南海笔架南盆地地震反射波特征及地震层序地质时代探讨

运用地震地层学方法 ,在笔架南盆地识别出 5个特征明显的反射界面 ,划分了 3个超层序、5个地震层序 ,并探讨各地震层序的地质时代。通过地震相沉积相推测分析 ,认为地震层序E主要发育火山碎屑岩相 ;地震层序D主要发育半深海偏泥相 ;地震层序C主要发育半深海泥岩相 ;地震层序B主要发育半深海—深海泥岩相和浊积偏砂相 ;地震层序A主要发育深海泥岩相、深海三角洲泥岩相和浊积偏砂相     

南海西南部北康盆地新生代沉积演化史

北康盆地位于南沙地块的西南边缘，为南沙中部海域的新生代沉积盆地，具有良好的含油气潜力。近年广州海洋地质调查局在盆地六万多平方千米范围内完成了近2000km的地震测线，及相应的重力与磁力测量。本文在区域地质背景分析基础上，对盆地进行了地震地层对比和详细的地震相分析，划分了3个超层序、7个层序，对其中的5个层序进行了沉积相分析，并编制了沉积相平面图。晚始新世以前，北康盆地位于古南海西北缘，盆地西北部为陆相环境。东南部为滨－浅海环境。晚始新世－早渐新世早期，南沙地块从华南陆块裂离向南漂移，随古南海洋带的被动消减和新南海的扩张，盆地水体加深，除西北尚有陆相沉积外，主要为海相环境。早渐新世后，南沙地块与婆罗州地块拼贴，北康盆地逐渐处于浅海－半深海环境。与盆地沉积演化规律相对应，早第三纪发育的湖相和沼泽相泥岩及早中新世发育的浅海相泥岩为有利烃源岩， 同期的三角洲相砂岩、滨海相砂岩及晚中新世发育的浊积岩为主要储层，区域性盖层为晚各新世以来的 浅海－半深海相泥岩、砂质泥岩、局部性盖层有湖相泥岩、浅海相砂质泥岩、泥岩和灰质泥岩。     

青藏高原南部乌郁盆地渐新世—上新世地层沉积相分析

青藏高原南部乌郁盆地是欧亚与印度板块碰撞以来冈底斯山隆升最具代表性的盆地之一,也是青藏高原南部较大的新生代残留盆地之一。沉积盆地中保存着完整的渐新世—早更新世连续沉积记录,自下而上由古新世—始新世林子宗群（典中组、年波组和帕那组）、渐新世—中新世日贡拉组、中新世芒乡组、来庆组、上新世—早更新世乌郁群（乌郁组、达孜组）,总厚度大于4180m。林子宗群为一套中—酸性钙碱性火山岩系,夹紫红色砂岩、砾岩及粉砂岩。日贡拉组主要为紫红色砂岩、砾岩,夹少量火山熔岩及酸性火山凝灰岩,为一套山间盆地沉积。芒乡组为灰色、深灰色泥岩、砂岩,夹煤和油页岩,为湖泊相—前三角洲相—沼泽相。来庆组为一套褐色安山岩、火山碎屑岩。乌郁组是一套碎屑岩,颜色呈灰色、灰褐色,夹煤及油页岩,为山间盆地辫状河—湖泊—沼泽沉积。达孜组是一套黄褐色砾岩、砂砾岩、砂岩,夹少量泥岩,发育铁质结核,为辫状河沉积。沉积相分析表明具有明显的古新世—始新世林子宗群（典中组、年波组和帕那组）、渐新世—中新世日贡拉组—芒乡组、中新世来庆组—上新世乌郁组、上新世—早更新世达孜组四个阶段式隆升—剥蚀过程。从芒乡组的潮湿炎热的气候转变为乌郁组的干燥凉爽,显然与青藏高原隆升密切相关。乌郁盆地渐新世—早更新世沉积相分析对于研究青藏高原隆升和油气等能源均具有重要意义。      

