崖19—1—1井晚第三纪浮游有孔虫深度分层及其古海洋学意义

依据Ｇｅｒｔａ Ｋｅｌｌｅｒ和Ｇａｓｐｅｒｉ，Ｋｅｎｎｅｔｉ有关中新世印度洋和太平洋浅层水、中层水和深层水浮游有孔虫深度分层组合的划分模式，对南海琼东南盆地崖１９－１－１井晚第三纪浮游有孔虫作了定量研究，并分析了陆架海区浮游有孔虫不同深度分层组合含量的变化与古地理环境变迁的关系。崖１９－１－１井以浅层水、中层水组合为主，深层水组合不发育，反映本区温跃层不发育，不利深层水浮游有孔虫的生存。滨海区，浮     

崖19-1-1井晚第三纪浮游有孔虫深度分层及其古海洋学意义

依据ＧｅｒｔａＫｅｌｅｒ和Ｇａｓｐｅｒｉ，Ｋｅｎｎｅｔｔ有关中新世印度洋和太平洋浅层水、中层水和深层水浮游有孔虫深度分层组合的划分模式，对南海琼东南盆地崖１９－１－１井晚第三纪浮游有孔虫作了定量研究，并分析了陆架海区浮游有孔虫不同深度分层组合含量的变化与古地理环境变迁的关系。崖１９－１－１井以浅层水、中层水组合为主，深层水组合不发育，反映本区温跃层不发育，不利深层水浮游有孔虫的生存。滨海区，浮游有孔虫仅为少数几个浅层水的优势种，中层水浮游有孔虫不发育；内浅海区，浅层水浮游有孔虫占绝对优势，中层水浮游有孔虫处于次要地位，所含比例相对较小；外浅海区及陆坡半深海区，浅层水和中层水浮游有孔虫均较发育，中层水浮游有孔虫百分含量相对较高。崖１９－１－１井在上新世早中期曾出现外浅海至陆坡半深海区，为古水深最大时期     

南中国海8KL岩芯氧同位素第6期以来的氧、碳稳定同位素记录与堆积速率研究

通过对南中国海重力活塞岩芯８ＫＬ的４个浮游有孔虫种和２个底栖有孔虫的δ１８Ｏ和δ１３Ｃ则定，发现浮游和底栖有孔虫种的氧同位素记录可清晰地划分出１８６Ｋａ以来的氧同位素的１-６期。浮游有孔虫的碳同位素记录了氧同位素１／２和５／６期界限处两个明显变轻的事件。反映了由冰期向间冰期过渡时存在着显著的中层水和底层水上涌现象。根据浮游有孔虫种的氧同位素组成判断，各浮游有孔虫种的生存深度由浅至深依次为，Ｇｌｏｂｉｄｅｒｉｎｏｉｄｅｓｒｕｂｅｒ（ｐｉｎｋ），Ｇ·ｒｕｂｅｒ和Ｇ．ｓａｃｃｕｌｉｆｅｒ。氧同位素地层学研究表明，南中国海冰期时的沉积速率和沉积通量要明显大于间冰期。     

