改进的P—M谱

本文提出如下改进的无因次P—M谱 S(ω)=Aω~(-5)exp(-Bω~(-4-(?))并给出确定参数A、B、e的方法.改进P—M谱满足下述条件:谱峰通过给定点,谱面积等于1.     

风浪频谱的成长模型Ⅰ.谱参量随风区的增长关系

为得到谱参量随风区的变化关系,从而更细致地刻画风浪频谱的成长方式.在动力学方程的控制下,基于三参量风浪频谱,利用动力-统计学相结合的方法导出了谱参量(谱宽度B、谱的零阶矩～m0、谱的峰频率～ω0)随风场要素(风区)的成长关系分别为:B=5.68×10-3～X9.482×10-1-4.66×10-2ln-x;～m0=1.356×10-8～x2.367-1.097×10-1ln～x;～ω=4.082×101～X-7.623×10-1+3.71×10-2ln～x.同时得到了简化形式的波陡δ、波龄β与谱宽度之间的关系为:δ=2.14×10-2B-1.05-4.26×10-1lnB,β=1.26B1.28+1.97×10-1ln(B).此外,还得出了受风场要素控制的,谱的零阶矩与谱的峰频率之间新关系为:{ω0=a1～m0-0.33 a1=1.034×10-1～X1.872×10-2+8.50×10-4ln～x,从而阐明了先前的各种经验关系是新关系在取不同风区值时的特例.可见,将动力学原理引入风浪频谱的研究,所建立的谱参量随风区的变化关系与先前的经验公式相比更加合理,且普适性更强.     

风浪频谱的成长模型 Ⅱ.三参量的风浪频谱随风区的增长关系

为研究三参量风浪频谱随风浪的成长关系,从而直观地描述风浪频谱成长过程中的超射现象.并证明三参量谱谱型的合理性.基于已得到的谱参量随风区的变化关系,对三参量风浪频谱以及风浪频谱成长过程中存在的"超射"现象作深入的研究,得到三参量风浪频谱随风区的成长关系:S(-ω,-m0,-ω0,B)=-m0(-x)/-ω0(-x)B(-x)[-ω/-ω0(-x)]-p(x)exp[-p(-x)/q(-x)([ω/ω0(-x)]-q(-x)-1)]在此基础上,得到无因次风区:300、500、2000、5500、10000、15000下,风浪频谱的谱线,从而直观地描述了风浪频谱成长过程中的"超射"现象,并认为在风浪频谱的成长过程中确实存在着"超射"现象,但是该现象并不如Hasselmann等提出的理论中阐述的那样存在于风浪频谱成长的全过程,而是仅存在于风浪频谱成长的初期.随着风浪的不断成长,"超射"现象逐渐减弱,直到风浪接近充分成长,"超射"现象也随之逐渐消失.经过不同风区下实测数据的检验,证明S(ω,-m0,-ω0,B)、S(ω,-H,-T,B)、S(ω,-H,-T,-δ)以及S(ω,-H,-T,β)四种形式的三参量风浪频谱谱型是合理的,同时也进一步证明了谱的零阶矩、谱的峰频率、谱宽度、波高、周期、波陡和波龄随风区变化关系的正确性.     

南海红树林内生真菌1356＃代谢产物的研究

从南海红树林内生真菌1356＃分离出两种鞘胺醇（A，B）和三种环二肽（C，D，E）。它们的结构通过IR，MS，1D NMR和2D NMR谱推导出来，（3'E,4E)-1-(-D-吡喃葡萄糖基－3－羟基－2－（2'-羟基十八碳酰基）氨基－10－甲－3',4,9-十八碳三烯（A）是一种新的鞘胺醇甙。     

电针联合补肾活血方对PCOS模型大鼠性激素和妊娠率的影响

目的：观察电针联合补肾活血方对多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)模型大鼠的作用机制。方法：将280只大鼠随机分为正常组（A组）、模型组（B组）、克罗米芬组（C组）、克罗米芬+补佳乐组（D组）、克罗米芬+电针组（E组）、克罗米芬+补肾活血方组（F组）、克罗米芬+电针+补肾活血方组（G组）。B、C、D、E、F、G组大鼠予以皮下注射脱氢表雄酮（DHEA）20 d建立PCOS模型,造模成功后C、D、E、F、G组分别给予相应药物干预,A、B组不作任何处理,连续干预5 d。观察大鼠动情周期的改变情况以及血清性激素［促卵泡生成激素（FSH）、促黄体生成激素（LH）、睾酮（T）、LH/FSH］水平、孕鼠数、总着床率、平均着床胚泡数。结果：动情期角化上皮细胞明显增多,未角化上皮细胞明显减少（P＜0.05）。各项性激素指标、总着床率、平均着床胚泡数方面,G组与A组比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;B、C、D、E、F组与A组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。总着床率、平均着床胚泡数方面,E、F、G组与B组比较,G组与C、D、E、F组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。结论：电针、补肾活血方联合克罗米芬能有效改善PCOS大鼠性激素水平,提高PCOS大鼠总着床率和平均着床胚泡数。     

