黄海氮磷营养盐的循环和收支研究

建立了一个生物-物理耦合的三维营养盐动力学模型,模拟了黄海无机氮、活性磷酸盐和叶绿素a的年循环规律,估算了黄海营养盐的收支情况和季节差异,并将数值结果与实测资料进行比较。结果表明:黄海无机氮和无机磷经历了春、夏的消耗及秋、冬的补充,维持了黄海全年较高的生产力,年平均初级生产力达508mgC·m-2·d-1。黄海水文环境在很大程度上影响着营养盐的分布和生态功能:黄海中部深水区季节性热层化在春季萌发、秋末消衰,使夏季表层水营养盐匮乏,底层冷水团营养盐大量蓄集,因此初级生产力在5-6月和11月出现双峰特征,而近岸海水几乎全年混合均匀,初级生产力单峰出现在6-8月。河流每年为黄海输送225.4×103t无机氮和6.82×103t无机磷,使北黄海及近岸营养盐丰富,尤其朝鲜沿岸径流注入大量的营养盐,使其新生生产力较高,f比平均达55%。光合作用和呼吸作用是营养盐最大的汇和源,黄海中部沉积物-水界面交换向水体提供大量的硝酸氮,为新生产贡献56%的氮。大气沉降补充的营养盐占年初级生产所需氮、磷的6%和1.5%,为河流输入营养盐的3～5倍。     

九龙江-河口表层水体营养盐含量的时空变化及潜在富营养化评价

分别于2012年9月、2013年1、6月,对九龙江两大支流北溪、西溪及河口区开展了3个航次的营养盐监测.研究结果表明,河口区表层水体溶解无机氮（DIN）、总磷（TP）和活性磷酸盐（PO4-P）质量浓度范围分别为0.13-17.35、0.14-1.00和0.00-0.38 mg/dm3,受上游输入和海水稀释作用,营养盐浓度由淡水端至海水端逐渐降低.北溪表层水体的DIN、TP和活性磷酸盐质量浓度范围分别为1.99-24.92、0.12-1.47和0.04-0.68 mg/dm3,受龙岩地区工农业生产及城市进程影响,由上游至下游逐渐降低.西溪表层水体的DIN、TP和活性磷酸盐质量浓度范围分别为2.74-20.61、0.14-0.92和0.02-0.37 mg/dm3,受上游农业生产和下游漳州地区人类活动影响,上下游的DIN质量浓度较高.此外,九龙江沿岸的人类活动可能影响了该地区水体中的溶解无机氮形态组成：北溪和西溪上游的NH4-N和NO3-N占比分别较高.水期分析表明,2013年1月的DIN浓度显著高于其他水期,而不同区域TP和活性磷酸盐的水期波动不尽相同.营养盐结构分析表明,九龙江总体处于磷限制状态,但在河口及北溪部分站位,CDIN/CPO4-P比值已达到适合浮游生物生长繁殖的水平.潜在富营养化程度评价表明,九龙江河口多数站位均处于N或P限制的富营养化级别,但由于N、P营养盐的绝对浓度较高,具有水华暴发的潜在风险.     

基于MODIS影像的射阳河口海域可溶性无机氮磷营养盐浓度遥感监测研究

分析了射阳河口海域实测光谱反射率与DIN、DIP浓度间的相关性,发现DIN、DIP浓度与水体浊度间呈强烈的正相关,说明在该海域DIN和DIP主要来源于沉积物再悬浮过程中的释放。在此基础上以实测光谱模拟MODIS前四个波段的反射率,建立了基于MODIS影像的DIN、DIP浓度定量反演模型,模型的相对预测精度达到60%以上,将模型应用于影像反演所得的结果与实际情况相当吻合,证明了模型的实际应用价值和业务化潜力。     

基于muddy-LOICZ模型的小清河河口及下游河段营养盐通量估算

基于2013年7月、9月小清河口及9月小清河下游河道分段营养盐数据,采用LOICZ及改进的muddy LOICZ生物地球化学收支模型,分析了小清河口及下游河道分区域的水体存留时间和营养盐收支。结果表明,小清河口夏、秋季水体存留时间分别为0.67 d和3.09 d,夏、秋季DIP平均收支分别为–2.96×103、–1.72×103 mol/d,夏、秋季DIN平均收支分别为–1.55×106、–0.77×106 mol/d。进一步分析表明,河口生产力旺盛,存在净生产过程,成为氮磷的汇,且磷汇通量要远远小于氮汇,存在强烈的反硝化反应的脱氮过程,说明该河口的低氧问题需得到进一步重视。不同的河道区域其生产力水平、呼吸作用、光合作用和硝化作用等强度等均有所不同,且在羊口镇附近有大量支流和生活排污进入,小清河下游流域的综合治理不能单一全篇而论,而应该针对不同的河道区域特点进行分别治理。需要注意的是,LOICZ模型为箱式模型,忽略物理过程的作用以及更详细的生物地球化学过程。     