东爪哇盆地抱球虫灰岩浮游有孔虫组成及指相意义

印尼东爪哇盆地上新世发育的抱球虫灰岩,已成为该地区主要的勘探目的层之一,目前已发现了多个油气田。该地区发育的抱球虫灰岩具有浮游有孔虫颗粒含量高达50%,粒间孔和浮游有孔虫体腔孔发育的特征,其岩芯分析孔隙度最高可达52%,是该区域优质储层,但对其沉积相研究因缺乏可靠的指相证据而认识不一,从而影响了对此类储层控制因素及展布的研究,限制了该区的油气勘探。通过对该套灰岩浮游有孔虫属种组成及生态环境分析,发现研究区抱球虫灰岩发育的浮游有孔虫种类众多,水深上包括浅层水种、中层水种及深水种,区带上包括热带、副热带及温带属种,为不同深度、温度带浮游有孔虫的混合。同时发现了指示存在上升流的属种Globigerina bulloides 和Globorotalia Menardii(s),并且大量发育,指示研究区抱球虫灰岩的形成与上升流有关,这对研究区该套储层的沉积相识别有重要指导意义。区域古沉积环境及海流分析表明研究区具有发育上升流的条件,进一步佐证了该套灰岩的形成受上升流影响。提出研究区抱球虫灰岩的形成主要是生活在陆坡及半深海的浅、中、深层水种的抱球虫死亡后,由海底洋流和上升流等水动力运移至陆棚边缘,因受离岸流的影响,能量减弱,而在陆棚边缘沉积,并经受波浪等水动力的淘洗、筛选,从而形成了不同生态环境抱球虫属种组成的抱球虫灰岩。     

南海北部秋季活体浮游有孔虫的组成与分布

对2004年9月采自南海北部海区19个站位40个垂直浮游拖网样品中的活体浮游有孔虫进行了定量分析, 探讨了该区秋季现代有孔虫的组成、分布及其影响因素.研究表明, 该区秋季现代浮游有孔虫以热带暖水群落为主, 呈现出明显的区域变化.浮游有孔虫的丰度主要呈西北高、东南低的分布格局.浅层水种G. sacculifer和G. ruber的高含量主要出现在近岸带; N. dutertrei的高含量主要出现在外陆架和陆坡区域; G. menardii的高含量主要出现在深水区域; G. calida和G. aequilateralis两水种的含量分布有明显的相似性, 主要出现在深水区, 在越南岸外站位其含量远高出区域其他站位.研究认为, 南海北部秋季水体浮游有孔虫的分布主要受初级生产力和水深的共同制约, 高初级生产力水平下浮游有孔虫的丰度明显要高, 水深则对中深层水种G. menardii、G. calida和G. aequilateralis的分布有明显的制约作用.南海北部秋季温跃层的温盐结构对中层水种N. dutertrei、G. glutinata、G. calida和G. aequilateralis的分布有一定的影响.此外, 暖涡水体对浮游有孔虫的丰度和组成也有明显影响, 位于暖涡中心区的浮游有孔虫丰度明显增高, 特征属种G. sacculifer的含量明显高出周边站位.P. obliquiloculata的高含量主要出现在东北部黑潮分支影响区.      

琼东南盆地莺歌海组—黄流组海平面变化与层序年代地层

琼东南盆地晚第三纪莺歌海－黄注组为巨海相沉积,此时期内发生过多次海平面升降。本文依据对岸崖Ａ－２井有孔虫化石丰度和分异度的定量分析,崖Ａ－１井表层浮游有孔虫壳体氧,碳稳定同位素分析,、地震剖面中上超点迁移分析及对盆地古水深的恢复来研究相对海平面变化。     

崖13-1气田有机包裹体研究

通过对琼东南盆地崖１３－１气田陵水组三段储层砂岩自生石英中有机包裹体的类型分布、均一温度及成分等的研究认为,崖１３－１气田天然气开始运移的时间在上新世,运移深度为３．０～３．３ｋｍ,此时尚未形成气藏;大量运聚发生在上新世末—第四纪,运移深度为３．４～３．９ｋｍ,主要聚集期为第四纪。根据有机包裹体的成分特征对储层流体介质及气源进行了初步分析。     

南海北部崖19-1-1井晚第三纪有孔虫动物群演替与古水深变化

依据现代海洋中有孔虫动物群的分布与环境之间的关系 ,即在一定限度内有孔虫动物群的丰度和分异度随水深增加而增加 ,有孔虫动物群的组合面貌随之发生规律性变化 ,对南海北部琼东南盆地崖 1 9-1 -1井晚第三纪有孔虫动物群进行了定量研究。通过对有孔虫动物群的丰度、分异度、辛普松指数、信息函数熵、多变度、优势度、浮游有孔虫百分含量及底栖有孔虫内生种与外生种的比值逐样计算和统计 ,讨论了陆架海区有孔虫动物群的演替与古水深变化的关系。研究认为崖 1 9-1 -1井晚第三纪以来古水深变化的总趋势为逐渐增大 ,至上新世早中期出现外浅海至半深海环境 ,为古水深最大时期 ,随后水深则逐渐减小。     

鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地地下水水化学类型的分布规律

在对鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地1 125件地下水化学样品进行分析的基础上,总结出研究区不同循环深度地下水化学类型的分布规律。总体上,盆地北区大致以安边—四十里梁—东胜梁地表分水岭为界,东侧地区的浅层、中层和深层地下水化学类型均以HCO₃型水为主,地下水水平分带不典型;而分水岭以西的摩林河－盐海子地下水系统和都思兔河—盐池地下水系统中,包括浅层、中层和深层在内的各层地下水表现为沿地下水流向,向盆地北、西侧边界,水化学类型具有明显的水平分带规律。而盆地南区地下水分层径流明显,水化学类型复杂,总体上存在一个以定边—环县—合水—华池—吴旗—定边为中心的北部由北向南、东部由东向西、南部由西南向东北的水平分带。     

印度尼西亚多岛海末次冰期最盛期以来的穿越流活动

印度尼西亚穿越流是西太平洋和印度洋之间热量传输的重要载体,穿越流的活动由潜在地影响El Nino和季风现象进而影响到全球气候变化。通过对爪哇海SHI9006岩心LGM以来氧同位素、有孔虫与CaCO3沉积量、浮游有孔虫浅层水种与深层水种比值反映的古温跃层变化等的研究,得出结论：研究区末次冰期氧同位素2期穿越流活动微弱,冰后期穿越流活动增强;特别是冰消期终止期IA,穿越流活动由弱迅速增强,是冰川消融、海平面上升,印度尼西亚岛弧古海水通道开放的结果。     

南海深水碳酸盐沉积作用

本文根据南海中部121个深水表层沉积物(水深280-4420m)的碳酸盐生物组分特征,划分了四个碳酸生物组合区,讨论了深水碳酸盐的沉积作用特征.认为在南海存在着三个重要深度界面:即位于水深约2000m的碳酸盐饱和深度、约2900m的碳酸盐溶跃面深度和约3500m的碳酸盐补偿深度.这三个深度界面控制了南海深水碳酸盐的溶解和保存模式,它们的深度特征反映了边缘海海域高生产力的性质.文中最后还讨论了晚更新以来的沉积物碳酸盐溶解旋回.     

晚中新世西太平洋暖池的浮游有孔虫和氧同位素证据

浮游有孔虫深水种Globoquadrina dehiscens于10Ma左右从西太平洋和南海绝灭, 要比其他地区早大约3Ma.伴随这一事件还见以表层暖水种增多而深水种大幅度减少为主要特征的生物群变化.古生物和氧同位素结果指示当时表层水变暖和温跃层变深, 我们认为是与早期西太平洋暖池的发育有关.该种在西北和西南太平洋呈阶段性消失也说明暖水堆集比赤道区更强, 尽管印尼海道在晚中新世已大为变窄, 穿越印尼海道的径流可能尚保持较高的通量水平而使赤道区暖水堆集不特别明显.南海的浮游氧同位素值通常比开放西太平洋的低, 也说明中新世时期的上层海水环境与现代相似, 都是暖池边缘区比中心区变化大.暖池边缘区水体环境多变和温度梯度较高可能是受季风的影响, 结果造成深水种的降低和G.dehiscens提早从南海地区绝灭.      

