铭溪龙凤场铅锌混合矿选矿工艺的探讨

福建省大田县硫铁矿利用原有设备，部分进行技改配置生产铅锌混合矿；并采用铅锌混合优先浮选流程，经过一年多生产实践，混合矿质量均达到国家标准；但铅、锌回收率低。通过改造选矿工艺流程、增加精选槽数、稳定原矿和加强磨矿细度控制等试验表明，铅、锌回收率可稳定在９２％以上     

Chemical composition and stable carbon isotopic ratios of crude oils from Southern Germany

Thirty crude oils were sampled in the South German Molasse Basin. The crude oils were chemically separated into five component groups and their stable carbon isotopic ratios were determined by mass spectrometry. A distinct differentiation of four regionally connected groups can be inferred from the results of the δ¹³C values and chemical analyses. This grouping is in accordance with the present geologic information on the origin of crude oils in the Molasse Basin.The chemistry of crude oils seems to have been influenced by secondary processes in the eastern part of the Molasse Basin.     

塔里木盆地轮南地区碳酸盐岩油气藏原油酸值的分布特征及其形成机制

轮南地区是塔里木盆地北部的主要含油气区,该地区奥陶系原油中酸值含量普遍较低,分布范围在0.01～1.41mg KOH/g,大多数原油属于低含酸原油,少数属于含酸原油或高酸原油,酸值在平面上表现出明显的"西高东低"特征。通过原油物性对比、地球化学分析及成藏过程的研究发现,原油的酸值与其母质类型、成熟度、生物降解程度及油气充注史均有一定的关系,尤其与生物降解作用密切相关。通过对原油生物标志化合物的分析,判定该区含酸原油为混合成因,这与油气成藏过程分析结果是一致的。原油中酸性物质含量会影响原油的性质,原油的酸值与物理性质具有明显的相关关系,轮南地区油气性质差异明显,具有"西油东气"的分布格局,原油的密度、胶质沥青质含量、含硫量等也具有"西高东低"的分布特点,而气油比、含蜡量等则表现为相反的分布特征。     

大型地下水封石油洞库施工过程力学特性研究

施工过程对地下工程岩土力学性质具有重要影响。以国内首个在建的大型地下水封石油储库为背景,运用流-固耦合理论,研究了不同排水条件下大型地下水封石油洞库的施工过程力学特征。研究表明排水条件和开挖顺序对洞库渗流场和稳定性具有重要影响。排水条件下洞库围岩孔隙水压力小于不排水条件下,而同在排水条件下不同开挖顺序洞库孔隙水压力时空分布和涌水量也不相同。排水条件下洞壁围岩松动区范围远小于不排水条件下范围,但两种条件下应力场时空分布规律均与开挖顺序密切相关。排水条件下洞库围岩水平收敛小于拱顶沉降,而不排水条件下洞库围岩水平收敛大于拱顶沉降。在相同排水条件下围岩变形与开挖顺序有关。研究成果不但可以为大型地下水封石油洞库建设提供依据,还可丰富施工过程力学理论内涵。     

Compositional heterogeneity of crude oil and its origin in the Linnan subsag, Linyi County, Shandong Province

The Linnan subsag is the main oil producer of the Linpan oil zone. Based on the oil group composition, gas chromatography data and biomarker analysis, it was indicated that crude oils from different oilfields varied greatly in group composition and showed obvious heterogeneities in the aspects of precursor type, crude oil maturity and hydrocarbon depositional environment. According to the characteristics of source rocks, three oil populations can be distinguished, i.e., the southern, northern and transitional oil populations. Furthermore, on the basis of post-reservoir reworking processes, the medium conditions of hydrocarbon-generating environment and differences in maturity, six oil families and twelve sub-families were distinquished. An integrated study suggested that the factors leading to such heterogeneities in crude oil composition mainly include different source rocks, multi-stage oil/gas charging, geo-chromatographic effects during oil/gas migration, reservoir heterogeneities and various post-reservoir secondary alterations.     

