晚上新世龙门山南段斜向逆冲作用和区域应力场转换

2008年汶川地震(Mw 7.9)同震滑移结果表明,今地壳缩短为近EW向,与龙门山褶皱冲断带斜交。这一斜向逆冲作用的准确起始时间一直未得到很好的约束。基于龙门山南段山前大邑背斜区三维地震解释和构造建模,结合野外地质调查和年代学数据,确定了晚新生代存在NE向和近NS向2期构造变形。120km长的NS向构造切割了NE向构造,表明近NS向构造形成时间较晚。山前大邑和邛西背斜区近NS向断层和褶皱的活动,均反映了龙门山南段局部或区域上水平最大主应力方向的转换过程,渐新世—早上新世的NW—SE向转变为晚上新世—全新世的近EW向。龙门山南段山前发育的NS向构造和汶川地震同震变形均反映出青藏高原东缘最新的EW向地壳缩短过程,为理解青藏高原东缘的隆升机制提供了新的视角。     

Holocene sea-level fluctuation in the southern hemisphere

If rising sea levels dominate in the northern hemisphere (NH), falling or fluctuating sea levels predominate in the southern hemisphere (SH). Endogenic processes (tectonics, isostasy or geoidal changes) could explain local or regional mean sea level (MSL) fluctuations but not an hemispherical one.Evidence from South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia and the Pacific and Indian Oceans suggest that the Holocene transgression rose above the present MSL, in higher latitudes before the tropics. By plotting latitude against the age of MSL arrival at present coasts, good correlation is observed.Oceanic salinity mixing has been already proposed to explain this mid-Holocene sea-level fluctuation. Climate could be the only factor responsible for this hemisphere-wide behavior of MSL. It has been suggested previously that the climate of the SH precedes that of the NH by 3000 years. The climatic optimum, or maximum warmth, occurred predominantly about 6000 BP in the NH, but about 10–9000 BP in the SH.Short-term climatic effects on the sea level (monsoons, southern oscillation/El Niño phenomena) should have significant occurrences during the past in the windiest oceanic hemisphere.This latitudinal trend in former MSL should be considered when using shorelines as reference points for measuring vertical crustal movements.     

江苏南部区域重力场特征及其地质意义

以江苏南部1：20万重力资料为基础,通过对区内岩石及地层密度特征的归纳与分析,对区内重力场形成的地质因素作了讨论。对区内重力场进行了分类、分区及地质解释。通过进一步对区内重力资料的数据处理,一方面对区内莫霍面及印支一燕山面的埋深、形态特征及其地质意义作了讨论,另一方面对区内断裂构造及变质基底分布格局也作了推断解释。     

Joint development normal to regional compression during flexural-flow folding: the Lilstock buttress anticline,Somerset, England

Alpine inversion in the Bristol Channel Basin includes reverse-reactivated normal faults with hanging wall buttress anticlines. At Lilstock Beach, joint sets in Lower Jurassic limestone beds cluster about the trend of the hinge of the Lilstock buttress anticline. In horizontal and gently north-dipping beds, J₃ joints ( 295–285° strike) are rare, while other joint sets indicate an anticlockwise sequence of development. In the steeper south-dipping beds, J₃ joints are the most frequent in the vicinity of the reverse-reactivated normal fault responsible for the anticline. The J₃ joints strike parallel to the fold hinge, and their poles tilt to the south when bedding is restored to horizontal. This southward tilt aims at the direction of σ₁ for Alpine inversion.Finite-element analysis is used to explain the southward tilt of J₃ joints that propagate under a local σ₃ in the direction of σ₁ for Alpine inversion. Tilted principal stresses are characteristic of limestone–shale sequences that are sheared during parallel (flexural-flow) folding. Shear tractions on the dipping beds generate a tensile stress in the stiffer limestone beds even when remote principal stresses are compressive. This situation favors the paradoxical opening of joints in the direction of the regional maximum horizontal stress. We conclude that J₃ joints propagated during the Alpine compression caused the growth of the Lilstock buttress anticline.     

