大杨树盆地的构造特征及变形期次

大杨树盆地是叠置于大兴安岭造山带的东部,与松辽盆地紧邻,呈北北东向长条带状展布的中新生代断陷-坳陷型盆地。大杨树盆地经历了多期变形作用,具有以伸展构造为主、并被挤压构造和反转构造叠加的构造特征。早白垩世龙江期主要受到了NWW—SEE向的拉伸作用,形成一系列北北东向控陷犁式正断层组合,在控陷断层的上盘发育小型箕状断陷;早白垩世九峰山期,大杨树盆地受挤压作用控制,使早期形成的断陷盆地发生反转作用,形成正反转构造,同时在某些地段形成逆冲断层和断层传播褶皱;早白垩世甘河期,大杨树盆地再次受到伸展作用,形成了一系列北北东向小型断陷。早白垩世晚期(甘河期之后)—晚白垩世早期,大杨树盆地受到强烈的挤压作用,使早期控陷正断层出现正反转作用,在盆地的浅部形成大型断层传播褶皱,使大杨树盆地全面隆升遭受剥蚀。第四纪大杨树盆地具有伸展的特征,发育一系列小型伸展断陷。     

塔里木新元古代原型盆地与深层油气勘探意义

震旦系白云岩是当前塔里木深层油气勘探战略突破的潜在层系之一,但是受资料限制,对新元古代原型盆地和烃源岩分布仍存在较大争议.综合重磁电反演和地震解释,开展了塔里木新元古代地层分布、隆坳格局和原型盆地性质研究.地球物理位场异常和联合反演结果显示,塔西南、阿瓦提地区深层都有新元古界广泛分布.新元古代盆地呈隆-坳相间格局,塔北...     

海拉尔盆地断裂构造特征及控藏机理

基于"同一应力场不同边界条件形成不同性质断层"的构造解析原理,认为海拉尔盆地断陷期受南南东—北北西向拉张应力场作用,形成北北东和北东东向断裂,北北西向断裂明显走滑变形。断-坳转化期拉张应力场方位调整为近东西向,形成近南北向断裂,北北东、北东东和北北西向断裂扭动变形。伊敏组沉积末期盆地回返,受近东西向挤压应力场控制盆地左旋压扭变形,北北东和北东东向断裂强烈反转。依据断裂变形特征叠加关系,海拉尔盆地形成4套断裂系统:早期伸展断裂、中期张扭断裂、早期伸展中期张扭断裂和早期伸展中期张扭晚期反转断裂。断陷构造层早期伸展中期张扭反向断裂形成断层遮挡圈闭,早期伸展断裂将凹中隆和斜坡切割破碎形成断层复杂化的背斜圈闭,早期伸展断裂与中期张扭断裂交叉组合,形成复杂的断块圈闭。断-坳构造层早期伸展中期张扭晚期反转断裂呈"梳状"组合,形成典型的断块圈闭。基于断裂活动时期与成藏期耦合关系以及典型油气藏解剖的结果认为,早期伸展和早期伸展中期张扭断裂在成藏关键时刻为遮挡断层,且封闭的烃柱高度一般均小于圈闭的幅度,早期伸展中期张扭晚期反转断裂为调整型断层。基于圈闭的样式、断层在成藏中的作用及输导体系分析,海拉尔盆地断裂控藏模式分为二型4类,二型为原生油藏和次生油藏。原生油藏包括3类:一是灶缘油气侧向运移反向断层遮挡成藏模式,控藏断裂为早期伸展中期张扭断裂系统;二是灶内油气初次运移断层遮挡"箱内"成藏模式;三是灶内凹中隆油气侧向运移"弥散式"成藏模式。这两种模式控藏断裂均为早期伸展断裂。次生油藏为油气沿断裂垂向运移"伞式"成藏模式,控藏断裂为早期伸展中期张扭晚期反转断裂系统。     

黑龙江省虎林盆地重力异常、基底构造及油气远景区

在波数域中处理虎林盆地重力资料,使用匹配滤波技术和扩充边线、边点的方法,有效地分离出区域场,给出相应的参数取值经验.根据虎林盆地布格异常和区域场特征,编制断裂及基底构造格局图,将盆地划分为条带状的3个隆起区和2个凹陷区,研究区可划分为近NE向、NEE向和EW向8条断裂.计算了结晶基底起伏界面深度,利用3D技术恢复出盆地基底起伏界面全貌,确定虎林河凹陷带和兴凯湖凹陷带为油气远景区.     

