Strength capacity evolution in thawing soils

The strength properties of the main types of thawing clayed soils, including loamy sand, loam, and clay have been studied. The factors controlling their evolution during freezing and thawing have been revealed as follows: grain-size composition, freezing and thawing conditions, physical properties such as unit weight and water content, and pore pressure. Using a special technique developed to account for these factors, we have revealed the geotechnical soil properties for the soil types under study.     

冻土融化体积压缩系数的经验确定方法

融沉变形破坏是多年冻土区建筑物冻害的主要原因之一,实际的融沉量是热融沉陷与压缩沉降量的叠加：冻土融化体积压缩系数是估算冻土融后压缩沉降变形量的关键计算参数。根据286个冻土原状样融沉压缩试验数据资料,对细砾土、砂土、粉土、黏性土、泥炭化黏性土和泥炭质土等6类土,分别提出了在0～100 kPa和0～200 kPa压力段两种条件下的体积压缩系数和干密度之间的线性、二项式和对数式回归分析方程式。在此基础上,给出了确定6类土体积压缩系数的经验数据表。此外,还指出了现有规范推荐方法和建议值所存在的问题     

冻融作用对海相软土压缩性及抗剪强度影响研究

为揭示原状海相软土冻融前后变形及强度差异性,对宁波原状海相软土及不同冻融条件下的融土进行了压缩实验和三轴固结不排水剪切实验。研究结果表明：单向冻结条件下,冻融作用使海相软土压缩性增强,且对试样不同部位处产生的影响程度不同,对靠近冷端的下部融土压缩性影响最大,中部其次,上部最小;冷端温度越低,冻融作用对融土压缩性影响越小,且逐渐趋于稳定;自然解冻比强制解冻对融土压缩性影响程度更大。冻融作用使融土黏聚力明显减小,内摩擦角略有增大;冷端温度越低,冻融作用对黏聚力和内摩擦角影响程度越大,在一定法向应力范围内,融土破坏强度越小。     

冻融循环条件下粗砂岩物理力学性质变化规律

岩体经受自然冻融循环过程后,其物理力学性质的劣化是引起岩石工程灾害的主要原因。借助于MTS815液伺服岩石试验系统对经历不同冻融循环次数的粗砂岩进行三轴压缩试验,研究经历不同冻融循环次数后岩石在不同围压下的强度和变形特性,分析冻融循环次数和围压对岩石强度和变形的影响规律。研究结果表明,在冻融循环次数一定的条件下,随着围压的增加,岩石的三轴抗压强度、弹性模量和峰值轴向应变逐渐增加,表明粗砂岩的破坏逐渐由脆性破坏向塑形破坏变化;在围压相同的情况下,随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩石的三轴抗压强度、弹性模量逐渐减小,峰值应力对应的轴向应变逐渐增加;随着冻融循环次数的增加,粗砂岩的黏聚力均呈指数衰减形式降低,内摩擦角变化很小。     

土体冻融特征研究现状与展望

冻土中水分迁移是导致土体冻胀的关键因素,而研究水分迁移及其驱动力的核心问题是要充分理解未冻水含量与温度、基质吸力等变量之间的关系,这些关系可充分体现土体在冻融过程中土水变化特征。长期以来,对土体冻融特征的研究采取的是与非饱和土力学中的土水特征类比的方法进行,结果也证明了二者存在一定的相似性。但是冻土中因冰-水相界面作用产生基质吸力与融土中水-气相界面作用产生基质吸力的机理并不完全相同,而由于相变等其他作用产生的冻融滞后效应与融土中孔隙“墨水瓶效应”等引起的滞后效应机理也有区别。针对这些机理性的不同,还需要做大量的研究工作才能真正揭示土体的冻融特征。通过对目前土体冻融特征方面研究进展和存在问题的归纳总结,笔者认为今后在这方面还需深入开展如下研究：建立适合各类土壤冻融特征的一般预测模型,使得在缺少数据条件下能快速获取所需土样的冻融特征;研究土体在冻融和干湿变化过程中存在的类似性及区别,对冻融过程中存在的滞后效应机理给出合理的解释;提升冻融特征变量的测试技术水平,研发高精度的相关仪器设备。     