Carbon isotope geochemistry of Paleozoic oils from Big Horn Basin

Twenty crude oils from Paleozoic reservoirs in the Big Horn Basin. Wyoming were fractionated into light hydrocarbons, saturates, monoaromatics. diaromatics, polyaromatics-and-polars. and asphaltenes. Amounts and isotopic composition of each fraction were found to be internally consistent with the degree of maturation of the oil. confirming the established single source origin for these oils. A variation of approximately three per mil in the carbon isotopic composition of the whole oil and individual fraction was explained as being caused by maturation. The isotope-type-curves for these oils, the variations in isotopic composition as a function of compound group-type, were not found to be as simple as commonly believed. Other alteration processes, such as migration and deasphalting, might have influenced the pattern of the isotope distributions among fractions. The conservative nature of mass balance and subsequent isotope flows among various fractions of crude oil showed that the maturation of crude oil consists of consecutive processes leading from larger and more polar components into smaller and less polar components culminating in natural gas. Calculations were made to project the amount of condensates associated with the crude oils, and the amount of natural gas which had been generated from crude oils of a given maturity.     

Geochemical significance of chemical composition and ESR properties of asphaltenes in crude oils from Alberta,Canada

More than 100 crude oils and 12 oil sands from Alberta, Canada, from stratigraphie units ranging in age from Upper Cretaceous to Middle Devonian, were processed to separate the asphaltenes which were then analysed for C, H, N, O and S and the ESR spectra run to determine g-value, spin number and line width. A factor analysis of these data, together with selected crude oil and reservoir properties, was interpreted in terms of a number of non-thermal processes which can affect the content and composition of asphaltenes during and after thermal maturation. Experiments on the effect of temperature on the signal intensity of free radicals indicate that more than half, and possibly all, the free radicals observed in asphaltenes must arise from charge transfer or closely related equilibria. An important solvent effect is demonstrated in further experiments, in which the more polar the solvent, the more the solvent dispersive forces overcome the associative forces of the asphaltene layers thus leading to lower molecular weights and a change in the charge transfer forces responsible for the ESR signal. The average molecular weight of asphaltenes from heavy, asphaltic, biodegraded crude oils and oil sands is considerably greater than the average molecular weight of asphaltenes from the more paraffinic, mature, non-biodegraded crude oils, and it seems likely that the differences in molecular weight of these asphaltenes are due to the solvent effect of the crude oils, and thus the laboratory observations have been confirmed in the Alberta basin.     

柴达木盆地原油碳同位素组成的主控因素与成因类型

对采集于柴达木盆地16个油田的40个原油进行了碳同位素测定,研究了它们碳同位素组成特征、主控因素及其成因类型。结果表明,柴达木盆地西部地区和北部地区原油碳同位素组成具有显著的差别,西部地区原油富集13C,北部地区原油富集12C。研究发现,成油环境(如盐度和湿度)是决定西部盐湖相原油碳同位素组成及其变化的主要因素,母源性质则控制了北部淡水湖沼相原油的碳同位素组成和变化。根据原油的碳同位素组成和Ph/nC₁₈比值特征,将柴达木盆地原油划分为五种成因类型。     