二连盆地早白垩世断陷及基底构造的耦合性

基底构造在沉积盆地的形成与演化过程中扮演着重要的角色。本文利用地球物理资料和地表地质调查数据,对二连盆地早白垩世断陷分布规律与基底构造特征及其关系进行了研究,并分析了基底构造对富油凹陷的控制作用。结果表明,二连盆地早白垩世68个断陷总体上自北东向南西呈弥散式分布,这些断陷可分为南部断陷群与北部断陷群,断陷群夹持在隆起之间,总体上构成了正负相间的盆岭构造格局。基底构造控制着二连盆地早白垩世断陷分布,表现为:断陷群沿着深断裂分布;坳陷对应着基底先存复向斜,隆起对应着基底先存复背斜;刚性的锡林浩特地块分割了断陷群。深断裂作为构造薄弱区在伸展变形过程中优先重新活动,并控制着断陷的发育与分布;盖层演化和基底构造之间具有良好的继承性;基底流变性发生突变的区带对断陷的发育与分布也具有控制作用。盆地基底断裂带上叠的凹陷、基底断裂带交汇处上叠的凹陷和刚性基底上新生的凹陷在伸展变形过程中构造继承性好、沉降量大、优质烃源岩发育,是富油凹陷发育的有利区域。     

南黄海北部航空重力场特征及主要地质认识

南黄海北部重力场信息丰富、梯级带发育、异常特征明显,充分反映了该区隆坳构造格局、断裂展布等地质特征。综合研究认为: NE向断裂构成了南黄海北部主体构造格架,嘉山-响水断裂、南黄海北缘断裂共同构成了苏鲁造山带南部边界; 依据航空重磁资料新发现的NW向宫家岛深大断裂对南黄海北部基底构成、岩浆岩分布具有重要的控制作用; 通过重磁联合反演,发现在南黄海北部坳陷的东北凹陷存在着前寒武系稳定的结晶基底; 航空重力资料表明,胶莱盆地向东延伸进入南黄海,在海域内其最大沉积厚度可达3 km。上述地质认识和发现为南黄海北部海洋区域地质调查、油气资源调查及重大基础地质问题的解决提供了借鉴。     

复杂伸展盆地区平衡剖面的恢复方法

编制构造演化剖面可以对构造变形进行定量、半定量分析,对构造活动和演化研究具有重要意义。受伸展叠加走滑多期变形影响,复杂伸展盆地区断层、褶皱发育,为平衡剖面的恢复过程带来了一些困难和问题,影响了盆地演化分析的准确性。本文根据存在的问题,提出了一种利用Cdr（CorelDRAW）软件对复杂伸展盆地区变形进行恢复的新方法。该方法充分考虑变形、剥蚀和压实作用对恢复产生的影响,主要包括以下两个方面：1）地层恢复。如果浅部构造变形对深部影响不大,在恢复时采用层厚不变原则逐层进行回剥;若后期存在区域挤压作用,盆地整体发生构造反转形成褶皱,浅部每剥去一层,深部地层即相应消除该时期产生的应力叠加效应,此时需要对弯曲地层进行拉平处理。2）断层恢复。对生长断层而言,断层恢复就是消除上覆岩层产生的重力效应。对于深部早期生长断层而言,浅部地层对其只有压实作用而不影响其产状,此时应遵循深、浅部断层分开、独立恢复的原则。这种平衡剖面恢复的方法是基于地层及断层发育的构造部位、活动期次及其成因关系提出的,更加符合地质逻辑,能够更好地反演复杂伸展盆地区构造变形过程。运用该方法对渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷青西地区进行了平衡剖面反演,得出该区构造演化受控于伸展、构造反转和走滑影响。     

