渭河流域2008年1月连阴雪天气过程成因分析

针对2008年6月29日下午到夜间,发生在山西省忻州市神池、五寨、原平等县（市）一带的严重局部冰雹天气过程,利用天气环流形势,各种物理量特征,分析其成因。指出：a）500hPa蒙古东部的冷涡东移,冷空气叠加在850hPa暖脊上,产生上冷下暖的位势不稳定能量。b）前期先导槽的滑过,使低层增湿,潜在不稳定度增大。c）降雹区域沙氏指数、K指数等都符合山西降雹标准。d）850hPa-500hPa有较强垂直风切变,使动力不稳定能量加强,为冰雹天气发生发展提供了必要条件。e）特别是山区由于海拔高,山脉阻挡,气流辐合上升,容易产生局地强对流,诱发雹云生成,出现冰雹天气。     

山西春季层状云系结构和人工增雨潜力研究

对两架次飞行个例的DMT资料进行分析,发现山西春季层状云降水系统存在水平不均匀性。2010年4月20日的个例由高卷云、降水性高层云和非降水性高层云组成,高卷云与高层云之间千层较厚不利于形成降水。4月21日的个例由降水性高层云组成,云滴浓度随高度增加减小。对高卷云、非降水性高层云和降水性高层云的宏微观特征进行对比分析。云的垂直厚度越大,云底高度越低,云厚和过冷云层厚度越大,越有利于降水的产生。对这两次个例的云中可播性进行判别,发现存在可播区,无强可播区。     

一种新型降水预报评分方法

在目前已有的降水评分办法的基础上，对原有办法存在的弊端进行了有效的改进，使得降水的预报评估与预报服务业务结合更紧密，也更贴近公众的感受。主要介绍了新方法的基本思路、关键技术、实现方法等。评分系统已投入业务运行，成为考核预报员业务水平的重要依据。     

吐鲁番一次典型翻山大风的动力机制分析

2004年6月2日吐鲁番盆地出现一场大风。大风引发严重火灾,烧毁民房数百间。这场大风属于典型的翻山大风,预报有一定难度。本文从天气学角度分析了形成这场大风的动力机制,为预报此类天气提供依据。另外,根据大风前期吐鲁番单站天文动力结构特征分析,也解释和印证了这场翻山大风的内在动力机制。     

大型称重式蒸渗计的研制

介绍了安装在兰州干旱气象研究所定西综合试验站的大型称重式蒸渗计，它的有效蒸散面积4.0m2,原状土柱深约2.6m,测试精度0.1mm,是我国气象部门研制的第一台大型称重式蒸渗计。     

极涡研究进展

极涡是北极地区的一个深厚系统,它以极地为活动中心,最能体现高纬大气活动特征,属大气环流最主要的系统之一,通常与副热带高压、阻塞高压、季风等环流系统相互配合,在全球天气气候变化中起着至关重要的作用。本文就极涡的气候特征、对天气气候的影响、变化机理及数值模拟等几方面的研究进展进行综述。在行星波破碎、平流层爆发性增温、平流层对流层的动力耦合等过程中,极涡也扮演着重要角色;极涡对HNO3、臭氧等大气化学成分渗吸和输送过程的影响显著,而这些化学成分的再分布对极涡有较强的反馈作用;极涡还受到海温、冰雪、植被甚至太阳活动等的影响。前人已经关于极涡做了不少研究,但在气候动力学方面,还存在一些问题,有待进一步加强研究。     

Highlights of fifty years of atmospheric aerosol research at Mace Head

This paper summarises the development and principal results of fifty years of research on aerosols in the marine atmosphere at Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station on the west coast of Ireland. It concentrates on the sources, physico-chemical properties, number and mass concentrations, size range, volatility and chemical composition of aerosols in different air masses. It also examines optical properties of the aerosols and their long-range transport.     

能量位涡在雷雨大风天气诊断分析中的应用

从大气基本运动方程及大气总能量概念出发,提出将大气动力学与能量天气学相结合的物理量——干能量位涡与湿能量位涡,并确定其守恒性.通过分析发现,以静力温度表达的能量位涡数学计算更方便,物理意义更明确.以2007年湖北的一次典型雷雨大风天气为例,对雷雨大风天气用能量位涡进行诊断分析.结果表明:本文提出的干能量位涡与湿能量位涡可以较好地预示雷雨大风天气,高空干能量位涡的增强与向下发展使对流层中下层不稳定能量增大,有利于雷雨大风天气发生;低层湿能量位涡的不稳定能量高值区与斜压系统耦合时预示该区域将有雷雨大风发生.     

Highlights of fifty years of atmospheric aerosol research at Mace Head

This paper summarises the development and principal results of fifty years of research on aerosols in the marine atmosphere at Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station on the west coast of Ireland. It concentrates on the sources, physico-chemical properties, number and mass concentrations, size range, volatility and chemical composition of aerosols in different air masses. It also examines optical properties of the aerosols and their long-range transport.     

Currents and intensity of turbulent processes in the Gavan’ Gaidamak Inlet (Vostok Bay, Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan)

Presented are the data of observations carried out in the fall of 2000 in the Gavan?? Gaidamak Inlet (Vostok Bay, Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). It is revealed that the main transport of water takes place in the surface horizons from 0 to 1?C2 m predominantly in the meridional direction (north-south). It is demonstrated that in spite of not being under wind influence, the inlet area has a high degree of water flow turbulization. It was also registered that the wind-induced phenomena promote the development of turbulent processes and serve as the main self-cleaning mechanism of the inlet.     