虎林盆地北部坳陷中、新生代碎屑岩源区构造背景与物源区分析

虎林盆地北部坳陷地层包括下白垩统裴德组、下云山组、上云山组、珠山组，渐新统虎林组和中新统富锦组。北部坳陷砂岩-泥岩由常量、微量和稀土元素组成，揭示早白垩世砂岩-泥岩源区构造背景为活动大陆边缘，渐新统斗新统砂岩-泥岩多呈现出从活动大陆边缘向大陆岛弧转换的地球化学特征。结合沉积相特征和岩屑所反映的源区岩性特点，认为早白垩世时期物源主要来自于坳陷北部完达山造山带和南部古隆起；渐新统物源则主要来自盆地东北部的完达山造山带，并且碎屑岩的原始物质均来自上地壳。     

鄂尔多斯盆地华池地区三叠系延长组长7段富有机质页岩岩相特征

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7油层组发育富有机质页岩和泥岩,目前已成为鄂尔多斯盆地页岩油气勘探的重要层位。综合岩心精细描述、薄片微观结构观察和粒度分析结果,将富有机质页岩和泥岩划分为黑色页岩岩相、纹层状泥岩岩相、粉砂质泥岩岩相。粉砂质泥岩岩相的脆性矿物含量高于黑色页岩岩相和纹层状泥岩岩相,后者比前者具有更高的黄铁矿含量,3种岩相的黏土矿物含量较接近。黑色页岩岩相有机质丰度高,有机质类型以I型干酪根为主,是最有利的富有机质岩相类型,其次为纹层状泥岩岩相。长7油层组沉积时期水体为分层的厌氧环境,有利于有机质的保存,低等水生生物是主要的母质来源。黑色页岩岩相和纹层状泥岩岩相形成于安静、缺少陆源碎屑影响的深湖环境下;粉砂质泥岩岩相形成于受陆源碎屑频繁影响的环境,有较多的陆源高等物质输入湖盆中,造成有机质类型复杂。将岩心精细描述和测井信息紧密结合,揭示了各类岩相纵向发育特征。受基准面变化和沉积物供给能力影响,长73以黑色页岩岩相和纹层状泥岩岩相为主,长72和长71以纹层状泥岩岩相和粉砂质泥岩岩相为主。长73暗色泥岩和页岩的岩相类型好,发育页理缝和纹层缝,有机质类型好、丰度高,是最有利的页岩油气勘探目的层系。     

Mylonitization in the lower plate of the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault,west-central Arizona: Implications for the geometric evolution of metamorphic core complexes

In metamorphic core complexes it is commonly unclear whether lower plate mylonites formed as the down-dip continuation of a detachment fault, or whether they represent a subhorizontal shear zone that was captured by a more steeply dipping detachment fault. Detailed microstructural, fabric, and strain data from mylonites in the Buckskin-Rawhide metamorphic core complex, west-central Arizona, constrain the structural development of the lower plate shear zone. Widespread exposures of ∼22–21 Ma granitoids of the Swansea Plutonic Suite enable us to separate Miocene strain coeval with core complex extension from older deformation. Mylonites across the lower plate consistently record top-to-the-NE-directed shear. Miocene quartz and feldspar deformation/recrystallization mechanisms indicate ∼450–500 °C mylonitization temperatures that were relatively uniform across a distance of ∼35 km in the extension direction. Quartz dynamically recrystallized grain sizes do not systematically vary in the extension direction. Strain recorded in the Swansea Plutonic Suite is also relatively uniform in the extension direction, which is incompatible with models in which lower plate mylonites form as the ductile root of a major detachment fault. Altogether these data suggest the mylonitic shear zone initiated with a ≤4° dip and was unroofed by a more steeply dipping detachment fault system. Lower plate mylonites in the Buckskin-Rawhide metamorphic core complex thus represent a captured subhorizontal shear zone rather than the down-dip continuation of a detachment fault.     

青藏高原沱沱河盆地渐新-中新世沉积环境分析

沱沱河盆地保存着青藏高原内部至今发现最完整的渐新世至中新世连续沉积记录,由渐新世雅西措群(31.3～23.8Ma)和早中新世五道梁群(23.8～21.8Ma)组成,总厚度2393m。雅西措群主要为紫红色、砖红色砂岩、粉砂岩与泥岩韵律互层,五道梁群为一套内陆湖泊相泥灰岩、内碎屑灰岩和叠层石灰岩沉积。沱沱河盆地渐新-中新世沉积环境经历了3个阶段的演化:(1)早渐新世,以河流环境为主,古水流以北向为主,反映古气候条件比较干燥;(2)中晚渐新世,以湖泊环境为主,古水流以东北向为主,古气候条件相对温暖潮湿;(3)晚渐新世至早中新世,主要为湖泊环境,古水流转为南向,沉积岩性由雅西措群项部的砂泥岩互层为主转变为五道梁群的泥灰岩为主,反映当时的物源区发生重大转变,构造活动趋于稳定,古气候条件由温暖潮湿转为干燥。沱沱河盆地渐新-中新世气候和构造活动历史对于研究青藏高原早期隆升作用和全球气候变化都有重要意义。     