基于磁力资料的珠江口盆地构造单元分布特征

珠江口盆地是南海北部陆坡最大的前新生代沉积盆地,油气资源丰富,由于新的地球物理资料未得以充分应用等问题导致盆地内部构造单元分布特征存在诸多不同看法,这些问题制约了盆地的进一步勘探和开发。本文以最新实测1∶10万高精度航磁数据为基础,采用切线法对研究区航磁异常深度进行反演计算,结合钻井、地震及南海北部陆域物性资料研究珠江口盆地磁性基底分布特征。在充分调研珠江口盆地已有构造单元划分的基础上,以盆地磁性基底展布特征为基础,结合断裂、区域构造等对珠江口盆地内部构造单元进行研究。研究表明:珠江口盆地磁性基底深度在0～9 km之间,磁性基底呈"三隆两坳"构造格局,整个坳陷区具有"南北分带,东西分块"的特征; NE向深大断裂为控盆断裂,常为盆地二级构造单元的边界,NW向断裂常控制次一级构造单元并影响其展布形态。     

用离散余弦变换（DCT）研究大庆探区外围DB1线重力场特征

基于DCT的重力异常数据处理正、反演方法具有较高的精度,计算方法稳定性优良。将基于DCT的重力异常水平一阶导数、垂向一阶导数、常密度单界面异常反演和Euler反褶积等正、反演方法用于大庆探区外围虎林盆地DB1线重力异常数据处理中,综合分析了该线重力场特征。利用基于DCT的Euler反褶积法反演出断层14条,分析了其中7条较深大断裂的性质。根据反演的结晶基底起伏情况和断裂构造剖面轨迹的基本特征,将DB1线划分为两隆两坳的构造格局,其中七虎林河断陷是由古新纪（E）断陷与早白垩纪（K₁）残余盆地组成的2个旋回（E+ K₁）的叠合盆地,而凯北坳陷为早白垩纪（K₁）的残余盆地。把敦密南北支2条断裂确定为虎林盆地控盆断裂,阐述了控盆断裂的动力学特征。     

西昌盆地五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气保存条件研究

保存条件是影响页岩气富集高产的关键因素.本文综合利用地质、钻井等资料,分析了西昌盆地五峰组—龙马溪组的顶底板条件、构造特征、地层压力特征和气体组分,从宏观和微观两个方面对影响页岩气保存的主要指标进行了研究,在此基础上开展了西昌盆地保存条件综合评价.结果表明:盆地各凹陷主要由走滑-冲断带相隔,凹陷内地层缓倾,构造样式表现...     

The system of Cenozoic depressions in the Amur and Primorye regions: The structure, tectonic position, and geodynamic interpretation

The analysis and synthesis of the seismic data, the local gravity field, and the geological evidence reveal that the faults representing a framework for a system of the Cenozoic depressions in the Amur and Primorye regions define various structural parageneses: en echelon sets, extension duplexes, and conjugate knots. Being regularly arranged, they form a single branched-reticulate regional disjunctive zone named the Ussuri-Okhotsk rifting zone (UORZ). Owing to the relation with the faults of the Tan-Lu system and the graben-shaped basins of the marginal seas, this zone is an element of the pericontinental zigzag lineament zone, which controls the East Asian graben belt. The Ussuri-Okhotsk rifting zone represents a wide incipient right-lateral transtensional zone, which was formed under conditions of a pure shear deformation accompanied with additional extension. The compression and extension axes were oriented in the northeastern and northwestern directions, respectively. This deformation was responsible for passive dispersed epiorogenic and epiplatform rifting. After the episode of Late Miocene tectonic inversion, the rifting acquired taphrogenesis features. The tectonic movements were largely confined to extended deep-seated faults and led to the formation of spacious two-stage depressions. Simultaneously, the role of active rifting substantially increased, which is evident from the development of numerous Neogene-Quaternary basaltic plateaus. The rifting became more intense to form larger depressions reflecting deeper endogenic processes. This could probably be related to the mantle magmatism, the regional consolidation of the crust, changes in its structural anisotropy, and the insignificant reorganization of the tectonic stress field.     

松辽盆地北部中、新生代构造运动特征及对砂岩型铀矿的控制作用

松辽盆地北部历经燕山、喜山两期重要的构造运动.燕山期构造运动较为强烈,是松辽盆地北部一些含油气构造形成的重要时期,同时也是砂岩型铀矿成矿的主要时期.喜山期构造运动在松辽盆地内部表现相对较弱,但对铀矿的形成仍然具有控制、调整改造作用.研究认为松辽盆地北部找矿层位主要为下白垩统泉头组、上白垩统青山口组、姚家组、嫩江组,其次...     