南海西南部晚更新世500 ka以来的古海洋学特征

对湄公河口外MD01—2392孔浮游有孔虫的定量分析，并采用FP-12E转换函数、MAT现代类比法及温跃层转换函数的计算，结合氧同位素分析结果，揭示了南海南部晚更新世近500ka以来的古海洋学演化特征．发现冰期MIS12、MISS、MIS2-4冬季表层水温明显高出相邻的间冰期，特别是间冰期M189、MIS5、MIS1表层水温都较低．温跃层在MIS5与MIS1最浅，MIS9其次．主要表现在浮游有孔虫深层高营养种的含量增高，表明上升流增强．间冰期的低水温很可能主要是由于上升流影响所致，当然表层盐度由于多雨而降低也可能影响到间冰期的水温估算．冰期时较高的表层水温，喜暖高盐型次表层种Pulleniatina obliquiloculata的大量繁殖，说明冰期时南部海区受来自北部强冬季风的制约使上升流活动减弱，海平面降低后与邻区通道的关闭也造成水体置换明显减弱，可能有淡水盖层发育，最终导致上层海水分层增强和冬季表层水温保持相对较高．晚更新世时期的南海南部由于冰期低海平面造成半封闭的海盆环境和季风变化，是影响其浮游有孔虫对冰期旋回响应与北部和开放大洋不同的根本原因．     

南海西部浮游有孔虫含量与水深关系定量研究

南海西部4°～18°N,1085～115°E海域表层沉积物中有孔虫定量分析表明,从陆架至深海盆区,随着水深增加,底栖有孔虫丰度总体呈下降趋势;而浮游有孔虫在上陆坡区水深200～2 000 m处最丰富,向浅水和深水方向,其丰度均下降,浮游有孔虫百分含量（P）与水深（D）有明显的相关关系。但在陆架区和陆坡－深海盆区,两者关系完全不同：在陆架区随水深增加浮游有孔虫百分含量明显增大,而在陆坡－深海盆区,两者呈负相关关系。经定量拟合水深小于200 m的陆架区,浮游有孔虫含量与水深满足关系式：lnD＝0.021P＋3.208;而在水深大于200 m的陆坡－深海盆区,两者满足D＝－5263P＋52 105.2。这主要是由于陆架区随水深增加,浮游有孔虫增加,但水深大于200 m后,碳酸盐的溶解起主要作用,浮游有孔虫比底栖有孔虫更易于溶解,造成其含量随水深增加而下降。     

Planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and faunal turnover events during the Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary along the Red Sea Coast, Egypt

Planktonic foraminiferal assemblages from the Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary sedimentary sequence in Quseir (Hammadat section), Safaga (Wasif section) and Esh El-Mellaha (Esh El-Mellaha section) areas along the Red Sea Coast, provide a database for biostratigraphical subdivisions and marking of faunal changes. Ten planktonic foraminiferal zones were found. There are, from base to top, the Late Cretaceous Globotruncana ægyptiaca and Gansserina gansseri Zones and the Early Tertiary Parasubbotina pseudobulloides, Praemurica trinidadensis, P. uncinata, Morozovella angulata, Igorina pusilla, Globanomalina pseudomenardii, Morozovella velascoensis and M. edgari zones.Two intervals of non-deposition of sediments (hiatuses) in the study areas are recorded, indicating tectonic events. The first hiatus occurred all over the study areas near the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. The second hiatus is restricted to the Late Palæocene of the Safaga area.Two global planktonic foraminiferal faunal turnover events are identified, reflecting major palæoceanographic changes. The faunal turnover event I occurred near the M. angulata/I. pusilla boundary near the Palæocene/Eocene boundary. These turnovers are characterised by the appearance and disappearance of species and changes in relative abundance, diversity and richness of species. Oscillation in the mean sea level in the study areas during the Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary may be related to a true eustatic change in addition to the evidence for local tectonic control.     

