Multidimensional statistical methods used for prediction of hydrocarbon accumulations in Turkmenistan

Conclusions Geological and geochemical data indicate that the Dauletabad area and the Chemenibid anticline fold are promising. The Morgunov uplift has better tectonic characteristics, but a lack of hydrocarbon gas anomalies is less encouraging. This forecast has been supported by data obtained during deep drilling, and by geochemical anomalies found on the surface that are associated with the Dauletabad-Donmez gas field. In the Chemenibid fold, the forecast was substantiated by discovery of commercial quantities of gas from Lower Jurassic deposits in exploratory well N1.     

祁连山冻土区含天然气水合物层段岩心热模拟实验研究

以热模拟实验为手段,对祁连山冻土区DK-2和DK-3孔含天然气水合物层段岩心(泥岩、油页岩和煤)热模拟烃类气体的组分、碳同位素组成与天然气水合物进行对比,以探寻这些气源岩与天然气水合物气源之间的可能联系。实验结果显示：低温(300 ℃以下)条件下,产生的气体以非烃CO₂为主,烃类气体含量少,且泥岩产生烃类气体量<油页岩产生烃类气体量<煤产生烃类气体量,表现出不同岩石吸附气体的差异性特征;随着热模拟温度增加,产生的烃类气体量明显增加,至500 ℃时达到最高,相反CO₂产气量变化不大;随热模拟温度增加,泥岩、油页岩、煤所产生烃类气体的碳同位素值呈现先变轻后变重的演化趋势和δ¹³C₁ ＜δ¹³C₂＜δ¹³C₃的正碳同位素序列特征;泥岩在350~400 ℃条件下或油页岩在380~400 ℃条件下所产生的烃类气体在组成和同位素特征上与天然气水合物中烃类气体较为相似,推测天然气水合物气源与深部泥岩或油页岩具有地球化学成生联系,相反煤产生的烃类气体虽然在组成上与天然气水合物中烃类气体较为相近,但两者同位素值相差较远,推测煤与天然气水合物气源关系不大。     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物烃类气体成因及其意义

对祁连山冻土区天然气水合物钻井岩心游离气样品开展研究,测试烃类气体的组分和碳氢同位素,判断天然气水合物的气体成因类型及成藏模式。结果显示烃类气体组分复杂,除甲烷外,还含有较高的乙烷、丙烷等重烃组分。甲烷碳同位素分布范围最广,气体成因来源相对简单,没有明显受到次生改造作用的影响。该区天然气水合物属于热解成因,判断来自深部的三叠统尕勒得寺组烃源岩。本研究可为我国高原冻土天然气水合物勘探和开发提供理论依据。     

Factors affecting pore water hydrocarbon concentrations in Puget Sound sediments

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and aliphatic hydrocarbon concentrations have been determined for sediments and associated pore waters collected at 2 sites (11 stations) in Puget Sound, Washington (northwest U.S.A.). These sediments have been contaminated to varying degrees by hydrocarbons from a creosote plant and from various combustion sources. PAH were not detected in pore waters of sediments whose PAH were primarily derived from combustion and natural sources, even though pore water concentrations predicted from sediment concentrations and two-phase equilibrium partitioning models were above detection limits from most PAH. Equilibrium partition coefficients calculated from field aqueous and solid phase data from an area contaminated with creosote agreed with laboratory-derived coefficients to within a factor of ± 4. Pore water concentrations of creosote-derived aliphatic hydrocarbons increase with increasing concentration in bulk sediments. However, pore water concentrations of natural and contaminant aliphatic hydrocarbons are much higher than predicted by solubility data, possibly due to association with nonfilterable dissolved organic matter and colloids. Other major factors controlling hydrocarbon pore water concentrations include differential hydrocarbon sources, specific particle associations and solubility.     

钻进工程数据库DEDBASE的建立及其应用的研究

钻进工程数据库(DEDBASE)是在微型机上用DBASE软件和BASIC软件联合开发的计算机系统,它是微型机在钻进工程中先进的和重要的应用之一,是实现钻进工程生产管理、技术管理、技术咨询及优化决策科学化和现代化的基础。 钻进工程数据库(DEDBASE)包括钻进工程数据文件集合(DEDFA),数据库服务系统(DSS)以及动态优化分析系统(DOAS)。其中动态优化分析系统(DOAS)是钻进工程数据库的分析机构和应用程序,它以贮存在钻进工程数据文件集合中的各类钻进数据为基础,并结合当前的钻进条件(如钻进钻头、钻进规程和平均钻速等)能够用于:(1)查询钻进史料;(2)分析钻进规律;(3)单只钻头优化;(4)优化决策及监视岩性变化。通过分析室内模拟钻进数据韧野外钻进数据,证明钻进工程数据昨(DEDDASE)的上述应用具有良好的有效性及可信性。     

