BTOPMC模型与新安江模型在史河上游的应用比较研究

介绍了一个由TOPMODEL发展而来的基于栅格的分布式水文模型--BTOPMC模型.选取史河流域黄泥庄水文站以上集水面积为研究区域,在空间分辨率为30秒的数字高程模型数据基础上构建数字流域水系,基于IGBP全球陆面土地覆被数据以及FAO全球数字土壤数据运用BTOPMC模型和新安江模型分别对黄泥庄站1982年到1987年的日径流过程进行模拟.采用模拟与实测洪量比和确定性系数对两个模型的模拟结果进行比较分析.结果表明两个模型都能很好地模拟日径流过程,新安江模型有更好的模拟效果.     

干旱区资料稀缺法流域日径流过程模拟

选取具有物理基础的分布式水文模型MIKE SHE来模拟大尺度资料稀缺地区水文过程.以塔里木河主要源区之一开都河流域为研究区域,将流域内气象水文站点观测数据与遥感数据相结合,运用GIS空间分析方法修正数据输入.利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程和降雨等资料,研究大气、陆面、地表水和地下水的相互作用机理,通过模型敏感性分析确定了5个"自由"参数,并依据出山口水文站数据对模型进行率定和验证.结果表明,MIKE SHE能在水文、气象站点稀少,土壤及水文地质数据缺乏的条件下,模拟开都河流域的日径流过程,模型效率系数达到0.7以上,率定期与验证期水量平衡误差均小于3%,模拟径流与实测径流高度相关.     

开都河流域山区径流模拟及降雨输入的不确定性分析

选取塔里木河源区的开都河流域为研究区,将流域内气象水文站点数据与遥感数据相结合,利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程(DEM)和降雨等资料,模拟流域水文过程,并在出山口实测径流数据的基础上对模型进行率定和验证;对降雨输入所带来的径流模拟不确定性进行分析,探讨降雨输入的空间异质性对水文预报结果的影响机制.结果表明:MIKE-SHE模型能在水文、气象站点稀少,土壤及水文地质数据缺乏的条件下,模拟开都河流域的日径流过程,但精度上仍有待提高;降雨输入的空间分布程度对径流模拟有重要影响.FY-2C遥感估算降雨资料能够更好地表达降雨时间的空间异质性,相应地对径流模拟精度也有一定程度的提高.     

干旱区资料稀缺流域日径流过程模拟

选取具有物理基础的分布式水文模型MIKE SHE来模拟大尺度资料稀缺地区水文过程。以塔里木河主要源区之一开都河流域为研究区域,将流域内气象水文站点观测数据与遥感数据相结合,运用GIS空间分析方法修正数据输入。利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程和降雨等资料,研究大气、陆面、地表水和地下水的相互作用机理,通过模型敏感性分析确定了5个"自由"参数,并依据出山口水文站数据对模型进行率定和验证。结果表明,MIKE SHE能在水文、气象站点稀少,土壤及水文地质数据缺乏的条件下,模拟开都河流域的日径流过程,模型效率系数达到0.7以上,率定期与验证期水量平衡误差均小于3%,模拟径流与实测径流高度相关。     

DEM空间分辨率对流域水文特征信息提取及径流模拟影响研究

DEM是构建分布式水文模型的重要输入。以岷江上游为研究区,基于8种不同空间分辨率DEM构建SWAT模型,研究分析DEM空间分辨率对流域水文特征提取及径流模拟影响。研究表明,DEM空间分辨率越低,洪峰模拟精度越低,模拟流量与实测流量间的误差越大,曲线吻合度越低;DEM空间分辨率由25m降低到200m时,径流模拟误差变化不明显,而DEM空间分辨率由200m降低到3 200m时模拟误差显著增大;另外,DEM空间分辨率与径流总量的模拟精度间未表现出显著相关性。     

分布式水文模型DHSVM在西北高寒山区流域的适用性研究

分布式水文-土壤-植被模型（Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model,DHSVM）是基于栅格离散的分布式水文模型,对地表水热循环的各个过程能进行很精细地刻画,被广泛应用于世界各地很多类型的流域的高时空分辨率的水文模拟,然而它在高寒山区的适用性并不清楚。基于300 m数字高程模型,应用DHSVM模型对典型的高寒山区流域八宝河流域2001-2009年的水文过程展开模拟,并采用流域出口祁连站的水文实测数据对模型进行了精度评价。参数敏感性分析表明,土壤横向导水率、田间持水量和植被反照率等是该区域主要的敏感性参数。模型默认参数会高估高寒山区流域的潜在蒸散发量,导致夏季径流量远小于观测值。通过参数率定,模型校准期（2001-2004）的模拟日径流和月径流Nash效率系数分别达到0.72和0.87;而模型验证期（2005-2009）分别为0.60和0.74。结果表明,DHSVM模型基本具备了模拟高寒山区流域降水-径流过程的能力。然而,由于DHSVM模型缺少对高寒山区流域土壤的冻融过程的刻画,春季径流的模拟精度明显受到影响,需要在将来重点改进。     