长江口新桥水道动力地貌变化过程研究

以泰国湾 T155号柱状沉积物为研究对象,利用地球化学和矿物学手段探讨了全新世以来泰国湾古气候演化历史。(La/Sm)UCC-(Gd/Yb)UCC指示了全新世以来泰国湾西南部物质来源较为稳定,主要来自于马来半岛,季风控制下的沿岸流是其主要驱动力。通过对高岭石/(绿泥石+伊利石)(ωk/(ωc+ωl))、化学蚀变指数(CIA)和钾铝质量分数比值(ωK/ωAl)的变化规律进行综合研究,将全新世以来泰国湾古气候演化过程划分为两个阶段:①早中全新世(12000~6500calaBP):ωk/(ωc+ωl)值和CIA 值较高,ωK/ωAl值则较低,指示了该段时期强盛的东亚季风;发生于11200~10500calaBP和8500~7500calaBP的冷事件指示了泰国湾对新仙女木事件和8.2ka冷事件的响应;②中全新世(6500calaBP)以来:ωk/(ωc+ωl)值和 CIA 值明显下降,ωK/ωAl值则逐渐上升,指示了该段时间东亚季风呈逐渐减弱的趋势;在3200~1800calaBP时地球化学和黏土矿物指标呈现一个明显低值,对应于热带海域“斜氏普林虫低值事件”,揭示了全球气候变化在泰国湾海域良好的区域性响应特征。     

集合最优插值方法在北印度洋海浪同化中的应用

基于第三代海浪模式WaveWatch III,采用集合最优插值(EnOI)方法对北印度洋海浪进行同化数值实验研究。在集合样本选取方案上,针对不同的实验分别选取有效波高(SWH)的历史后报场(样本A)、24h变化(样本B)以及以同一时刻72h预报时效和24h预报时效的差异(样本C)用于估计背景误差协方差。样本A和样本B是为海浪模拟而设计,样本C是为海浪预报而设计;通过与由高度计数据确定的模式背景误差进行比较,认为样本B优于样本A。采用样本B对2011年北印度洋海浪场进行同化模拟,结果表明2011-03-11相对误差改进都在5%及以上,其中7月份改进效果最佳。采用样本C对2013-07的有效波高进行0~72h预报,发现同化使0~24h预报改进最明显:均方根误差改进0.12m,相对误差改进5%。浮标检验结果支持上述结论。     

五脏俞穴位埋线对衰老模型大鼠应激性下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴的调节作用

目的：通过观察五脏俞穴位埋线对衰老模型大鼠应激下血清皮质醇（CORT）、血浆促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）、下丘脑促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素（CRH）含量变化,探讨五脏俞穴位埋线对下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴的调节作用。方法：将60只SPF级雄性SD老龄大鼠随机分为空白对照组（A组）、模型组（B组）、模型+埋线组（C组）、模型+应激组（D组）、模型+应激+埋线组（E组）。应激从第5周开始,每天1次给予制动应激,持续4周。五脏俞穴位埋线从第1周开始,每周1次,共8次。运用放射免疫法分别检测5组大鼠ACTH、CRH、CORT的含量。结果：与A组比较,B、C、D、E组3项检测指标水平均升高（P<0.05）;与B组比较,C组CRH、CORT含量降低（P<0.05）,ACTH含量升高,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,D组3项检测指标水平均升高（P<0.05）,E组3项检测指标水平均降低（P<0.05）;与C组比较,D组ACTH、CRH、CORT含量及E组CRH含量升高（P<0.05）,E组ACTH含量降低（P<0.05）,CORT含量也升高,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;与D组比较,E组ACTH、CORT、CRH含量均降低（P<0.05）。结论：衰老模型大鼠存在HPA轴功能障碍,慢性应激可加重HPA轴的功能紊乱,五脏俞穴位埋线可改善慢性应激和衰老导致的HPA轴功能障碍状态,降低应激损伤,延缓机体衰老。     

基于遥感的吕宋岛西北部海域灯光渔船空间分布及其与海洋涡的关系

利用2014年夜光遥感数据分析吕宋岛西北部海域（18°~22°N,117°~120°E）灯光渔船的聚集性分布特征,并结合遥感环境数据研究引起该海域渔船聚集的海洋环境机制。研究结果表明:（1）2014年研究区的渔船灯光主要出现在2-4月,其中,3月灯光像元数量最多（3 417个）,其次是4月（1 780个）和2月（573个）;（2）日灯光像元数量时间序列结果显示,渔船灯光集中出现在2月23日至3月8日（T1）,3月25日至4月7日（T2）,4月23日至4月27日（T3）3个时段,其中,T1期间,灯光像元在18.6°~20.1°N,117.9°~118.6°E（A区）聚集;T2期间,灯光像元在18.6°~20.1°N,117.9°~118.6°E（B区）聚集;（3）A区和B区两个灯光密集区叶绿素a浓度升高可能与起源于吕宋岛西北部的冷涡相关。     

有限水深的风浪频谱

基于三参量（Ｂ，ｍ０，ω０）风浪频谱，经变换引进了深度参量μ，通过解出传统谱出的Ｋ，Ｆ，ｐ，ｑ与Ｂ，ｍ０，ω０，μ间的关系，得到了有限水深海浪频谱，从而使传统频型具有完备的形式。本文还给出一种由深水海浪谱构造浅水海浪谱的方法。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.