海南省海岸带和海洋资源与环境问题及对策研究

在分析海南省海岸带和海洋资源与环境优势的基础上，指出当前存在的5个主要问题，即海洋资源的综合开发利用缺乏统一的规划、海洋防护林和生物资源破坏严重、水质富营养化、海域污染等，并对存在问题提出今后的对策。     

河口海岸三维双σ坐标斜压水流数值模型研究

在海底地形陡变、垂向密度分层明显的水域,三维σ坐标模式中会出现一种"伪"水平斜压梯度力,并会引起"伪"密度流,以至于影响模拟的精度。垂向上引入双σ坐标变换,建立河口海岸水域三维斜压水流数值模型。数值试验结果表明,在海底地形陡变水域,双σ坐标模式可以减小水平斜压梯度力处理引起的误差。     

基于11年高度计数据的中国海海平面变化初步研究

利用1992年10月~2004年1月共11 a的TOPEX/Poseidon(T/P)和Jason-1高度计数据,对中国海海平面的时空变化变化做了初步分析,并且对11 a间海平面的上升速率进行了分析。研究发现中国海海平面11 a间的一些基本的变化特征:(1)11 a间中国海海平面变化被两次厄尔尼诺-拉尼娜现象分成了5个阶段;(2)中国海海平面变化以1 a周期为主,其中黄海和东海变化较为相似,以1 a周期信号为主,而渤海则还有2个月的周期信号,南海还有0.5 a信号;(3)11 a间,渤海海平面变化振幅最大,黄海和东海次之,南海变化最小,南海海平面变化受厄尔尼诺-拉尼娜事件影响程度最大,黄海和东海次之,渤海最小;(4)中国海海平面的上升速率为0.593 cm/a,渤海、黄海、东海、南海的上升速率依次为0.365,0.517,0.683,0.611 cm/a。分析结果为中国海海平面的变化规律、厄尔尼诺现象对中国海海平面变化的影响以及对未来海平面上升趋势的预测提供了有力的依据。     

苏北盐城海岸带芦苇湿地对营养物质的净化作用初步研究

对在不同污灌强度下的苏北盐城海岸带两片芦苇湿地的调查发现:在常规水质灌溉下,营养物质在2 km长的廊道中的自净率为12.0%~45.6%,苇田净化率在29.2%~95.65%之间;在超负荷污水灌溉下,廊道中的自净率在6.5%~8.7%之间,苇田净化率为61.3%~86.2%,单位面积净化效果是常规水质灌溉下的3.2~123倍。净化效果的巨大差异,说明对苏北盐城海岸带芦苇湿地净化污染物功能的利用还存在巨大的潜力和空间。     

An evaporation-driven salinity maximum zone in Australian tropical estuaries

The distribution of temperature and salinity in three tropical Australian estuaries was measured in October 1983 in the hot dry season. As a result of evaporation, a salinity maximum zone exists near the mouth of the river, where downwelling occurs, and a classical and an inverse internal estuarine circulation prevail, respectively, upstream and downstream of the salinity maximum zone. The zone of salinity maximum can be thought of as a high salinity plug inhibiting so much the mixing of estuarine and ocean waters that in some cases freshwater dose not reach the ocean.     

Analysis of the basic classes of organic compounds dissolved in seawater and their behaviour in the estuaries of rivers and coastal zone of the sea

On the basis of the available literature data, we analyze basic classes of organic compounds dissolved in seawater and study the transformations of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids produced in the process of photosynthesis in seawater and their behaviour in river water and estuaries of the Black Sea. We also discuss the causes and distinctive features of the processes of production and destruction in the Black Sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Budget of sediments and forecast of long-term coastal changes

A method for predicting the coast evolution based on the calculated estimates of the components of the sediment budget is discussed. The approaches outlined in a series of previous publications of the author [9, 10, 11] are further developed. The prerequisites and concepts used as the basis of the suggested method for forecasting are characterized. The sediment budget parameters under typical conditions are presented. The contributions of natural processes and the anthropogenic impact are compared. Different approaches for calculating the principal sediment budget components, including the cross-shore flux through the lower boundary of the coastal zone, the eolian flux of sand material through the upper limit of the coastal zone, and the alongshore sediment flux gradients, are considered. The examples of forecasting the development of coasts in the Baltic and Kara seas and the Sea of Okhotsk are given for the period from 100 to 500 years. The results obtained show that, in the case of a balanced budget of the sediments, the future behavior of the coast would be mainly governed by the variations in the sea level. This factor is capable of determining the changes in the coastline, whose recession and advancing would depend on the rate of the sea level rise. Under specific conditions, an enhanced sea level rise can trigger destructive processes (for example, the erosion of a coastal bar or the thermal abrasion of a cliff). In the case of a strong imbalance in the sediment budget, sea-level changes play a subordinate role.     