隧道水平冻结施工期地表融沉的历时预测模型

隧道冻结工程中所形成的人工冻结壁为临时支护结构,隧道衬砌结构施工后,冻结壁要进入解冻期,由于冻结壁解冻过程中的地层融沉现象对隧道周边环境影响较大,因此,应建立合理的方法对地表融沉量进行预测,以便于实际施工中采取相应的融沉控制措施。为此,考虑冻结壁的自然解冻过程,基于随机介质理论,建立了隧道水平冻结施工期地表融沉的历时预测模型。并提出冻结壁自然解冻条件下瞬态温度场由平板解冻理论近似求解,基于平板解冻理论和一维情况下已融土层的稳定融沉量计算公式,确定了预测模型中解冻锋面半径和融缩区域内半径这2个关键参数的取值方法。将所建立的预测模型应用于隧道全断面水平冻结工程中,得到了地表融沉随解冻时间的变化规律。研究结果表明,地表融沉在解冻初期增长速度较快,而在解冻后期增长速度减缓,地表历时融沉量与崔托维奇通过试验得出的天然冻土历时融沉量变化规律相一致。     

高温冻土区填土路基融化固结变形分析

基于修正拉格朗日（U.L）描述下的大变形固结理论和考虑相变作用的温度场得到大变形融化固结理论,对不同路堤高度下填土路基温度场和融沉变形进行研究. 结果表明：高温冻土区合理高度的路堤在5~10 a内使冻土上限略微抬升,但冻土有明显升温. 冻土上限在未来的5~10 a后会急剧下降,且路堤高度越小,下降量越大. 与小变形融化固结理论相比,大变形融化固结理论预测高含量冻土融沉变形的精度更高. 融沉量与路堤高度成正比,且随着时间的增长,融沉变形呈阶梯型发展,路堤越高,阶梯现象越显著. 定义融沉量与路堤高度之比为沉降比,研究发现路堤越低,其沉降比越大,且随时间线性增长. 沉降比是冻土融深增量的单值函数,与路堤高度无关,通过沉降比函数可以快速而实用的求出融沉变形量.     

Pressure of thawing soils on the concrete lining of vertical mine shafts

The paper presents data on the theoretical and experimental investigations for revealing characteristic features of the development of pressure of thawing clayey soils on the concrete lining of mine shafts. The concrete shaft lining and frozen soil massif are considered as rigid walls resting on a rigid base (bedrock). While the thawing soil is being consolidated due to gravity, because of friction and cohesion it transmits loads on to the walls. The report shows that the development of the loads on the mine-shaft lining due to soil thawing is divided into two stages. This paper presents the technique of experiments effected on the mine-shaft models. It has been noted that, owing to nonuniform thawing of soils close to the mine shaft, the soil displacement begins on the side with the greater thawing. This may cause nonuniform lateral pressure on the concrete mine-shaft lining, endangering its stability.     

Soft-sediment deformation during thawing of ice-rich frozen soils: results of scaled centrifuge modelling experiments

The origin of periglacial involutions remains uncertain, largely because of the difficulties of field monitoring in modern permafrost regions. This paper describes an alternative approach, in which process studies are based on scaled centrifuge modelling of thawing ice-rich soils. Centrifuge scaling laws allow similitude in self-weight stresses between the model scale and the prototype (field) scale to be achieved. In these experiments, 120- to 130-mm-thick frozen models comprising a sand unit overlying ice-rich kaolinite clay (three models) or ice-rich silt (one model) were thawed under an acceleration of 20 gravities. The models were therefore equivalent to 2·4–2·6 m of frozen sediments (permafrost) at the prototype scale. Temperature profiles and porewater pressures during the thawing of each model are described. Porewater pressures significantly in excess of hydrostatic were not observed in the sand/silt model. In the sand/clay models, however, excess pressures developed rapidly after thawing, and observed fluctuations in pressure were interpreted as water-escape events. After thawing, careful sectioning of the models revealed small-scale deformation structures at the clay–sand interface, resulting from loading of the upper sand layer into very soft fluid-like clay and injection of clay upwards into the base of the sand. It is concluded that these experiments provide analogues for some Pleistocene involutions. Such involutions therefore mark phases of permafrost degradation when high porewater pressures caused loading and injection along sedimentary boundaries.     