Petroleum System in Deepwater Basins of the Northern South China Sea

The northern South China Sea margin has experienced a rifting stage and a post-rifting stage during the Cenozoic.In the rifting stage,the margin received lacustrine and shallow marine facies sediments.In the post-rifting thermal subsidence,the margin accumulated shallow marine facies and hemipelagic deposits,and the decpwater basins formed.Petroleum systems of deepwater setting have been imaged from seismic data and drill wells.Two kinds of source rocks including Paleogene lacustrine black shale and Oligocene-Early Miocene mudstone were developed in the deepwater basin of the South China Sea.The deepwater reservoirs are characterized by the deep sea channel fill,mass flow complexes and drowned reef carbonate platform.Profitable capping rocks on the top are mudstoues with huge thickness in the post-rifting stage.Meanwhile,the faults developed during the rifting stage provide a migration path favournble for the formation of reservoirs.The analysis of seismic and drilling data suggests that the joint structural and stratigraphic traps could form giant hydrocarbon fields and hydrocarbon reservoirs including syn-rifting graben subaqueous delta,decpwater submarine fan sandstone and reef carbonate reservoirs.     

Geology and Geochemistry of the Pre-early Cambrian Rocks in the Sandikli Area: Implications for the Pan-African Evolution of NW Gondwanaland

The pre-Early Cambrian Sandikli Basement Complex in western Central Anatolia comprises a low-grade meta-sedimentary succession (Güvercinoluk Formation) and meta-rhyolites intruded by meta-quartz porphyry rocks (Kestel Cayi Porphyroid Suite). The Güvercinoluk Formation consists of alternation of meta-siltstones and meta-sandstones with olistostromal conglomerates, rare black chert and cherty meta-dolomite lenses. The Kestel Cayi Porphyroid Suite is a deformed, highly sheared dome-shaped rhyolitic body with quartz porphyry rocks. Quartz porphyry dykes intrude both the volcanic carapace and the meta-sedimentary rocks of the Güvercinoluk Formation. Both the meta-quartz porphyry rocks and meta-rhyolites are typically mylonitic with relict igneous textures. Geochemical data indicate that the felsic rocks of the Kestel Cayi Porphyroid Suite are subalkaline and display characteristic features of post-collisional, I-type granitoids. The basement complex is unconformably overlain by variegated conglomerates, mudstones and arkosic sandstones with andesitic lavas, followed by siliciclastic rocks and carbonates that yielded Early Middle Cambrian fossils.

Based on the geochemical characteristics of the felsic rocks of Kestel Cayi Porphyroid Suite and the depositional features of the associated sediments it is suggested that the Sandikli Basement Complex is related to a post-collisional extension event in NW Gondwanaland. Similar occurrences elsewhere have been related to a transition from continental plate convergence to continental plate divergence along the Pan-African Belt.     

The Hunghae Formation, SE Korea: Miocene debris aprons in a back-arc intraslope basin