"Biostratigraphy and Paleoecology of Paleocene/Eocene (P/E) interval of some geological sections in Central Egypt"

The Paleocene/Eocene boundary intervals were studied in three outcrops along the Nile Valley: Gabal Taramsa, Gabal Qreiya, and Gabal Nag El Quda in Qena and Esna regions. The planktonic and benthic foraminifera have been examined. The qualitative study of planktonic foraminifera distinguishes eight planktonic biozones from (P4 and P5) Paleocene age to (E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, and E6) Early Eocene age. The analysis of quantitative distribution patterns of benthic foraminifera allows the reconstruction of the paleoenvironmental settings in the studied area. The disappearance or scarce appearance of deeper-water benthic foraminifera (Angulogavelinella avnimelechi and Gavelinella rubiginosus) and increasing dominance of shallow-marine taxa (Buliminides, Loxostomoides applinae) indicate deposition in shallow water environments. The benthic foraminiferal assemblages which dominated by Loxostomoides applinae, Buliminids, and Lenticulina indicate Dysoxic conditions and maximum food levels. The species of mid-way type fauna dominate the assemblages of the studied area; the species of Velasco-type fauna are very rare.     

西藏沙丁、荣布地区三叠系—老第三系沉积地质特征

研究区从三叠纪到老第三纪,发育的岩石地层主要有确哈拉群（Ｔ３）、希湖群（Ｊ１－２）、拉贡塘组（Ｊ２－３）、多尼组（Ｋ１）、竟柱山组（Ｋ２）和牛堡组（Ｅ２－３）。在沉积相上,经历了从深水沉积到浅水直至陆相沉积的演变,发育有冲积扇、河流、湖泊、三角洲（潮汐）、障壁海岸、浅海、深海和火山碎屑流沉积。古地理分析表明,研究区晚三叠世古地理轮廓是一个从东南向西北和东北方向由浅水碳酸盐台地及深水陆层海底扇沉积共同发育的沉积盆地;早中侏罗世,演变成为一个由深水砂质浊积岩和细屑浊积岩组成的水下席状体沉积;进入中晚侏罗世,其古地理表现为一个陆屑浅海有障壁海岸;到了晚白垩世,研究区表现为以含煤沉积为特征的三角洲相沉积。     

Upper cretaceous biostratigraphy of the south-central Pyrenees (Lleida,Spain)

Abstract

Biostratigraphical data using larger foraminifera and planktonic foraminifera permitted us to establish the correlation between shallow platform sediments rich in larger foraminifera (Montsec and Serres Marginals thrust sheets) and deeper ones containing planktonic foraminifera (Boixols thrust sheet).

Consequently, the Santa Fe limestones containing Ovalveolina-Praealveolinaassemblage represent the Cenomanian. Early Turonian ( ‘IT~ archaeocretacea and P. helvetica zones) exist in both, Montsec and Boixols thrust sheets and it is constituted by Pithonella limestones. Late Turonian (M. schneegansi zone) is only present in Boixols thrust sheet (Reguard Fm.), the Montsec thrust sheet having an erosive hiatus.

Late Coniacian-Early Santonian (D. Concavata zone) is represented in the Montsec thrust sheet (Cova Limestones) and in the eastern part of the Boixols thrust sheet (St. Corneli Fm.) by two differents facies giving two different microfaunal assemblages; the firts one, characterized by Ophtalmidiidae s.l indicate a restricted lagoonal environment while the second one, characterized by diverses species of complex agglutinated, Fabulariidae, Meandropsinidae and Rotaliidae, represents an open shallow platform. In the Boixols thrust sheet (Anseroles Fm.) dominate the planktonic foraminifera and small benthic.

In the late Santonian (D. asyrnetrica zone) the sea reached as far as Serres Marginales thrust sheet where sediments (Tragó de Noguera unit) are terrigenous and deposited in a very shallow platform. In the Montsec thrust sheet (Montsec marls) the larger foraminifera indicate a platform deeper than that of the Serres Marginals thrust sheet. In the Boixols thrust sheet the sediments are deposited in an outer platform (Herbasavina Fm.) or turbiditic basin (Mascarell Mb.).