冻结负温对海相淤泥质黏土变形特性影响的研究

冻融后土体的渗透性、压缩性和固结特性是影响其冻结法施工工后变形速率和变形量的重要因素。本论文采用上海第四系滨海-浅海相淤泥质黏土,在-5～-25℃冻结负温下制备融土试样,通过含水率、密度、渗透和固结等一系列试验系统地揭示了冻结负温对沿海软黏土变形特性的影响;且结合不同冻结负温下冻融前后土体含水率、密度的差异,对软黏土竖向渗透系数、压缩系数等影响机理进行了探讨。结果表明：在封闭系统中经历一次冻融循环后,融土含水率、密度减小,渗透性、压缩性增大。随着冻结负温的降低,冻融作用对含水率的影响减弱,而对密度的影响增强。冻融作用引起的土体内部水分重分布和自由水相变是造成土体结构改变的根本原因,其结果导致土体冻融前后渗透性和压缩性的差异。融土压缩系数与初始孔隙比符合指数关系,故可通过室内试验结合拟合公式为变形量预测提供参数取值依据。融土垂向固结系数随冻结负温的降低呈线性减小,因此在变形量计算时应对冻结范围内土体进行温度分区。以上试验结果有助于推进冻结负温对软黏土变形特性的定量研究,为沿海软土地区冻结法应用提供依据。     

冻融循环作用下含水率对粗颗粒填料水分迁移影响的宏细观试验研究北大核心CSCD

冻融循环作用和初始含水率是影响粗颗粒填料水分迁移特征和冻胀融沉变形的两个主要因素。为明确冻融循环作用下,不同初始含水率粗颗粒填料的水分迁移特征及细观机制,采用荧光素为追踪剂,以CT细观机理观测为研究手段,开展了不同初始含水率条件下粗颗粒填料的一系列冻融循环试验,探究了温度场和冻深变化、水分迁移图像、补水量变化、最终含水率分布及CT值变化规律等。试验结果表明,冻深基本随冻融循环的次数增加不断加深,初始含水率越大,不同冻融循环作用下冻深的变化越稳定。外界补水量和液态水迁移高度与初始含水率呈负相关。CT扫描结果分析表明,经历多次冻融循环后,试样中的水分迁移导致土体孔隙结构及颗粒构造发生变化,试样的密度普遍增加,孔隙率以减小为主,进而导致土体发生相应变形。     

Some aspects of artificial thawing of frozen soils

Despite its important practical value the problem of artificial thawing of frozen soils by the vertical, cylindrical defreezer-pipe method has been studied only comparatively recently.

To facilitate excavation and/or foundation work in frozen soil in seasonally freezing and/or permafrost regions, the frozen soil can be loosened up, among other methods, by artificial thawing. For this purpose it is necessary to evaluate the amount of thermal energy needed to bring about the desired thawing. Such an evaluation involves consideration of the relationships between the frozen and thawed soil properties; temperature of the defrosting agent; the size and spacing of the defreezer pipes; and the time required to thaw a certain amount of frozen soil. Although in practice several methods are used for artificial thawing, in this paper, discussion on and calculations for defrosting of frozen soil are presented relative only to thawing by means of vertically installed defreezer pipes.     

周期温度边界条件下一维融化固结特性研究

在周期温度边界条件下,冻土呈现出与常温边界不同的融化固结特性. 基于融化固结理论提出了一种适用于周期温度边界条件下融化固结计算的数值模拟方法,并通过试验验证了该方法的有效性. 通过对比分析试验及数值结果表明,提出的数值方法能够很好地描述周期温度边界条件下冻土的融化固结特性. 同时,融化深度和变形均随时间呈现出阶梯型的变化趋势. 这是周期温度边界下土体融化固结行为最显著的特点. 随着冻融次数的增加,融化深度和变形均趋近于常温边界条件下的结果,这表明若干个冻融循环后周期温度边界对融化固结行为的影响将逐渐消失.     

压实黄土变形特性

黄土路基填料的变形特性直接关系到路基沉降和路基边坡坡度的选取,是黄土地基工程、边坡工程和洞室工程设计计算的重要参数。基于一维室内固结试验,分析了压实黄土变形特性。引入压缩变形系数,分析了压实黄土的物理指标（含水量、压实度）与变形指标（压缩变形系数、压缩系数）的关系,采用应变法来表达压缩变形曲线结果;引入非线性应力、应变关系的割线模量,研究了压实黄土的加荷本构模型和增（减）湿本构模型。结果表明：压实黄土的物理指标对其变形特性影响较大,压实黄土的应力-应变关系可以用幂函数 的形式来表达,提出了压实黄土的加荷本构模型和增（减）湿本构模型,该模型具有较高的可靠性,为研究黄土路基沉降特性提供了有力依据。     