基于SWAT模型的资水流域径流模拟

以资水流域柘溪水库以下区域为研究对象,基于构建的分布式水文模型SWAT对水文过程进行模拟。在地面高程、土地利用、土壤、气象等数据预处理的基础上,采用2010~2011年实测径流数据进行参数率定,采用2012年实测径流数据进行模型验证,对模型在研究区的适用性进行研究。通过对径流模拟值和实测值的比较,月径流率定期和验证期的相关系数R~2和Nash系数Ens分别在0.93以上和0.91以上,日径流率定期和验证期的相关系数R~2和Nash系数Ens分别在0.78以上和0.70以上。基于这两个评价标准可知SWAT模型在资水游流域有良好的适用性,可为流域内拟建桃花江核电厂的取水安全分析和水环境影响评价提供技术支持。     

HYPE水文模型在中国不同气候区域的应用研究

将瑞典国家水文气象局开发的分布式水文模型HYPE应用于我国黑河流域、水阳江流域和沱江流域三种不同气候区,选择纳什效率系数NSE作为统计指标进行精度评估.HYPE模型在不同气候区均表现出良好的模拟效果,月径流模拟结果显著高于日时间尺度模拟结果.因此,可在类似地区推广使用该模型,同时可为无资料地区提供相关的模拟数据信息,为...     

雅鲁藏布江流域的分布式水文模拟及径流变化分析

针对雅鲁藏布江流域,依据100m网格的数字高程模型DEM,基于分布式水文模型GBHM原理,构建了3km网格的分布式水文模型.模型采用次网格参数化方法处理了网格内水文参数的非均一性,并完整地模拟了1960～1998年的水文过程.结果表明,模型较好地模拟了河道的径流过程,并可根据模型模拟的结果分析流域径流等水文要素的变化趋势.     

SWAT模型在密赛流域的应用与比较研究

为对比分布式水文模型SWAT与典型集总式水文模型新安江模型的径流模拟能力,以钱塘江支流密赛流域为实验流域,以CRU气象数据集为气象输入资料,分别进行SWAT日、月径流模拟与验证,并与新安江模型模拟成果进行对比。结果显示SWAT模型在实验流域的月尺度径流模拟中更具优势,也表明SWAT模型在我国径流模拟中具有良好的适用性。     

Influence of Unsaturated Soil Properties Uncertainty on Moisture Flow Modeling

The quality of a numerical modeling solution of moisture flow through unsaturated soil, in part, depends on properly described unsaturated soil properties. The variability of the Soil Water Characteristic Curve, SWCC, is attributed to hysteresis and reproducibility of measurement. Because the unsaturated conductivity function is rarely directly measured, the variability of the unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity function is attributed to the uncertainty associated with the estimation of this parameter with currently available fitting functions, and hence a range of reasonable variation was considered. One-dimensional modeling of expansive soil under dry initial conditions (suction of 1,500 kPa) was performed; both potential evaporation and infiltration boundary conditions were considered. It was found that small variations in the unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity function result in significantly different modeling outputs, as expected, while substential variation in SWCC alone (assuming the same unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity for all SWCCs) produced almost identical soil response in terms of soil suction when the slope of the SWCC is similiar. Thus, proper characterization of the slope of the SWCC is important to proper suction profile determination.     

Effect of different soil data on hydrological process modeling in Weihe River basin of Northwest China

Hydrological process modeling depends on the soil data spatial resolution of the watershed. Especially, in a large-scale watershed, could a higher resolution of soil data contribute to a more accurate result? In this study, two soil datasets with different classification systems FAO (World Reference Base) and GSCC (the Genetic Soil Classification of China) were used as inputs for the SWAT model to study the effects of soil datasets on hydrological process modeling in Weihe River basin, China. Results show that the discharge simulated using FAO soil data was better than one simulated using GSCC soil data before model calibration, which indicates that FAO soil data needed less effort to calibrate. After model calibration, discharges were simulated better by both of FAO and GSCC soil data but statistical parameters demonstrate that we can make a relatively more accurate estimation of discharge using the GSCC rather than FAO soil data. Soil water content (SW) simulated using GSCC soil data was statistically significantly higher than those simulated using FAO soil data. However, variations in other hydrological components (surface runoff (SURQ), actual evapotranspiration (ET), and water yield (WYLD) were not statistically significant. This might be because SW is more sensitive to soil properties. For studies aiming to simulate or compare SW, merely calibrating and validating models using river discharge observations is not enough. The hydrological modelers need to identify the key hydrological components intrinsic to their study and weigh the advantages and disadvantages before selecting suitable soil data.     