ABSTRACT During early to middle Miocene times a sudden opening of the Ulleung (Tsushima) back-arc basin in the East Sea (Sea of Japan) led to the development of intraslope basins along the rifted southwestern margin (southeast Korea). Abrupt subsidence resulted in the deposition of the 200 m thick Hunghae Formation (middle Miocene), a sand/mudstone sequence that can be divided into five facies. Facies I (sand and mudstone couplet) and II (coarse sand) are turbiditic in origin, as evidenced by massive, graded, crudely-layered and parallel-laminated sand beds. Facies III (homogeneous mudstone) is characterized by various lignite and plant fragments, clastic and biogenic grains that are randomly oriented, suggestive of hemipelagic deposition. Facies IV (chaotic deposit) is characterized by the disruption of beds, the presence of isolated siltstone blocks (or balls) and large clasts in the muddy matrix, indicative of retrogressive rockfall and slide/slump. Facies V (conglomerate) is of debris flow origin, as evidenced by clast- and matrix-supported features, floating large clasts and absence of traction structures. Individual facies are organized into two types of facies association: (1) homogeneous mudstone (facies III) associated randomly with the rest (facies I, II, IV and V), indicative of hemipelagic and episodic sediment-gravity flow processes, respectively; (2) conglomerate (facies V), coarse sand (facies II) and sand/mudstone couplet (facies I), representing the flow transformation from debris flow to high- and low-concentration turbidity currents. These facies associations are similar in many respects to modern and ancient debris (or slope) aprons found elsewhere. Numerous isolated slide/slump blocks, wedged conglomerates with armoured mudstone balls, discontinuous lignite-containing sand/mudstone beds, chaotic structure and growth faults suggest that the deposition occurred on a steep slope (intraslope basin) off coalescing fan-deltas, mainly by unchannellized sediment-gravity flows. Ancient deposits with irregular facies sequences can be viewed as debris-apron systems, which provide alternatives to submarine-fan models in many clastic basins with a line rather than point source.     

南海高压气田泥岩盖层封闭机制、封气能力及演化过程——以莺歌海盆地X13高压气田为例

近期在南海莺歌海盆地勘探发现了高压大气田和一批含气圈闭,随着勘探的深入,高压领域(高压区、高压层系)天然气规模成藏和气水分布的复杂性日益凸显。利用钻井、地震和分析测试资料,对莺歌海盆地X13高压气田上中新统黄流组一段泥岩盖层的封闭机制、封气能力进行了研究,认为泥岩盖层存在物性封闭和泥岩滞排超压封闭两种封闭机制,并建立了相应的封气能力评价方法。X13高压气田泥岩盖层封气能力形成时间约在6.1Ma;3.6Ma时,X13高压气田构造-岩性圈闭形成,这也是天然气成藏的早期,储层、泥岩盖层为常压,泥岩盖层以物性封闭为主,盖层的排替压力大于储层剩余压力,因而具备了封气能力;1.8~0Ma,是天然气晚期成藏时期,储层、盖层已发育超压,泥岩盖层既存在物性封闭,也存在泥岩滞排超压封闭,泥岩盖层的排替压力与滞排超压之和大于超压储层的剩余压力,其中滞排超压发挥了主要的封气作用。较之天然气成藏早期,成藏晚期的盖层泥岩具备更好的封气能力。提出了"中部滞排欠压实-底部畅排压实型盖层—大型储集体组合"的圈闭(带)是高压领域天然气成藏富集区,这一认识对南海高压领域天然气勘探具有指导意义。     

晚三叠世卡尼期黑色页岩事件在龙门山地区的沉积学和古生物学响应

龙门山前缘地区卡尼阶-诺利阶马鞍塘组中部发育一套薄-中层状黑灰色、灰黑色、黑色（含介壳）钙质泥（页）岩,在该套岩石中瓣鳃类生物多见,原生二价金属硫化物（黄铁矿）发育,水平层理发育,显示着低能环境贫氧条件的典型特征。与马鞍塘组中部黑灰色、灰黑色钙质泥（页）岩相当层位的卡尼期晚期沉积,在松潘-甘孜地区、昌都地区、可可西里地区均可见到,多显示为黑色、灰黑色色调,岩性为泥（页）岩或粉砂质板岩、钙质板岩,反映了一次黑色页岩地质事件在中国西部古特提斯东部地区产生了大范围的影响。全球对比表明,该套深色泥（页）岩在西特提斯、印度喜玛拉雅等地均有分布,覆盖在卡尼期早期碳酸盐沉积之上。据此,作者认为晚三叠世卡尼期特提斯范围的黑色页岩事件,很有可能与卡尼期全球性的碳酸盐生产危机有关,马鞍塘组中部发育的深色泥（页）岩即是此次事件在扬子地台西缘的反映。根据对川西北地区绵竹汉旺、安县雎水、江油马鞍塘等剖面的实际考察与研究,认为代表缺氧事件沉积的马鞍塘组中部黑灰色泥（页）岩之下为卡尼阶灰岩段（即汉旺组中下部灰岩段,主要为鲕粒灰岩、海绵礁灰岩等）,之上为诺利阶灰色粉、细砂岩夹灰岩、泥岩段（相当于石元组）。黑灰色钙质泥（页）岩不仅是该组岩性变化的转折点,亦是古生物、古生态急剧变化的转折点。在马鞍塘组下部广泛可见的六射海绵、海百合、苔藓虫、珊瑚等海相化石在马鞍塘组中上部地层（上卡尼阶至诺利阶底部）中很少看到,仅见丰富的瓣鳃类、菊石、腕足类等有壳类动物化石。
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东濮凹陷下第三系沙三段盐岩和膏盐岩的成因