Coupled basin evolution and late-stage metamorphic core complex exhumation in the southern Basin and Range Province, southeastern Arizona

Records of lithospheric extension and mountain-range uplift are most continuously contained within syntectonic sedimentary rocks in basins adjacent to large structural culminations. In southeastern Arizona, metamorphic core complexes form mountain ranges with the highest elevations in the region, and supposedly much less extended terranes lie at lower elevations. Adjacent to the Santa Catalina-Rincon metamorphic core complex, within the Tucson Basin, stratigraphic-sequence geometries evident in a large suite of 2-D seismic reflection data suggest a two-phase basin-evolution model controlled by the emplacement and subsequent uplift of the core complex. In its earliest stage, Phase I of basin formation was characterized by extensive faults forming relatively small-scale proto-basins, which coalesced with the larger basin-bounding detachment fault system. Synextensional sedimentation within the enlarging basin is evidenced by sediment-growth packages, derived from adjacent footwall material, fanning into brittle hanging-wall faults. During this phase, volcanism was widespread, and growth packages contain interbedded sediments and volcanic products but, paradoxically, no mylonitic clasts from the adjacent metamorphic core complex. Phase II of basin evolution begins after a significant tectonic hiatus and consists of a symmetric deepening of the central basin with the introduction of mylonitic clasts in the basin fill. This is coupled with the activation of a series of high-angle normal faults ringing the core complex. These observations suggest a two-phase model for metamorphic core complex evolution, with an initial stage of isostatic core complex emplacement during detachment faulting that resulted in little topographic expression. This was followed, after a significant tectonic hiatus, by late-stage exhumation and flexural uplift of the Santa Catalina-Rincon metamorphic core complex through younger high-angle faulting. Moreover, the geometry of upper basin fill units suggests an extremely low effective elastic thickness in the region and that flexural uplift of the core complex induced asymmetric transfer of ductile mid-crustal rocks from beneath the subsiding Tucson Basin to the uplifting mountain range.     

Modelling cover deformation and decoupling during inversion,using the Mid-Polish Trough as a case study

Seismic sections across the NW part of the Polish Basin show that thrust faults developed in the sedimentary units above the Zechstein evaporite layer during basin inversion. These cover thrust faults have formed above the basement footwall. Based on the evolution of the basin, a series of scaled analogue models was carried out to study interaction between a basement fault and cover sediments during basin extension and inversion. During model extension, a set of normal faults originated in the sand cover above the basement fault area. The distribution and geometry of these faults were dependent on the thickness of a ductile layer and pre-extension sand layer, synkinematic deposition, the amount of model extension, as well as on the presence of a ductile layer between the cover and basement. Footwall cover was faulted away from the basement only in cases where a large amount of model extension and hanging-wall subsidence were not balanced by synkinematic deposition. Model inversion reactivated major cover faults located above the basement fault tip as reverse faults, whereas other extensional faults were either rotated or activated only in their upper segments, evolving into sub-horizontal thrusts. New normal or reverse faults originated in the footwall cover in models which contained a very thin pre-extension sand layer above the ductile layer. This was also the case in the highly extended and shortened model in which synkinematic hanging-wall subsidence was not balanced by sand deposition during model extension. Model results show that inversion along the basement fault results in shortening of the cover units and formation of thrust faults. This scenario happens only when the cover units are decoupled from the basement by a ductile layer. Given this, we argue that the thrusts in the sedimentary infill of the Polish Basin, which are decoupled from the basement tectonics by Zechstein evaporites, developed due to the inversion of the basement faults during the Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary.     

云南宁蒗新生代盆地的形成与演化

宁蒗盆地地处扬子古陆块的活动边缘,在构造上亦属吸纳和调节印度-欧亚大陆碰撞应力应变的构造转化带.为了研究云南宁蒗地区新生代盆地形成、演化与区域构造的关系及盆地类型,通过对宁蒗地区开展的数幅1∶ 5万区域地质调查,分析了宁蒗盆地内部及相邻地区的构造格架特征,认为盆地的形成及演化均受控于断裂;通过对宁蒗新生代盆地的沉积建造...     

