of other inorganic and organic contaminants as well as trace metals are well below the permissible limits. The present study indicates that inorganic contamination in the lake water is more severe than organic pollution. The overall lake water quality, assessed by EWQI, is poor and very poor with SO₄ ^2?, TDS, TH and Cl^? being the dominant contributing factors. The lake water is suitable for irrigation in terms of alkalinity, but is unsuitable for irrigation from the salinity point of view. Accelerating the circulation and replenishment of the lake water is an important way of reducing contaminant concentrations. This study is important in providing comprehensive information on lake water quality for decision makers and valuable reference for international lake water researchers.     

天然矿物材料修复富营养化水体的实验研究

采用底泥掩蔽技术，选取天然红土，添加适量的粉煤灰及石灰粉作为掩蔽覆盖物，对滇池富营养化水体进行现场修复实验。结果表明：用天然矿物材料减小底泥内源营养盐负荷的释放修复富营养化水体的效果良好；红土是有效的底泥覆盖材料，添加粉煤灰和石灰粉有助于消减底泥中TP、TN的释放量，还可提高对藻类等浮游植物繁殖的营养基础和对藻、藻细胞及其胚胎上浮生长的控制效率，最终达到除藻的目的，为滇池及类似湖库富营养化水体的修复提供了崭新的思路。     

淡水湖泊中类蛭弧菌的分离方法

从贵州阿哈湖、百花湖及云南滇池不同深度的湖水中筛选出2株宿主菌株。经16SrRNA基因序列分析,这2株宿主菌分别鉴定为肠杆菌(Enterobacteriales)和黄色单胞菌(Xanthomonadales)。分别利用这2株宿主菌,从湖水样品中获得到了类蛭弧菌噬菌斑。通过吸光度分析、用淡水类蛭弧菌的特异性引物进行基因扩增、DNA序列分析等一系列方法,证实了所分离的菌株为类蛭弧菌。建立了用同一生长环境中的宿主菌来分离类蛭弧菌的方法,并用该方法从淡水湖泊中分离出了不同类群的类蛭弧菌菌株。     

Geochemical impact of aquifer storage and recovery operation on fate and transport of sediment phosphorus in a large shallow lake

In response to the impact of climate change, the US Army Corps of Engineers proposed a large-scale implementation plan for an aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) project in the Kissimmee River Basin, Florida, in 2009. It is envisaged that the routine operation of the ASR will deliver recovered water from ASR wells into Lake Okeechobee with inherently different water quality parameters. However, the addition of ASR well water into such a large, shallow lake has raised concerns about sediment phosphorus stability, which could lead to increased eutrophication in Lake Okeechobee. This paper presents a geochemical assessment to explore possible impacts of the addition of ASR well water on lake sediment in terms of phosphorus adsorption, desorption, and diffusion processes via laboratory-scale batch and column tests. Based on five different mixing ratios of ASR well water and lake water, estimated isotherms, and piston velocity calculations, a mechanistic modeling analysis provided a better understanding of the fate of sediment phosphorus and its transport processes. A final multicriteria decision analysis suggests that the mixing ratio of 1:10 between ASR well water and lake water is deemed more applicable than others based on the given composition of ASR well water, which might buffer more external phosphorus loading in the long run.     

三峡水库运行前后洞庭湖水资源量变化

为研究三峡水库运行前后洞庭湖水资源量变化情况,通过利用1994—2019年165个时相的多平台中高分辨率(15～30 m)卫星遥感数据,城陵矶多年日观测水位数据和洞庭湖区降水量、蒸发量等资料,采用掩膜处理、K-Means聚类分析提取水面信息,结合观测数据进行统计分析,研究了1994年以来洞庭湖水面面积与湖容变化情况.结...     

Correlations between algae and water quality: factors driving eutrophication in Lake Taihu, China

Rapid population increase and economic growth in eastern China has lead to the degradation of many water bodies in the region, such as Lake Taihu, the third largest freshwater lake in China. Using data from recent investigations, the correlations between algae (measured as chlorophyll-a) and water quality indices in Lake Taihu were described by multivariate statistical analyses, and the key driving factors for the lake eutrophication were identified by principal component analysis. Results revealed strong spatiotemporal variation in the correlations between algae and water quality indices, suggesting that the limiting factor for the dominant algae growth depends on seasonality and location and it is necessary to reduce both nitrogen and phosphorus inputs for a long-term eutrophication control in this hyper-eutrophic system. Water temperature was another important controlling factor for algal growth in the lake. Using principal component analysis, nutrient contaminations from anthropogenic and natural inputs were identified as the key driving factor for the water quality problems of the lake. Moreover, five principal components were extracted and characterized with high spatial and seasonal variations in Lake Taihu. The key driving factors were believed to influence spatial variations including heavily polluted areas located in the northern and northwestern parts of the lake, where many manufacturing factories were built and wastewater from domestic and industrial plants was discharged. Based on this analysis, attention should be paid to effective land management, industrial wastewater treatment, and macrophytic vegetation restoration to reduce the pollutant loads and improve water quality. Principal component analysis was found to be a useful and effective method to reduce the number of analytical parameters without notably impairing the quality of information in this study.     

牛栏江流域水污染特征与水资源保护对策研究

牛栏江—滇池补水工程是滇池流域及周边地区的水资源综合利用工程,是增加滇池生态环境水量,改善滇池水资源质量的重要工程,对于保障现代新昆明建设和云南省经济社会可持续发展具有重大战略意义。然而近年的监测结果表明,牛栏江流域水资源质量有下降趋势。在以往的研究中曾提出面源污染是主要污染源。通过研究,发现牛栏江水污染物以总磷(TP)为主,且主要集中在七星桥断面以上;总磷(TP)污染主要来自于工业排放。并据此提出水污染治理的水资源保护对策。水环境治理措施和水质监测结果验证了结果的可靠性。     

1956—2008年鄱阳湖流域水沙输移趋势及成因分析

利用鄱阳湖流域代表性水文站1956—2008年实测年径流量及年输沙量资料序列,采用Mann-Kendall秩相关检验法,研究鄱阳湖流域水沙量年际变化趋势和可能发生突变的时间,并从流域降雨、用水、水库拦沙、水土流失及其治理等方面分析了鄱阳湖流域水沙变化的主要影响因素。研究结果表明:鄱阳湖地区来水量和出湖水量有小幅增大趋势;鄱阳湖流域来沙量呈异常显著减小趋势,发生突变的年份为1998—1999年;实测出湖沙量从2002年开始呈明显的减少趋势。通过对有关影响因素的研究,发现鄱阳湖流域气候变化降雨量减少对近10年鄱阳湖出入湖径流量的减少影响显著;水库滞沙是鄱阳湖入湖沙量减少的主要原因;出湖沙量变化主要受上游水库群的影响,还有近年湖区采砂的影响。