融化作用下多年冻土隧道围岩的弹塑性解及其与支护的相互作用分析

多年冻土隧道修建中,施工活动产生的热量将导致多年冻土围岩中出现一定范围的融化圈,进而影响支护的受力以及隧道洞室的收敛。将围岩分为融化区和未融化区,将融化区围岩视为弹塑性介质,未融化区围岩视为弹性介质,建立并求解融化作用下多年冻土隧道围岩弹塑性模型,对不同的围岩条件及支护工况下多年冻土段隧道施工中围岩与支护的相互作用进行分析。结果表明,该模型表现了融化作用下多年冻土围岩与支护相互作用的特征;在较差围岩中,喷射混凝土支护的强度是控制融化作用下多年冻土围岩稳定以及隧道周边位移量的关键因素。在多年冻土隧道施工中,可采用本模型确定施工中容许的最大围岩融化深度,施工中应采取有效措施避免围岩中出现过大的融化圈。     

人工制备结构性土力学特性试验研究

通过对结构性土的研究可以掌握天然土受荷过程中的变形破损过程, 从而为考虑土结构性的结构物设计、地基加固等提供依据。本文尝试了一种简单可行的结构性土样的人工制备方法, 通过在原状土料中加入少量水泥和盐粒以形成颗粒间的胶结作用和大孔隙组构以模拟天然黏土的结构性。然后进行了室内压缩试验和不同胶结强度土样在排水和不排水条件下的三轴剪切试验,分析结构性土样的力学特性,以探讨结构性土的破损过程和变形机理。     

Effect of freezing and thawing on the permeability and structure of soils

The permeability and structure of four fine-grained soils were observed to be changed by freezing and thawing. In all cases freezing and thawing caused a reduction in void ratio and an increase in vertical permeability. The increase in permeability is attributed to the formation of polygonal shrinkage cracks and/or to the reduction of the volume of fines in the pores of the coarse fraction, the mechanism controlling the process depending on material type. No definite relationships are established; however, it appears that the largest increase in permeability occurs for the soil of highest plasticity.     

双向冻结-单向融化土压缩性及水分迁移试验研究

通过室内冻融试验,研究双向冻结-单向融化作用下不同冻前含水率和干密度对青藏粉黏土压缩特性的影响及水分迁移的变化规律。试验结果表明：（1）大梯度冻融作用使低密度土压缩性减小,使高密度土压缩性增大;而小梯度冻融作用使低、高密度土的压缩性均减小;（2）随着冻前含水率的增加,大梯度冻融作用使土体压缩性增大,但变化幅度逐渐减小,小梯度冻融作用的土体压缩性变化并不明显;（3）随着冻结梯度的增加,不同干密度融土相对压缩系数均呈现先减小后增加的变化趋势,不同冻前含水率融土相对压缩系数总体呈增大趋势;（4）温度梯度冻结后,试样含水率分布从上冷端到下冷端呈增大-减小-增大的变化规律,随着冻结温度梯度的减小,试样中部含水率先增大后减小。     

Interrelationship of the principal physicomechanical and thermophysical properties of coarse-grained frozen soils

The results of physical, mechanical and thermomechanical investigations of frozen coarse-grained soils with sandy clay aggregate are discussed. The authors propose a general classification of coarse-grained soils with fine aggregate, subdividing into skeleton and nonskeleton soils, and new methods for determination of their physicomechanical and thermal characteristics.

Special methods and formulae are given, that allow calculation of the main physicomechanical and thermal characteristics of coarse-grained soils in the same way as those of coarse particles and fine aggregates.

In common complex stability and deformation problems, and research on frozen, freezing and thawing soils, taking into account cryogenic and thermo mass transfer processes, it is proposed to investigate these soils on the basis of thermoelasticity and thermomechanics (rational thermodynamics).     

融化压缩下水泥改良冻土的微观孔隙特征演变

水泥改良冻土在融化压缩下的微观孔隙演变特征研究,对了解水泥改良冻土的过程具有重要意义。将水泥改良后的冻土进行融化压缩实验,通过冷冻干燥法对试验后的土样进行电镜样品制取并获取其微观特征图像。对试验土样进行比重测试,得到土样真实的三维孔隙比。最后以真实孔隙比作参考,确定图像分割所选取的灰度值并提取其孔隙特征。结合融化压缩试验结果,对水泥改良冻土的孔隙数量、面积、定向角及丰度值随改良土压缩量的变化关系进行了分析。研究结果表明：经过水泥改良后的冻土,大孔隙结构强度增大明显;随着水泥掺量及养护龄期的增加,孔隙比与孔隙面积变大,压缩量变小;随着土体压缩量的增大,孔隙的定向角分布逐渐由均匀状向锯齿状发展;土样压缩过程中,丰度值大于0.5的孔隙发生压缩明显,孔隙逐渐趋于细长状,并且随着压缩量的增大,孔隙丰度值的分布越来越趋于正态分布。孔隙微观结构演变研究为阐释水泥改良冻土宏观力学特性增强的机制提供了科学依据。