234U/238U and δ87Sr in peat as tracers of paleosalinity in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California,USA

The purpose of this study was to determine the history of paleosalinity over the past 6000+ years in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (the Delta), which is the innermost part of the San Francisco Estuary. We used a combination of Sr and U concentrations, δ⁸⁷Sr values, and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios (AR) in peat as proxies for tracking paleosalinity. Peat cores were collected in marshes on Browns Island, Franks Wetland, and Bacon Channel Island in the Delta. Cores were dated using ¹³⁷Cs, the onset of Pb and Hg contamination from hydraulic gold mining, and ¹⁴C. A proof of concept study showed that the dominant emergent macrophyte and major component of peat in the Delta, Schoenoplectus spp., incorporates Sr and U and that the isotopic composition of these elements tracks the ambient water salinity across the Estuary. Concentrations and isotopic compositions of Sr and U in the three main water sources contributing to the Delta (seawater, Sacramento River water, and San Joaquin River water) were used to construct a three-end-member mixing model. Delta paleosalinity was determined by examining variations in the distribution of peat samples through time within the area delineated by the mixing model.The Delta has long been considered a tidal freshwater marsh region, but only peat samples from Franks Wetland and Bacon Channel Island have shown a consistently fresh signal (<0.5 ppt) through time. Therefore, the eastern Delta, which occurs upstream from Bacon Channel Island along the San Joaquin River and its tributaries, has also been fresh for this time period. Over the past 6000+ years, the salinity regime at the western boundary of the Delta (Browns Island) has alternated between fresh and oligohaline (0.5–5 ppt).     

吐哈盆地鄯善地区岩性油气藏特征与勘探目标

吐哈盆地鄯善地区岩性油气藏的油层砂体以中薄层为主,沉积体系控制砂体的展布,储层物性及含油气性与沉积相带密切相关。在详细研究油气运聚规律和分布特征的基础上,进行精细层位标定与解释、层序地层分析、储层预测和含油气性预测是本区有效的勘探方法。本文探讨了研究区的油气分布规律与储层预测问题,指出丘东生烃区是开辟岩性油气藏勘探的新的接替区,温吉桑构造带是岩性油气藏勘探的有利区,鄯善地区中北部是岩性油气藏勘探的潜在区。     

羌塘盆地QK-1孔烃类气体分布特征与成因来源

青藏高原冻土区面积约150×104 km²,是中国最大的冻土区,具备良好的天然气水合物形成条件和找矿前景,而羌塘盆地是形成条件和找矿前景最好的地区。南羌塘盆地毕洛错地区QK-1科学钻探试验井顶空气样品的烃类气体组分和碳同位素分析测试结果表明,其烃类气体组分复杂,CH₄含量为3.0×10^-6~4 526.8×10^-6,平均为209.0×10^-6;δ¹³C₁值为-55.9‰~-37.8‰,平均为-43.2‰,C₁/(C₂+C₃)值小于10,显示出明显的热解气特征。结合钻探区的地质背景和岩性特征,推断QK-1孔烃类气体可能来源于深部迁移上来的热解气,浅部可能有生物成因气的混入。     

Late Paleoproterozoic basites of the northern Baikal area: composition and melt sources

We present results of isotope-geochemical studies of Late Paleoproterozoic basites from intrusions located in different parts of a dike swarm traceable for more than 200 km within the Baikal marginal salient of the Siberian craton basement (northern Baikal area). The basites of the southern (Khibelen site) and northern (Chaya site) parts of the dike swarm show both similarity and difference in their sources and formation conditions. For example, the Khibelen basites correspond in chemical composition to basalts and trachybasalts, and the Chaya basites, to basalts and andesite-basalts. Based on petrographic and petrochemical data, the basites of both sites can be referred to as medium-alkali (subalkalic) series. All analyzed basites show distinct negative Nb–Ta and Ti anomalies on element spidergrams, negative ε_Nd(t) values, and indicative geochemical ratios Th/Nb_pm, La/Nb_pm, and La/Sm_n > 1. All this points to the formation of basites of both sites from mantle sources contaminated with continental crust. Contamination might have occurred in intermediate magma chambers localized in crust. Differentiated basic varieties of both sites resulted from fractionation of clinopyroxene. For the Khibelen basites, the mantle source (probably, with geochemical parameters close to those of IAB) might have been initially contaminated with middle-crust rocks and then, with lower/upper-crust material.The source of the Chaya basites was probably produced during the interaction of mantle components similar in composition to IAB and N-MORB with a crustal component. The performed studies testify to the heterogeneous composition of the upper mantle beneath different sites of the Siberian craton basement.     