Geometry of the neotectonic stress field in southern Italy: Geological and seismological evidence

The neotectonic regime in southern Italy has been evaluated by making a comparison between all the available structural and seismological data. The area investigated can be subdivided into four distinct zones which are characterized by different stress regimes. In the Southern Apennines the tensile axis of the stress field is oriented approximately NE-SW while the maximum principal stress (σ₁) is subvertical. In Northern Calabria, the tensile axis is ESE-WNW and the σ₁ axis is almost vertical. In the Catanzaro trough both the tensile axis and the σ₁ axis are subhorizontal and act E-W and N-S, respectively. Finally, the Strait of Messina zone is characterized by a tensile axis oriented E-W and by σ₁ being subvertical.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部中生界地层节理发育特征与古应力场

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部中生代地层中发育有六组节理(E-W、N-S、ENE-WSW、NNW-SSE、WNW-ESE、NNE-SSW),并且构成三期的正交节理系统(E-W与N-S、ENE-WSW与NNW-SSE、WNW-ESE与NNE-SSW).三期正交节理系统形成的先后期次为:E-W向和N-S向两组节理最早形成,WNW-ESE向和NNE-SSW向两组节理为第二期形成,ENE-WSW向和NNW-SSE向两组节理则最晚形成.E-W向、N-S向和ENE-WSW向三组节理的节理间距指数(FSI)分析结果表明,节理间距的发育程度除了受岩层厚度控制外,还受区域应力场的控制.E-W向、N-S向和ENE-WSW向三组节理的节理间距率(FSR)值分布范围指示不同组节理在区域上发育程度具有差异性.此外,E-W向的优势节理组的FSR值有超过间距与层厚比值的临界值,而非优势组的SN向节理的FSR值则全部小于临界值,表明E-W向和N-S向两组节理组成最早一期的正交节理系统.盆内中生代地层中的三期正交节理系统,所对应的古应力场分别为:(1)晚侏罗世盆地处在近E-W向的挤压环境下,形成了第一期正交节理系统,为E-W向和N-S向两组节理;应力来源于古太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲所产生的NW-SE向的挤压分量.(2)晚白垩世时,来自于古太平洋板块俯冲产生的NW-SE向挤压应力形成了第二期正交节理系统的WNW-ESE向和NNE-SSW向两组节理.(3)晚白垩世末至新生代,印度板块向欧亚板块下的俯冲产生NE-SW向的远程挤压应力,形成第三期正交节理系统的ENE-WSW向和NNW-SSE向两组节理.     

黔南地区~3 km油气深孔地应力测量与构造应力场分析

地应力大小和方向信息是非常规油气勘探开发及区域构造应力场特征分析的重要基础数据。为了解黔南紫云地区的现今地应力状态,采用基于钻孔岩心的非弹性应变恢复(ASR)地应力测量方法,获取了紫云地区2877～2985 m石炭系打屋坝组地层的地应力信息,分析了区域构造应力场特征,探讨了油气保存条件。结果表明:(1)黔南紫云地区近3 km处石炭纪地层现今地应力状态表现为以垂向应力为主的应力环境,测点处最大水平主应力方向近SN向。(2)紫云地区近3 km处岩心实测最大水平主应力方向与燕山早期古构造应力场最大主应力方向大致相同,一定程度上反映了燕山末期—喜马拉雅运动对次生油气藏的改造程度较小,有利于黔南坳陷内部油气藏的保存。     

Microbial processes in the Negev phosphorites (southern Israel)

ABSTRACT Microscopic and SEM observations indicate that cyanobacterial activity was important during the formation of the Campanian Negev phosphorites. One aspect of such activity is the development of phosphorites through the binding of phosphate particles. These sediments often demonstrate a conspicuous smooth cryptalgal lamination. The algal binder was fossilized as intertwined phosphatic sheaths that coat and seal off the phosphate grains. Different types of sheaths representing the remnants of an algal community were found. Thick apatite overgrowth commonly deforms the microbial fossils converting them into barely recognizable forms. Fabrication of phosphate particles is another aspect of the microbial activity. Phosphate algal coated grains are a common constituent of the Negev phosphorites. The algal coating consists of stacked phosphatic tubes and colonies of coccoid unicells with an apatite infilling. Fragmented phosphatic sheath bundles form another type of phosphate particle produced by algae. Obliteration of algal structures is common, resulting in undifferentiated groundmasses of cryptocrystalline apatite. The extremely close connection between microbial structures and phosphatization processes suggests cyanobacterial participation in phosphorus enrichment.     