辽东湾坳陷LX油田浅层特稠油藏成藏过程及模式

针对LX油田浅层(明化镇组和馆陶组)特稠油藏复杂的油藏模式,充分利用地球化学、储层和包裹体等地质资料,在研究原油来源的基础上,恢复了该区东营组的成藏时期,并对成藏期内原油油品性质的变化及稠化特征进行了研究。结合浅层辫状河道沉积储层与含油性的分析,建立了浅层特稠油藏的成藏过程及模式,结果表明：(1)浅层明化镇组和馆陶组成藏与深层东营组油藏破坏相关,东营组储层在早期(28～25 Ma,东营组沉积末期)成藏并发生初步生物降解作用以及原油演化过程中,密度先增大、粘度后增大的性质使得油品性质在一定程度上变差,降低了对盖层条件的要求,为晚期（5～0 Ma）原油在盖层条件极差的明化镇组和馆陶组储层中成藏创造了必要条件;(2)浅层明化镇组和馆陶组辫状河道砂体纵向叠置关系与原油遭受的边充注边降解的过程共同形成了含油饱和度及油品性质在垂向上的旋回性,这与储层岩性的旋回性相对应,基于此建立了浅层油气充注模式,解释了现今特稠油垂向分布特征。     

塔里木盆地原油金刚烷含量校正及裂解程度评价

准确评价原油裂解程度对研究原油稳定性和预测油气的相态分布具有重要意义.原油裂解程度通常用金刚烷含量来表征,然而气洗和热化学硫酸盐还原作用(TSR)等次生作用可能会造成原油中金刚烷含量增加,从而难以准确评价其含量.本研究通过对塔里木盆地原油中金刚烷化合物进行分析,发现TSR初期对金刚烷含量影响不大,但会使成熟度参数乙基单...     

Production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa growing on carbon sources

Arhamnolipid producing bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was previously isolated from Iranian oil over years. Isolated strain was identified by morphological, biochemical, physiological and 16 sr RNA (1). Glycolipid production by isolated bacterium using sugar beet molasses as a carbon and energy source was investigated. Biosurfactant production was quantified by surface tension reduction, Critical Micelle Dilution (CMD), Emulsification Capacity (EC), and Thin Layer Chromatogeraphy. biosurfactants during growth on waste Dates as the primary carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. After 48 h of growth the culture supernatant fluid had a rhamnose concentration of 0.18 g/L and surface tension was reduced to 20 mN/m ( %).( reduced the interfacial tension against crude oil from 21 mN/m to 0,47 mN/m) Result from the study showed that the growth of the bacteria using molasses as carbon sources is growth-associated. The specific production rate of rhamnolipid with 2 %, 4 %, 6 %, 8 % and 10 % of molasses are 0.00065; 4.556; 8.94; 8.85; and 9.09. respectively The yield of rhamnolipid per biomass with 2%,4%,6%,8% and 10% molasses are 0.003;0.009;0.053;0.041 and 0.213 respectively. The production of rhamnolipid (0.0531 g rhamnolipid/g biomass) is higher compare to the culture grown in aerobic condition (0.04 g rhamnolipid/g biomass).The rhamnolipids were able to form stable emulsions with n-alkanes, aromatics, crude oil and olive oil. These studies indicate that renewable, relatively inexpensive and easily available resources can be used for important biotechnological processes.     

Phase—Controlled and Gas—Washing Fractionations During the Formation of Petroleum Reservoirs

By PVT fractionation experiments to model phase-controlled and gaw-washing fractionations during the formation of petroleum reservoirs,the authors measured the physical and chemical properties of products formed in different fractionation staes and made a correlative analysis of the influence of depressurization and gas washing on oil/gas molecular composition and the rule of fractionation.The analytical results showed that gas washing is an important factor affecting the physical properties of crude oils.and also can be regarded as a good genetic interpretation of marine wax-high oils in the Tarim region,Xinjiang,China.Phase-controlled and gaw-washing fractionations can lead to the formation of condensates and their differences in chemical composition from crude oils are a direct reflection of evaporating fractionation.Phasecontrolled and gaw-washing fractionations have a great influence on the composition of molecular compounds and relevant parameters.So phase-controlled and gas-washing fractionations during the formation of petroleum reservoirs are not only favorable to identifying different processes of formation of petroleum reservoirs,but also to the scientific application of routine geochemical parameters.     