云南宁蒗新生代盆地的形成与演化

宁蒗盆地地处扬子古陆块的活动边缘,在构造上亦属吸纳和调节印度-欧亚大陆碰撞应力应变的构造转化带。为了研究云南宁蒗地区新生代盆地形成、演化与区域构造的关系及盆地类型,通过对宁蒗地区开展的数幅1∶5万区域地质调查,分析了宁蒗盆地内部及相邻地区的构造格架特征,认为盆地的形成及演化均受控于断裂;通过对宁蒗新生代盆地的沉积建造、控盆构造的时空演化及区域地质背景的研究,认为宁蒗盆地是比较典型的走滑拉分盆地,其演化经历了3个阶段古新世末至始新世初盆地拉分打开阶段、始新世初至始新世末拉分盆地沉积阶段、始新世末至中新世盆地改造阶段。     

沉积盆地动力学研究的进展、发展趋向与面临的挑战

近20年来沉积盆地动力学研究已经取得巨大进展。盆地研究最为重要的推动力源于人类社会发展对能源资源的巨大需求。国家和私人企业对油气勘探和开发的巨大投入获得了关于沉积盆地结构和演化的庞大系统资料,特别是大量的深度大于7 000 m的钻井和高分辨率反射地震成果,能够提供给中国的多学科合作研究团队使用。创新性的研究思路和方法系统已出现在盆地动力学研究的多个方面,包括盆地沉积充填的动力过程、盆地构造动力学机理、盆地形成演化的地球动力学背景以及油气系统演化的动力过程。文中在建议的研究纲要中汲取了部分重要内容,如从源区到汇区的路径系统研究和基于大陆动力学思维的构造地层分析。对于盆地演化研究至关重要的深部过程研究始终是难度最大的挑战。应用天然地震成像和岩浆岩岩石地球化学方法对中国东部及海域中新生代板块俯冲、地幔流上涌、岩石圈减薄及破裂过程的研究成功地解释了晚中生代-新生代断陷盆地群、大火山岩省和大型裂谷盆地的成因和演化。然而以塔里木和四川盆地为代表的中国西部大型多旋回叠合盆地形成演化的动力背景则全然不同于中国东部,这些盆地发育于古老的地台基底之上,被造山带所环绕,造山期的强大挤压应力在盆地中形成了隆起和凹陷系列,并控制了油气生成及聚集的地区。多学科合作完成了造山事件和过程的精细定年和盆地中不整合面与构造地层单元的对比研究,其成果对大型叠合盆地演化的动力过程得出了合理的解释,并可用于油气资源预测。     

塔里木盆地中生代含煤建造与构造关系

根据塔里木盆地及周缘地层层序及其构造轮廓特征，讨论了盆地坳陷区内煤建造，在此基础上分析了这些含煤区与塔里木占陆块的构造形态之间的关系,含煤区的古构造条件，古地理环境的关系，指明了进一步工作方向。     

Fault-controlled sedimentation in a progressively opening extensional basin: the Palaeoproterozoic Vargfors basin, Skellefte mining district, Sweden

The Vargfors basin in the central part of the Skellefte mining district is an inverted sedimentary basin within a Palaeoproterozoic (1.89 Ga) marine volcanic arc. The fault-segmented basin formed from upper-crustal extension and subsequent compression, following a period of intense sub-marine volcanism and VMS ore formation. New detailed mapping reveals variations in stratigraphy attributed to syn-extensional sedimentation, as well as provenance of conglomerate clasts associated with tectonic activity at the transition from extension to compression. The onset of fan delta to alluvial fan sedimentation associated with basin subsidence indicates that significant dip-slip displacement accommodating rapid uplift of the intrusive complex and/or subsidence of the adjacent volcano-sedimentary domain took place along a major fault zone at the southern margin of the intrusive complex. Subsidence of the Jörn intrusive complex and/or its burial by sedimentary units caused a break in erosion of the intrusion and favoured the deposition of a tonalite clast-barren conglomerate. Clast compositions of conglomerates show that the syn-extensional deposits become younger in the south-eastern parts of the basin, indicating that opening of the basin progressed from north-west to south-east. Subsequent basin inversion, associated with the accretion to the Karelian margin, involved reverse activation of the normal faults and development of related upright synclines. Progressive crustal shortening caused the formation of break-back faults accompanied by mafic volcanic activity that particularly affected the southern contact of the Jörn intrusive complex and the northern contact of the Vargfors basin.