环境模拟和GIS集成的初步研究

GIS与环境模拟在技术、研究内容、方法上的进一步集成,具有广泛的应用前景.以开展的流域土壤和水资源研究模型的集成和系统化及其应用项目的实际工作,说明了环境模拟和GIS技术集成的必然性;从GIS技术的发展,环境模拟模型的改进与完善,数据的初始化与管理等方面系统地论述了环境模拟模型和GIS集成的必要性.通过现有集成模式的分析,对二者集成的概念框架以及不同的集成方式进行了概念性的描述,结合研究项目给出了集成示例.     

数字地形分析技术在分布式水文建模中的应用

论述了在栅格数字高程模型（DEM）的基础上，利用数字地形分析技术来完成地形评价、河网指示、流域分割、子流域参数化等项工作的理论与方法。并结合江西潋水河流域的实际工作进行了详细的说明。研究结果表明，通过数字地形分析的方法，利用栅格DEM实现流域离散化并从中提取分布式水文模型所需要的输入参数是一种行之有效的手段。     

SWAT模型水文过程模拟的数据不确定性分析——以青海湖布哈河流域为例

降水、 气温的空间分布是影响流域水量平衡模拟的关键因素, 运用距离权重反比法(IDW)、 梯度距离权重反比法(GIDW)、 样条函数法(Spline)和克里金插值法(Kriging)对青海湖流域及周边地区43个气象站1995-2009年逐日气温和降水进行了空间插值, 并以气象要素空间插值数据驱动模型, 进行布哈河流域径流模拟. 选用布哈河口月平均流量, 以Nash-Suttclife系数(E_ns)、 相关系数(R)和相对误差(R_E)为评价指标, 进行校准期(2000-2004年)和验证期(2005-2009年)的径流模拟效果比较. 结果表明: 径流模拟精度较高, GIDW和IDW更适合于布哈河流域的气象要素空间化, 并且气象要素空间插值数据误差是引起模型模拟不确定性和参数据不确定性的原因之一.     

Effects of precipitation pulses on water and carbon dioxide fluxes in two semiarid ecosystems: measurement and modeling

Modeling of soil?Cwater, ?Cheat and ?Ccarbon (C) fluxes provides an important tool for predicting mass and energy transfers based on a hydraulic-, thermal- and C-mass balance approach. Model predictions were evaluated using measured data from two water-limited study sites, one pasture and one supporting an alfalfa crop, to indentify differences between these ecosystems. Soil water content, temperature, and evapotranspiration (ET) data were used to validate soil water dynamics components of a process-based numerical model. Soil surface CO₂ efflux estimates (i.e., fluxes from soil respiration) were also made to estimate soil CO₂ emissions. The results show that the Hydrus-1D numerical model can be parameterized to simulate the soil hydrodynamics and CO₂ fluxes measured at both locations. Rainfall and irrigation events triggering increases in plant root and microbial respiration rates were simulated to recreate observed pulsed CO₂ fluxes. There were distinct differences in ET and soil CO₂ effluxes between the ecosystems and watering events significantly modified the fluxes. Differences in potential evapotranspiration and soil texture could help explain these discrepancies. The results demonstrate that numerical modeling can be a useful tool for estimating soil surface fluxes in calibrated ecosystems when micrometeorological methods may not be suitable.     

Volumetric soil profile modeling using geo-statistics and GIS: case study Kuwait Sabkha

Geo-statistics techniques showed high applicability in fields related to geotechnical engineering like mining and petroleum engineering. Hence, this paper introduces direct application of Geo-statistics in Geotechnical engineering which is 3D soil profiling. It introduces Geo-statistics as a concept and shows the practical implementation of these techniques on modeling soil profile using CPT sample data through the integration between GIS and a specialized 3D Geo-statistical modeling software called Sgems (Stanford Geo-statistical modeling software). Using 30 CPT logs in Sabkha soil from the data of Soil Works for a costal Housing Project located approximately 25 km west of Kuwait city, and a semi-automated workflow, the 3D model was produced on Sgems and converted to GIS. The ESRI-ArcGIS software was used in querying 3D soil profile and in producing 3D section in-spite of its limitation in 3D Voxel representation.     