Sedimentary structures formed by flash floods in southern Israel

During the rainy season the ephemeral streamcourses of southern Israel are swept by flash floods of low volume and short duration, which produce meander bars, megaripples and ripples, harrow marks, current lineations, obstacle marks, washouts and remnant bars, rhomboid marks, rill marks, rare convolute lamination, imbrication, mud pebbles and polygonal desiccation patterns. The rapid abatement of floods results in a variety of coexisting, interfering and superimposed associations of bed forms, which shed light on some aspects of provenance and origin of alluvial bed forms.     

Clay mineralogy of Triassic sediments in southern Israel and Sinai

The clay mineral composition of Triassic sediments in the Negev and Sinai depends upon the environment of deposition. Kaolinite predominates in continental and epicontinental sediments. The mineralogical composition of the marine clays resembles that of corresponding samples from North Africa and Europe, which comprise various mixtures and interstratifications of illite, montmorillonite, vermiculite and chlorite. Evaporitic sediments are poor in clay minerals and those present are largely detrital. The results presented suggest that chlorite was formed diagenetically by prolonged percolation of seawater through pervious layers overlying impervious ones (hard beds).     

从断层擦痕反演的郯庐断裂带南段合肥盆地白垩纪构造应力场

本文通过断层擦痕应力场反演方法,对郯庐断裂带南段合肥盆地白垩纪伸展活动进行了详细研究,厘清了郯庐断裂带南段合肥盆地白垩纪拉伸方向的演变规律。研究结果显示：从早白垩世早-中期、晚期到晚白垩世,拉伸方向由NWW-SEE向、NW-SE向到近SN向转变,具顺时针旋转特征。与西太平洋区大洋板块运动方向对比分析认为：郯庐断裂带南段合肥盆地白垩纪伸展活动发生在弧后拉张的动力学背景下,拉伸方向的演变可能是西太平洋区大洋板块运动方向改变的结果。     

从断层擦痕反演的郯庐断裂带南段合肥盆地白垩纪构造应力场

本文通过断层擦痕应力场反演方法,对郯庐断裂带南段合肥盆地白垩纪伸展活动进行了详细研究,厘清了郯庐断裂带南段合肥盆地白垩纪拉伸方向的演变规律。研究结果显示：从早白垩世早-中期、晚期到晚白垩世,拉伸方向由NWW-SEE向、NW-SE向到近SN向转变,具顺时针旋转特征。与西太平洋区大洋板块运动方向对比分析认为：郯庐断裂带南段合肥盆地白垩纪伸展活动发生在弧后拉张的动力学背景下,拉伸方向的演变可能是西太平洋区大洋板块运动方向改变的结果。     

Late Pleistocene aeolian and fluvial interactions in the development of the Nizzana dune field, Negev Desert, Israel

The interdunal areas in the Nizzana linear sand dune field contain both sandy and silty sediments. A series of trenches was excavated across the interdunal corridor exposing stacked sequences of silty and sandy units which are locally restricted to palaeodepressions. The silty units contain fining upward sequences and are interpreted as overbank deposits from the Nahal Nizzana. Thermoluminescence dating and identification of buried palaeosols indicates that the silt and clay layers were deposited over a period of several thousands of years in the late Pleistocene. The sands between the silt layers have been fluvially reworked and are not primary aeolian deposits. The stacked sequences of fluvial deposits indicate that the palaeodepressions persisted in the landscape for a significant time attesting to long-term stability of the interdunal areas. It also suggests that the linear dunes themselves have not moved laterally during this time despite climatic changes and devegetation. Since the end of the late Pleistocene the Nahal Nizzana has downcut and overbank deposition no longer occurs within the interdunal corridors. The playa deposits today are positive relief features indicating that topographic inversion has occurred and that the interdunal areas are geomorphically active.     