在东濮凹陷下第三系沙三段发育暗色泥岩与盐岩和膏盐岩的频繁互层沉积,暗色泥岩为深水成因。根椐盐岩和膏盐岩的沉积序列特点、与盐岩和膏盐岩互层的泥岩和砂岩的沉积特点,沙三段沉积期的古气候和古环境特点,认为盐岩和膏盐岩是浅水蒸发成因的。深水相泥岩与浅水成因的盐岩或膏盐岩频繁互层,说明沙三段沉积时期,湖平面变化频繁。也正是由于湖平面变化频繁,在沉积中心的周围主要物源方向上形成一系列低水位期的砂体。这些低水位期砂体是形成岩性油气藏的主要储层。     

地浸砂岩型铀矿弹塑性致密泥岩钻头的研究与应用

针对北方地浸砂岩型铀矿超过400m钻孔钻进中弹塑性致密泥岩钻进效率低的问题,研究试验了钻头,提高了钻进效率,总结了操作技术。用φ104mm中八角阶梯肋骨钻头钻进较软弹塑性致密的光滑的红褐色、浅绿色“打滑”泥岩;用φ104mm中八角阶梯肋骨钻头钻进较软弹塑性致密的灰色致密泥岩;用φ104mm交错式圆片状复合片钻头钻进脆性较大的黑灰色弹塑性致密泥岩;用φ104mm交错式圆片状复合片钻头钻进灰白色脆性较大的弹塑性致密泥岩;用φ104mm双环式齿形复合片钻头钻进弹塑性致密硬泥岩。     

松辽盆地北部登娄库组二段烃源岩分布定量研究

勘探开发初期有限的油气资源评价资料限制了暗色泥岩预测方法的可靠性,松辽盆地北部登娄库组烃源岩主要为登二段灰色泥岩,其分布情况是评价松辽盆地北部深层致密砂岩气藏资源量的重要基础。本文以井震信息和基于沉积特征的多元地震属性定量方法,预测研究区泥岩厚度平面分布,综合地层沉积厚度平面信息、地震相平面信息及井点暗色泥岩和泥岩厚度比值信息,预测全区暗色泥岩和泥岩厚度比值的平面分布,预测结果显示松辽盆地北部登二段烃源岩主要有3个较大的发育,同时伴有其它零星小范围暗色泥岩发育,大部分厚度分布在70 m以下,最大暗色泥岩预测厚度约为350 m。该方法以井震信息为基础结合沉积规律定量预测暗色泥岩分布,为松辽盆地北部深层致密砂岩气藏资源量的可靠评价提供了必要的基础。     

新疆叶城晚新生代山前盆地演化与高原北缘的隆升—Ⅰ地层学与岩石学证据

叶城晚新生代山前盆地的岩性主要由中新世的细粒泥岩和砂岩（乌恰群）,上新世的砂岩夹薄层砾岩（阿图什组）及上新世－更新世的粗粒砾岩（西域组）构成。中新世的沉积以细颗粒泥砂岩为主,表明物源区较远,古流域坡度较小,搬运距离较长。古流向分析显示物源区位于南和偏南方,此时昆仑山的地势起伏尚不大。到上新世的阿图什组沉积时,开始出现砾石沉积,反映西昆仑山已经开始有规模地隆升。西域砾岩的沉积标志着作为物源区的西昆仑山民有相当的高度,随着山系的隆升,基底岩石被暴露和剥蚀。     