Multi-scale European Soil Information System (MEUSIS): a multi-scale method to derive soil indicators

The Multi-scale Soil Information System (MEUSIS) can be a suitable framework for building a nested system of soil data that could facilitate interoperability through a common coordinate reference system, a unique grid coding database, a set of detailed and standardized metadata, and an open exchangeable format. In the context of INSPIRE Directive, MEUSIS may be implemented as a system facilitating the update of existing soil information and accelerating the harmonization of various soil information systems. In environmental data like the soil one, it is common to generalize accurate data obtained at the field to coarser scales using either the pedotransfer rules or knowledge of experts or even some statistical solutions which combine single values of spatially distributed data. The most common statistical process for generalization is averaging the values within the study area. In this paper, we do not present a simple averaging of numerical values without any further processed information. The upscaling process is accompanied with significant statistical analysis in order to demonstrate the method suitability. The coarser resolution nested grids cells (10??? 10?km) represent broad regions where the calculated soil property (e.g., organic carbon) can be accurately upscaled. Multi-scaled approaches are urgently required to integrate different disciplines (such as Statistics) and provide a meta-model platform to improve current mechanistic modeling frameworks, request new collected data, and identify critical research questions. Past papers have described in detail the upscaling methodology while our present approach is to demonstrate an important application of this methodology accompanied with statistical evidence.     

Integrative assessment of hydrological, ecological, and economic systems for water resources management at river basin scale

This study presents a basin-scale integrative hydrological, ecological, and economic (HEE) modeling system, aimed at evaluating the impact of resources management, especially agricultural water resources management, on the sustainability of regional water resources. The hydrological model in the modeling system was adapted from SWAT, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, to simulate the water balance in terms of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and streamflow. An ecological model was integrated into the hydrological model to compute the ecosystem production of biomass production and yield for different land use types. The economic model estimated the monetary values of crop production and water productivity over irrigated areas. The modeling system was primarily integrated and run on a Windows platform and was able to produce simulation results at daily time steps with a spatial resolution of hydrological response unit (HRU). The modeling system was then calibrated over the period from 1983 to 1991 for the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River basin, China. Calibration results showed that the efficiencies of the modeling system in simulating monthly streamflow over 5 hydrological stations were from 0.54 to 0.68 with an average of 0.64, indicating an acceptable calibration. Preliminary simulation results from 1986 to 1995 revealed that water use in the study region has largely reduced the streamflow in many parts of the area except for that in the riverhead. Spatial distribution of biomass production, and crop yield showed a strong impact of irrigation on agricultural production. Water productivity over irrigated cropland ranged from 1 to 1640 USD/(ha·mm⁻¹), indicating a wide variation of the production conditions within the study region and a great potential in promoting water use efficiency in low water productivity areas. Generally, simulation results from this study indicated that the modeling system was capable of tracking the temporal and spatial variability of pertinent water balance variables, ecosystem dynamics, and regional economy, and provided a useful simulation tool in evaluating long-term water resources management strategies in a basin scale.     

贵州省乌江流域土壤侵蚀模拟——基于GIS、RUSLE和ANN技术的研究

本研究在GIS技术支撑下选择RUSLE模型作为基础模型,估算乌江流域20世纪80年代和90年代年均土壤侵蚀量,结合ANN技术,预测2001—2010年乌江流域的土壤侵蚀量,分析了该流域近30年来土壤侵蚀动态变化规律,以期为研究区土壤侵蚀防治工作提供理论依据。研究结果表明:应用RUSLE模型计算乌江流域年均土壤侵蚀模数,计算结果和以往土壤侵蚀调查估计的结果比较吻合,但由于RUSLE模型不计算重力侵蚀,因此计算结果仍与实测输沙模数有所出入。90年代潜在土壤侵蚀模数比80年代高,流域潜在土壤侵蚀呈增加趋势,其中三岔河流域和马蹄河/印江河流域年均潜在土壤侵蚀模数最高。3种主要土地覆被类型中,林地的土壤保持量最大,耕地次之,草地最少,这与非喀斯特地区在水土保持效果上通常林地草地旱地的结论有所不同。通过构建BP神经网络,预测得到乌江流域2001—2010年土壤侵蚀模数,结果显示,21世纪前10年,流域土壤侵蚀模数大幅降低,流域年均土壤侵蚀模数由90年代的23.13 t/(hm2·a)降低为1.01 t/(hm2·a)。三岔河流域的水土流失得到了控制,黔西、金沙、息烽、修文、贵阳、平坝、思南、石阡、沿河和松桃等县市应是"十二五"期间的水土流失重点治理对象。