During Campanian times the transgresion reaches the maximum. In the Serres Marginals sediments are deposited in a restricted shallow environment rich in Meandropsinidae (Serres Limestones). In the Montsec thrust sheet they are deposited in a platform with patch reefs and shoals (Terradets limestones) and in the Boixols one in an outer platform, talus and/or basin.

During Early Maastrichtian times (C. falsostuarti zone) terrigenous materials arrived in the basin, the rate of sedimentation increased outstripping the subsidence rate and the retreat of the sea to the north. Late Maastrichtian (C. gansseri zone) is only present in the Boixols thrust sheet.     

Tertiary stratigraphy of Western Australia

This paper is a summary of the present knowledge of the Tertiary stratigraphy of Western Australia. Also included is new information on the Cainozoic of the Carnarvon Basin, a result of petroleum exploration in the area.

Tertiary rocks formed during more than one cycle of deposition in three basins (Eucla, Perth, and Carnarvon), and also as thin units deposited in a single transgression along the south coast. The Tertiary stratigraphy of the Bonaparte Gulf Basin is not well known.

Drilling in the Eucla Basin has encountered up to 400 m of Tertiary in the south central part, with uniform thinning towards the margins. The section begins with a middle‐upper Eocene carbonate unit which represents the dominant event in the Tertiary sedimentation in this basin. More carbonates were deposited in the late Oligocene‐early Miocene and middle Miocene.

Along the south coast, the so‐called Bremer Basin, the Plantagenet Group (up to 100 m) of siltstone, sandstone, spongolite, and minor limestone, was deposited during the late Eocene.

The Perth Basin contains up to 700 m of Tertiary sediment, formed during at least two phases of sedimentation. The upper Paleocene‐lower Eocene Kings Park Formation consists of marine shale, sandstone, and minor limestone, with a thickness of up to 450 m. The Stark Bay Formation (200 m) includes limestone, dolomite, and chert formed during the early and middle Miocene. Events after deposition of the Stark Bay Formation are not well known.

The northern Carnarvon Basin and Northwest Shelf contain by far the most voluminous Tertiary sediment known from Western Australia: 3500 m is known from BOCAL's Scott Reef No. 1. A more usual maximum thickness is 2500 m. Most sediments were laid down in four episodes, separated by unconformities: late Paleocene‐early Eocene; middle‐late Eocene; late Oligocene‐middle Miocene; and late Miocene to Recent.

The Paleocene‐early Eocene cycle consists of about 100–200 m (up to 450 m in the north) of carbonate, shale, and marl of the Cardabia Group containing rich faunas of planktonic foraminifera.

The middle‐late Eocene sediments include diverse rock types. Marine and nonmarine sandstone formed in the Merlinleigh Trough. At the same time, the Giralia Calcarenite (fauna dominated by the large foraminifer Discocyclina) and unnamed, deeper water shale, marl, and carbonate (with rich planktonic foraminiferal faunas) formed in the ocean outside the embayment. Thickness is usually of the order of 100–200 m.

The main cycle of sedimentation is the late Oligocene‐middle Miocene, during which time the Cape Range Group of carbonates formed. This contains dominantly large foraminiferal faunas, of a wide variety of shallow‐water microfacies, but recent oil exploration farther offshore has recovered outer continental shelf facies with abundant planktonic foraminifera. A minor disconformity representing N7 and perhaps parts of N6 and N8 is now thought to be widespread within the Cape Range Group. The last part of this cycle resulted in sedimentation mainly of coarse calcareous marine sandstone (unnamed), and, in the Cape Range area, of the sandstone and calcareous conglomerate of the Pilgramunna Formation. Maximum thickness encountered in WAPET wells is 900 m.

After an unconformity representing almost all the late Miocene, sedimentation began again, forming an upper Miocene‐Recent carbonate unit which includes some excellent planktonic faunas. Thickness is up to 1100 m.

Thin marine sediments of the White Mountain Formation outcrop in the Bonaparte Gulf Basin. They contain some foraminifera and a Miocene age has been suggested.