Flow resistance in the coastal zone

The apparent bed roughness, the roughness value experienced by a mean flow outside the wave-boundary layer, is deduced from the physical bed roughness and the wave–current interaction mechanism. Both the physical bed roughness and the wave–current interaction are described by a (combination of) model(s). Modelling of the apparent bed roughness leads to realistic results, however, the final results are rather sensitive to the particular choice of these models. Four bed form models and two wave–current interaction models were implemented in a 1-DV flow model to calculate near-bed velocities. A comparison between measured and predicted velocities shows that reasonable results can be obtained in this way. A constant bed roughness of 0.1 m, however, leads to even better results at this site during all conditions. This can be explained by the reversed influence of the form roughness and the wave–current interaction on the apparent bed roughness value for varying wave conditions.     

Training and education in integrated coastal zone management

The experience and teaching approach of the Russian State Hydrometeorological University (RSHU, former Institute) in Integrated Coastal Zone Management are discussed. In order to practice effective coastal zone management training and to improve the understanding of different interests of coastal users, the students and post-graduates of the Faculty of Oceanography of RSHU have been involved in research projects concerning the assessment of the changing environmental state in the White Sea-Barents Sea Region. The field work was conducted at UNESCO-IOC-HELCOM cosponsored Baltic Floating University (BFU) facilities. The results and training capacity of the RSHU approach to coastal management education and resource use are discussed.     

Situation of integrated coastal zone management in Central America: Experiences of the IUCN wetlands and coastal zone conservation program

Central American coastal zones possess extensive scenic and geographical wealth as well as great biological diversity. These coasts maintain 21.6% of the region’s population and produce at least US$ 750 million alone in fishing activities that provide work and sustenance for more than 450 000 persons in the region. Eight percent of the world’s mangroves are located in Central America, as well as the second largest corral reef barrier on the planet. A good representation of the region’s natural heritage is conserved in approximately 110 protected areas. Due to these special conditions, at least 50% of Central America’s coastal zones is devoted to tourism, one of the three primary economic activities in four of the region’s countries. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) in this region has been limited by information gaps, restricted technical and financial capacity, and strong sectoralism. Some recent projects, both governmental and supported by NGOs, offer new experience and lessons on regional ICZM. These initiatives have been backed at the ministerial and presidential level by a large number of political agreements within the framework of the ‘alliance for sustainable development’ (ALIDES).     

A stochastic model of the atmospheric precipitation in the coastal zone of the Tropical Atlantic

A stochastic prognostic model of the atmospheric precipitation in the tropical area of the Atlantic Ocean is developed on the basis of a large data array. The data represent a series of monthly precipitation rates for 31 towns in the Republic of Guinea covering a period of 35–64 years as well as satellite data on the meridional displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone during 11 years. The model takes into account major regularities of the tropical precipitation: their impulsive periodic regime, trends, and the modulation of the stochastic component by the determined variability.Translated by Mikhai M. Trufanov.     

近海生态系统的人为营养盐输入及其控制对策浅析

人为活动每年新增大量的活性氮、磷,导致全球氮、磷循环失衡,新增活性氮、磷主要来源于合成氮肥的生产和施用、畜肥的施用、具固氮能力的农作物如豆科植物等的大规模种植,以及化石燃料燃烧产生的氮氧化物等,而农作物生产与畜禽养殖是改变全球氮、磷循环的主要原因。随着生活污水排放量和化肥施用量的激增,大量氮、磷进入近海,导致营养盐污染和富营养化,这已成为全球性的海洋生态环境问题,通过河流径流和大气沉降进入近海生态环境中的新增氮和磷一半以上与人为活动有关。本文以波罗的海和东海为例,分析了发达国家和发展中国家近海的富营养化问题,研究表明从源头缓解富营养化的对策应同时聚焦氮与磷负荷的削减,具体措施包括降低农业生产活动中化肥的土壤渗漏、合理施肥、种植多年生植物和种植休耕季覆被作物等。