青藏高原及其周围地区区域应力场与构造运动特征

本文系统解析并分析了1931年8月-2005年10月期间青藏高原及其周围发生的905个震级M4．5-8．5地震的震源机制结果,研究了青藏高原岩石圈的区域应力场与构造运动特征。结果表明,来自印度板块的北北东或北东方向的水平挤压应力控制了青藏高原及其周缘地区的岩石圈应力场。从喜马拉雅到贝加尔湖以南包括中国西部的广大范围内,主压应力P轴的水平分量位于近NE-SW方向,形成了一个广域的NE-SW方向的挤压应力场。特别是青藏高原周缘地区,除其东部边缘外,南部的喜马拉雅山前沿以及青藏高原的北部、西部边缘地区所发生的绝大部分地震都属于逆断层型或走滑逆断层型地震,表现出周缘地区的水平挤压应力更为强势。应力场特征充分表明, 印度板块的北上运动,以及它与欧亚板块之间的碰撞,所形成的挤压应力场是青藏高原强烈隆起的直接原因。在青藏高原周缘地区受到强烈挤压应力场控制的同时,有大量正断层型地震集中发生在青藏高原中部海拔4000m以上的地区,其中许多地震是纯正断层型地震。震源机制结果显示,近E-W向或WNW-ESE向的水平扩张应力控制着该区的岩石圈应力场;正断层型地震的断层走向多为南北方向,断层位错矢量的水平分量大体位于近东西方向。这表明青藏高原中部高海拔地区存在着近东西方向的扩张构造运动,且扩张构造运动是该区引张应力场的作用结果。其动力学原因可能与持续隆升的高原自重增大引起的重力崩塌及其周边区域构造应力状况有关。研究青藏高原存在挤压应力场与引张应力场及其构造运动的区域特征,对于认识青藏高原形成、发展的地球动力学机制,有着极其重要的意义。     

细砂岩裂纹周围变形破坏过程及应变场分布

用扫描电镜实时观测研究了含不同方向预制裂纹的平板状砂岩试件中不同尺度上微破裂的萌生、扩展、集结和连通，以及形成宏观破裂的过程，对一些局部破裂现象进行了实时显微照相。在实验观测的基础上，利用数字图象相关程序对裂纹周围变形场进行了分析计算。研究结果表明：在裂纹开裂过程中，裂纹周围产生较强的应变集中带，其应变值远远超过单轴压缩试验中记录到的平均2％～5％的破坏应变值；而远离破裂带，应变量则低于2％～5％的破坏应变值，说明了岩石试件的破坏过程是一个非均匀的变形分布及传播过程。     

Isotopic composition of formation waters from deep drillings in southern Israel

Formation water samples from deep drillings in southern Israel fall into three regional groups, each of which shows distinct chemical and isotopic characteristics. Waters from the Mediterranean coastal plain appear to be of marine lagoonal origin; some of these brines are associated with occurrences of oil. In the mountain region the top part of the sedimentary sequence has been flushed by fresher waters, apparently during Pleistocene time. In Jurassic and deeper-lying formations one encounters concentrated brines of seawater origin, with low Na/Ca ratios, which have undergone a process of ultrafiltration. In the Rift Valley proper, magnesium-rich brines have invaded the deeper formations, and are evidently of continental lake origin.The absence of oil occurrences in association with the CaCl₂ brines of the inland locations is interpreted as being due mainly to loss of oil as a result of the tectonic events associated with the formation of the Jordan Rift Valley.     

Linking stress field deflection to basement structures in southern Ontario: Results from numerical modelling

Analysis of stress measurement data from the near-surface to crustal depths in southern Ontario show a misalignment between the direction of tectonic loading and the orientation of the major horizontal principal stress. The compressive stress field instead appears to be oriented sub-parallel to the major terrane boundaries such as the Grenville Front, the Central Metasedimentary Belt boundary zone and the Elzevir Frontenac boundary zone. This suggests that the stress field has been modified by these deep crustal scale deformation zones. In order to test this hypothesis, a geomechanical model was constructed using the three-dimensional discontinuum stress analysis code 3DEC. The model consists of a 45 km thick crust of southern Ontario in which the major crustal scale deformation zones are represented as discrete faults. Lateral velocity boundary conditions were applied to the sides of the model in the direction of tectonic loading in order to generate the horizontal compressive stress field. Modelling results show that for low strength (low friction angle and cohesion), fault slip causes the stress field to rotate toward the strike of the faults, consistent with the observed direction of misalignment with the tectonic loading direction. Observed distortions to the regional stress field may be explained by this relatively simple mechanism of slip on deep first-order structures in response to the neotectonic driving forces.     