塔西南前陆冲断带油气成藏地质条件的分段性

塔西南前陆冲断带成藏的地质条件具有分段性,即不同构造段成藏条件明显不同。成藏最有利部位是甫沙—克里阳、苏盖特—齐姆根两个构造带,发育了断层传播褶皱及三角带构造,集中了中—下寒武统碳酸盐岩、下石炭统—下二叠统及侏罗系暗色泥岩三套优质烃源岩,拥有下白垩统砂岩储层与古近系膏盐盖层、古近系碳酸盐岩储层与其上覆泥岩盖层、中新统砂岩储层与其中泥岩盖层以及上古生界等一系列优质储盖组合;其次为和田逆冲推覆构造带,准原地系统(原地系统)构造圈闭良好,但烃源条件和储盖条件相对较差,下二叠统克孜里奇曼(P1k)碳酸盐岩烃源岩达到气源岩的标准,下二叠统碳酸盐岩及砂岩储层、下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层基本上都属低孔低渗型,下二叠统普司格组泥岩属优质区域性盖层;帕米尔前缘冲断带对成藏不太有利,虽有较好的生储盖组合,但发育大型推覆构造及强显露型冲断层,缺乏良好的构造圈闭。     

Facies sequences of a semi-arid closed basin: the Lower Jurassic East Berlin Formation of the Hartford Basin, New England, U.S.A.

The Lower Jurassic East Berlin Formation exposed in the centre of the Hartford Basin can be divided into six facies: (1) laminated black mudstone is composed of very finely-laminated, organic-bearing clay-stone with common millimetre-scale lenses of dolomitic siltstone; (2) planar laminated mudstone is commonly mudcracked and composed of thickly-laminated, red, green or grey mudstone with common centimetre-scale lenses of sandstones; (3) disrupted mudstone has a complex, desiccation-cracked fabric; (4) planar- and large-scale trough cross-stratified sandstones are composed of moderately well-sorted medium- to coarse-grained arkoses; (5) small-scale, cross-stratified silty sandstones with common climbing-ripple structure; and (6) interbedded sandstones and mudstones which commonly carry desiccation cracks. Mudstone facies are organized into repetitive, metre-scale facies sequences which change gradationally upwards from laminated black mudstones to planar-laminated mudstones to disrupted mudstones. Facies sequences have sharp tops and bottoms and record increasing desiccation upwards. There are 15 such cycles in the upper 100 m of the formation in central Connecticut. They record long periods of dry playa mudflat aggradation punctuated by the rapid expansion and contraction of perennial lakes. The sandy facies occur as single, decimetre-scale sedimentation units or as two or more stacked sedimentation units up to 1 m thick. These record sheet floods across ephemeral floodplains.     

湖北黄石二门二叠系/三叠系界线剖面长兴阶牙形刺分带及有机碳同位素的变化

湖北黄石二门二叠系/三叠系界线剖面出露完好,原始沉积连续,由乐平统龙潭组保安段灰黑色硅质岩、大隆组黑色硅质岩—硅质泥岩和下三叠统大冶组黑灰色泥岩以及泥岩夹灰岩组成,为介于典型浅水碳酸盐岩型与深海硅质岩型二叠系/三叠系界线剖面之间的半深海剖面。长兴阶可划分为Clarkinasubcarinata—Clarkinawangi及Clarkinachangxingensis两个牙形刺带。后者又可划分为3个亚带,自下而上依次为Clarkinachangxingensischangxingensis—Clarkinadeflecta亚带、Clarkinameishanensis亚带及Waning—Clarkina亚带,完全可以与二叠系/三叠系界线的全球层型剖面与点进行对比。另外,二叠纪末牙形刺的生态演化呈阶段性绝灭模式;有机碳同位素值在二叠纪/三叠系界线处出现明显的负偏移,指示了二叠纪/三叠纪之交生物绝灭后海水表层水原始产率的降低以及大气和海水中CO2含量的增加。     

深湖相泥岩的成因类型和组合演化

本文通过对渤海湾地区东营盆地沙三段的研究,区分了深湖相泥岩的岩相类型。根据各类岩相的结构、沉积构造和层序、有机地球化学、元素地球化学、矿物成分、生物组合等特征对深湖相泥岩的成因类型进行了划分,并讨论了各成因系列的沉积作用。在此基础上分析了湖盆发展不同阶段由于盆地地形、湖水性质、骨架沉积体系的改变及深湖相泥岩成因类型组合的演化特征。