小麦秸杆和残茬覆盖对夏玉米耗水量及产量的影响

夏玉米田进行小麦秸杆和残茬覆盖,可发迹夏玉米耗水规律,减少前期棵间蒸发,增加后期植株蒸腾,促进干物质积毗,使玉米产量和水分利用效率均有明显提高。不同土壤水分利用效率均有明显提高。不同土壤水分状况下,秸杆和残茬覆盖的效果是不同的,产量和水分利用效率以土训湿度较小的地段增加最为明显。说明该技术适用于气候比较干旱的地区,对发展我国北方旱地农业有重要意义。     

科学决策是业务系统建设持续发展的根本保证 ——国家气象中心数值预报业务系统建设回忆

回顾了中央气象台60年来,数值天气预报(NWP)业务系统的发展历程。指出NWP系统是一项气象工程系统建设,是多学科理论和技术相结合的结果。回顾了从目标方向、技术路线、工作方式、人才队伍培养以及土建设计等方面的科学决策和实践过程,阐述了科学决策是业务系统建设持续发展的根本保证。从建设事例中可以看到30年来NWP顺利发展的历史证明了科学发展观的正确性。     

On the estimate of errors of sample moments of radiometeorological parameters with consideration of their coherence

It is shown that the influence of coherence of radiometeorological parameters on errors in their sample statistical characteristics must be taken into account. Formulas are proposed for estimating errors in calculating the mean and standard deviations of radiometeorological parameters with consideration of their coherence. It is shown that these errors under particular conditions may be 1.5 to 2 times as large as those calculated without taking into account their coherence.     

５９型探空仪与Ｌ波段探空仪数据对比分析

本文将长治市划分为南、北、东三部分,并各选取一个代表站,作为研究对象,资料年代为1961年-2005年。将其45年来各气象要素的分析与全球、全国气候变化对比,得出以下变化事实：近40年长治年降水量呈明显下降趋势（-22．53mm／10a）,秋季降水量呈下降趋势（-11．85mm,10a）,冬季降水量呈略微上升趋势。年平均气温呈上升趋势（0．20℃／10a）,特别是20世纪90年代增温显著,尤以冬季增温明显（0．525℃／10a）,夏季气温有略微下降趋势。进入21世纪降水趋于增多,而气温仍趋于增高。统计气温资料表明,20世纪60年代为偏冷期,90年代是最暖的10年,而1998年和1999年是最暖的年份。     

Complex study of characteristics of a Cb cloud developing over the arabian peninsula under conditions of high dew point deficit in the atmosphere. Part 2. Analysis of the meteosat data

Development of a long-living Cb cloud in the desert part of Saudi Arabia on April 10, 2008 is analyzed. Continuous satellite and radar observations of the cloud are carried out during five hours. Numerical modeling of the cloud is performed using a nonstationary 1.5-dimensional model. Data on the Cb cloud and its anvil development dynamics are obtained. It is shown that the anvil characteristics differ significantly in the zone of its formation directly over the cloud and when moving away from it. It is pointed out that the radar underestimates the anvil sizes. Estimation of precipitation rate from the cloud under study by means of satellite and radar measurements is compared against the results of numerical modeling. It is found that precipitation rate could reach 100 mm/h. The radar estimates of the precipitation rate are significantly overstated, which is, in this case, due to presence of large hail particles.     

The Conservation of Helicity in Hurricane Andrew （1992） and the Formation of the Spiral Rainband

The characteristics of helicity in a hurricane are presented by calculating the MM5 model output in addition to theoretical analysis. It is found that helicity in a hurricane mainly depends on its horizontal component, whose magnitude is about 100 to 1000 times larger than its vertical component. It is also found that helicity is approximately conserved in the hurricane. Since the fluid has the intention to adjust the wind shear to satisfy the conservation of helicity, the horizontal vorticity is even larger than the vertical vorticity, and the three-dimensional vortices slant to the horizontal plane except in the inner eye. There are significant horizontal vortices and inhomogeneous helical flows in the hurricane. The formation of the spiral rainband is discussed by using the law of horizontal helical flows. It is closely related to the horizontal strong vortices and inhomogeneous helical flows.     

完全能量转换模式下的反激变换器的性能分析

提出了一种具有零电流关断（ZCS）的反激式单级功率因数校正（PFC）变换器。这种变换器工作在完全能量转换方式（DCM）下，综合了电流谐振技术与PFC技术。分析了这种变换器的工作原理，并在输出30W条件下进行了实验验证。     

人机交互系统的网格设计和计算方法

文中介绍了机交互处理系统中用于客观分析和图形低处理矩形网格的设计与开发,实现了经纬度坐标向网格坐标和屏幕坐标的目标转换以及离散点资料向网格点的自动插值。计算机自动设计的网格,其范围和格距的大小具有可变性,为资料的经处理、天气图的填绘１、图形图象的缩放与漫游等提供了便利。     

一种提取预报信息的应用软件DECIDE 2

ＤＥＣＩＤＥ２是一种高效的应用软件，它能在大量的样本中挑选出最佳因子，能从历史数据资料中总结出预报经验及进行某些应用气候的分析等。该软件由Ｃ语言写成，用户界面良好，操作十分简单。     

国家一般气象站自动站月报表预审经验谈

山西省临汾市有6个县（市）气象局均采用的是天津气象仪器厂生产的DZZ2型自动气象采集设备,该自动气象采集设备地温的采集由温度采集器和通信控制器2部分组成,其传感元件为PT100型温度传感器,可同时将采集到的12路浅层地温及深层地温温度数据通过地温变送器传送到主采集器中。本例故障从地温传感器（PT100铂电阻）的测温工作原理、其阻值以及采集原理,地温变送器的组成及接线方式人手,进行了详细分析。用万用表对传感器阻值进行测量、判断,继而排除故障。