High-temperature 'clockwise'P-T paths and melting in the development of regional migmatites: an example from southern Brittany, France

The Southern Brittany Migmatite Belt (SBMB), which evolved through the metamorphic peak between c. 400 Ma and c. . 370 Ma ago, consists of a heterogeneous suite of high-grade gneisses and anatectic migmatites, both metatexites and diatexites. Rare garnet-cordierite gneiss layers record evidence of an early prograde P-T path. In these rocks, growth-zoned garnet cores and a sequence of included mineral assemblages in garnet, from core to rim, of Qtz + Ilm + Ky, Pl + Ky + St + Rt + Bt and Pl + Sil + St + Rt + Bt constrain a prograde evolution during which the reactions Ilm + Ky + Qtz→ Aim + Rt, Ms + Chl→ St + Bt + Qtz + V and St + Qtz→ Grt + Sil + V were crossed. Parts of this prograde evolution are preserved as inclusion assemblages in garnet in all other rock types. In all rock types, garnet has reverse zoned rims, and garnet replacement by cordierite and/or biotite and plagioclase suggests the following reactions have occurred: Grt + Sil + Qtz→ Crd → Hc ± Ilm, Bt + Sil + Qtz → Crd ± Hc → Ilm → Kfs + V and (Na + Ca + K + Ti) + Grt → Bt + Pl + Qtz. Microstructural analysis of reaction textures in conjunction with a petrogenetic grid has enabled the construction of a tightly constrained 'clockwise' P–T path for the SBMB. The high-temperature part of the path has a steep dT/dP slope characteristic of near isothermal decompression. It is proposed that the P-T path followed by the SBMB is the result of the inversion, by overthrusting, of a back-arc basin and that such a tectonic setting may be applicable to other high-temperature migmatite terranes. The near isothermal decompression is at least partly driven by the upward (diapiric) movement of the diatexite/anatectic granite core of the SBMB.     

Climatic fluctuation in the Czech Lands during the last millennium

On the basis of documentary evidence, proxy-data and instrumental observations, the climatic fluctuation during the last millennium in the Czech Lands is analysed. According to narrative sources, the warmest period falls between the 1260s–1380s, documents for Lamb's (1984) Medieval Warm Epoch in 1150–1300 are missing. The prevalence of extremely cold and also rainy periods, as an expression of the Little Ice Age, is most conspicuous in the 15th century, in the 1590s and, with three interruptions, between the 1730s–1850s. Since the latter half of the 19th century a rising temperature trend has manifested itself. A regional climatic scenario for the model of global warming is discussed in relation to the observed trends in the Czech Lands.     

土石混合体的剪应力波动和跌落行为机制

土石混合体在剪切过程中存在剪应力跌落的现象,基于该现象,本文采用大型直剪试验的方式,考虑不同含石量(0%、30%、50%、70%)、上覆垂直压力(50,200,300,400 kPa)、块石尺寸(9.5～19.0 mm、19.0～31.5 mm、31.5～53.0 mm) 3个主要控制因素,进行室内剪切变形试验,研究直剪过程中发生的剪应力跌落现象。同时,通过在试样内部钻孔、埋置细铝丝与干灰的方法获取剪切带变形厚度,结合其大小理解剪应力的脆性跌落特征和剪切带块石变形特征。基于试验分析表明,具备骨架结构且所含块石尺寸大于剪切带厚度的土石混合体试样在高垂直应力下的剪切过程中易出现块石应力集中,形成锁固体块石,该类块石往往控制着试样一定时空下的整体剪切强度,其受剪切作用翻滚、滑移甚至咬合棱角破碎是导致剪应力瞬间大幅度跌落的直接原因。高含石量、大尺寸块石、高垂直应力是形成块石应力锁固体的必要条件。低含石量状态(<50%),剪切带块石多顺剪切方向翻滚,越靠近剪切面边缘,变形越明显,块石相对空间位置变化较小。高含石量状态(>70%),剪切带块石可见相互滑移、攀爬,块石相对空间位置变化明显。块石尺寸小于剪切带厚度时,剪应力多呈现波动特征,而块石尺寸接近剪切带厚度时,剪应力波动加剧,出现明显的应力跌落,对应垂直位移出现突变。满足含石量高于70%、块石尺寸大于剪切带厚度的试样在相对较大的上覆垂直应力作用下易形成块石应力锁固体。