利用废弃石膏矿储存原油可行性分析

随着我国能源消费的急剧增加,原油储备的建设已经刻不容缓,目前国内外常用的原油储存方式为地面油罐储存,其技术成熟、建设周期较短、全世界已经建设有大量的地面原油罐,而另外一种储备型式地下存储原油,则是近年来国内兴起的一种新兴石油储备方式。国内目前一般都选则花岗岩体作为建库岩体,采用此方法建设地下洞库对岩石条件限定较严格,目前国内在建的几座地下洞库都分布于东部沿海花岗岩地区。本文主要研究利用废弃石膏矿存储原油的可行性,通过对国内某石膏矿区的工程地质特性、水文地质特性、围岩稳定性分析、室内原油浸泡试验、原油储备综合分析等综合手段研究,初步得出了该石膏矿区具有较好的地质条件; 场区区域稳定性好无断层通过,石膏矿体平均厚度为458.42m,石膏矿岩样的单轴饱和抗压强度平均为55.45MPa、石膏矿体的岩体质量为Ⅱ级,采房及各种巷道围岩稳定,石膏矿吸水率范围在0.014% ～0.036%,吸油率范围在0.060% ～0.083%。同时石膏矿储备原油具有节约土地、投资省、运营定员少、安全性高、环保污染少、使用寿命长等特点。通过以上研究,本文得出该石膏矿区已经具备建设地下原油储备的基本地质条件。     

Biodegradation of diesel oil in marine environment by a floating water droplet

Diesel oil is one of the derivatives of crude oil which resistance to biodegradation due to its complex structure and low solubility in water. A novel concept of enhancement of diesel degradation using floating water droplet is proposed and being investigated to address some key challenges encountered in diesel oil spillages in the aqueous area and wetlands. This study aims to increase the floatability of a floating water droplet on oil. A droplet containing a mixed consortium of 60 different hydrocarbon degrading bacteria and sodium dodecyl sulfate as a surfactant was deposited on the diesel oil surface. Contact angle and contact radius were monitored to observe the effect of bacterial activities on the droplet. The behavior of this droplet on diesel oil was different to a previous study with paraffin oil. In particular, the floatability, bacterial growth and biofilm formation demonstrate significant deviation due to the diesel interactions with biological processes. Nevertheless, the results show this method increase microbial activities within the droplet. The result verifies the applicability of the floating water droplet as an environmentally friendly method for diesel oil spillages.     

Sublethal Effects of Crude Oil on the Community Structure of Estuarine Phytoplankton

While the ecological impacts of crude oil exposure have been widely studied, its sublethal effects on phytoplankton community structure in salt marsh estuaries have not been well documented. The purpose of this study was to simulate oil spill conditions using a microcosm design to examine short-term (2 day) changes in phytoplankton community composition and total biomass following exposure to crude oil obtained from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and a mixture of Texas crude oils. Microcosm experiments were performed in situ in North Inlet Estuary near Georgetown, SC. A control and six replicated experimental treatments of crude oil additions at final concentrations of 10, 50, or 100 μl l⁻¹ of either Deepwater Horizon spill oil or the Texas crude mixture were incubated under in situ conditions. Photopigments were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and community composition was determined using ChemTax. Total phytoplankton biomass (as chl a) declined with increasing crude oil concentrations. Prasinophytes, the most abundant microalga in both experiments, showed no response to oil exposure in one experiment and a significant negative response in the other. Diatoms euglenophytes and chlorophytes appeared relatively resistant to oil contamination at the exposure levels used in this study, maintaining or increasing their relative abundance with increasing oil concentrations. Chlorophytes and cyanobacteria increased in relative abundance while cryptophyte abundance decreased with increasing oil concentrations. The results of these experiments suggest that low levels of crude oil exposure may reduce total biomass and alter phytoplankton community composition with possible cascade effects at higher trophic levels in salt marsh estuaries.     

元宝山洼陷储层原油特征及成藏期次分析

本文重点对元宝山洼陷下白垩统储层油气进行了油气包裹体和有机地球化学分析,结果表明白垩系现今储层原油至少为两期油气的混合物.第一期油气成藏发生在储层成岩作用晚期,油气成藏规模大.第二期油气成藏发生在成岩期后,与构造运动关系密切,成藏规模相对较小.储层自生伊利石K-Ar同位素测年结果表明,两期油气的成藏时间分别为90 Ma和100～104 Ma.储层原油的成熟度分析结果表明,元宝山洼陷现今储层主要为低成熟原油.     

CONTRIBUTION TO THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OILS AND GASES FROM THE MUD VOLCANO ZONE OF THE KEYMIR-CHIKISHLYAR AREA OF WESTERN TURKMENIA

The paper describes crude oils and gases from mud volcanoes and oils and gases from producing horizons at depth in the same area. It is shown that the mud volcano gases and oils (the oils particularly) can be correlated with those in strata from 500 m. to more than 2,600 m deep. The mud volcano gases are somewhat modified by hypergene processes. Analytical data in tabular form is given.--B. W. Nelson.     

岩盐中合成烃包裹体与母油的地球化学特征及其在油源对比中的意义

油气包裹体广泛应用于油气成藏研究,但油气包裹体能否继承母油荧光及地球化学特征等,尚缺乏直接的实验证据。本文在开放体系下用NaCl挥发结晶法对一轻质原油进行合成烃类包裹体实验,通过镜下观察和激光剥蚀色谱-质谱技术分析合成的烃包裹体和母油的荧光特征、成分特征及地化特征,研究两者的异同点。结果表明,在NaCl合成烃类包裹体中共发现三种相态的包裹体:纯液相烃包裹体、气液两相烃包裹体和气油水三相包裹体;共有绿黄色荧光、蓝色荧光两种不同颜色的荧光特征。相对于母油,合成包裹体的饱和烃和芳烃类化合物中的轻质组分含量较低,可以推测在母油被捕获成为包裹体的过程中,不同的化学成分存在差异性捕获。但合成包裹体的Pr/Ph等地化参数和不同系列化合物相对含量与母油相差不大,能很好地反映母油的沉积环境等地化特征。因此,包裹体成分信息可以应用于油源对比分析。     

柯克亚油田原油地球化学特征和油源研究

应用GC/MS、GC/MS/MS分析技术,剖析了塔西南地区侏罗系和二叠系两套烃源岩生物标志物组合特征,建立了区分的指标体系,即二叠系源岩重排藿烷、C30-未知萜烷含量丰富,侏罗系源岩重排藿烷含量较低,但检测到二萜类化合物,而在二叠系源岩中未检测到该类化合物。柯克亚原油重排藿烷、C30-未知萜烷发育。精细油-岩对比结果表明,柯克亚原油主要来源于二叠系烃源岩,同时原油中检测出微量的二萜类化合物,说明侏罗系烃源岩也有一定的贡献。     

裂隙随机分布条件下地下石油洞库水封性评价

以国内首个大型地下水封石油洞库工程为背景,在考虑洞库围岩节理裂隙的随机分布特征基础上,采用离散介质 流-固耦合理论对大型地下石油洞库水封性进行了评价。介绍了地下水封储油洞室水封原理与水封准则。通过室内结构面剪切试验获得了结构面参数,采用Barton-Bandis剪胀模型对结构面参数进行了校验。根据库区节理裂隙统计结果,建立了洞库围岩的随机节理裂隙网络模型。分析了不同水幕压力条件下洞室开挖后地下水压力分布情况、涌水量大小和洞库围岩变形与受力情况。分析表明：在水幕压力大于或等于75 kPa的条件下,洞室周围地下水压力满足水封准则;在水幕压力为75 kPa条件下各洞室涌水量在0.003~0.015 m3/d之间,拱顶沉降量在16~32 mm之间。研究结果可为地下水封石油洞库水幕系统设计提供依据。