Barite and barium in sediments and coral skeletons around the hydrocarbon exploration drilling site in the Træna Deep,Norwegian Sea

Barite and barium concentrations in bottom sediments and coral skeletons from the vicinity of the hydrocarbon exploration well drilled in 1992–1993 in the Træna Deep, Norwegian Sea have been studied to assess the spreading of the drilling mud and related ecological effects on Lophelia petrusa coral reefs. Sand size barite crystals derived from the drilling mud and elevated Ba concentrations in surface (0–2 cm) sediments were found up to 4 km from the exploration drilling site. ²¹⁰Pb-dating results on sediment cores indicate that Ba-rich surface intervals (0–2 cm) record ca. 20 years of sedimentation history, and connect Ba enrichment with exploration drilling. The geographic distribution of Ba contents in sediments allowed the reconstruction of the drilling mud dispersal pattern showing transport eastward from the drilling site, consistent with the prevailing current directions. The presence of relatively coarse-grained sediments and barite crystals trapped in coral polyps, ca. 500 m down current from the drilling site, reflects the elevated turbulence and sediment supply during the drilling activity. This elevated sediment dispersion likely placed a stress upon the coral reefs, but due to strong currents that effectively dilute episodic drilling waste and sediment discharges, the damage does not appear significant.     

煤成油油源对比问题讨论

通过吐哈盆地煤的低温排烃模拟实验及源岩与原油之间组分分析,发现煤与泥岩的排烃作用存在明显差异。煤成油在排驱过程中,由于地质色层作用使组分分布特征产生了明显变化而难以与母源对比。煤成油的油源对比不适宜引用以往＂油一源必然相似＂的原则。     

夜长坪矿区钻探施工技术探讨

夜长坪矿区施工初期,施工单位按自己以往的成功经验及钻探施工技术进行钻探施工作业,但由于该矿区与其他矿区的地层差异较大,很快就暴露出许多问题,上部出现掉块,卡钻严重时无法处理造成钻孔报废,都不同程度地成为事故孔,尤其是风化岩层亲水性强的地段,孔壁易坍塌,泵压高对地层产生劈裂破坏,地层被压漏,易造成埋钻事故。有5个钻孔因事故无法处理而报废,造成了巨大的经济损失,严重地影响了勘查进度。我单位在对钻探施工技术进行改进后,钻孔成孔率有了显著提高。由原来的无法成孔报废5孔到后期的46个孔全部成孔,且都为优良孔,最深钻探深度达到1501.54 m,台效提高明显,从原来的130 m增加到252 m,施工工期大大缩短,取得了较好的经济效益。从钻进方法、冲洗液性能、钻孔结构等几个方面进行了分析,简述了施工中出现的问题、原因及应对措施,总结了该矿工区施工经验和体会。     

Rate controls on the chemical weathering of natural polymineralic material. II. Rate-controlling mechanisms and mineral sources and sinks for element release from four UK mine sites,and implications for comparison of laboratory and field scale weathering studies

Predictions of mine-related water pollution are often based on laboratory assays of mine-site material. However, many of the factors that control the rate of element release from a site, such as pH, water–rock ratio, the presence of secondary minerals, particle size, and the relative roles of surface-kinetic and mineral equilibria processes can exhibit considerable variation between small-scale laboratory experiments and large-scale field sites.Monthly monitoring of mine effluent and analysis of natural geological material from four very different mine sites have been used to determine the factors that control the rate of element release and mineral sources and sinks for major elements and for the contaminant metals Zn, Pb, and Cu. The sites are: a coal spoil tip; a limestone-hosted Pb mine, abandoned for the last 200 a; a coal mine; and a slate-hosted Cu mine that was abandoned 150 a ago. Hydrogeological analysis of these sites has been performed to allow field fluxes of elements suitable for comparison with laboratory results to be calculated. Hydrogeological and mineral equilibrium control of element fluxes are common at the field sites, far more so than in laboratory studies. This is attributed to long residence times and low water–rock ratios at the field sites. The high water storativity at many mine sites, and the formation of soluble secondary minerals that can efficiently adsorb metals onto their surfaces provides a large potential source of pollution. This can be released rapidly if conditions change significantly, as in, for example, the case of flooding or disturbance.     

Strontium isotope quantification of siderite,brine and acid mine drainage contributions to abandoned gas well discharges in the Appalachian Plateau

Unplugged abandoned oil and gas wells in the Appalachian region can serve as conduits for the movement of waters impacted by fossil fuel extraction. Strontium isotope and geochemical analysis indicate that artesian discharges of water with high total dissolved solids (TDS) from a series of gas wells in western Pennsylvania result from the infiltration of acidic, low Fe (Fe < 10 mg/L) coal mine drainage (AMD) into shallow, siderite (iron carbonate)-cemented sandstone aquifers. The acidity from the AMD promotes dissolution of the carbonate, and metal- and sulfate-contaminated waters rise to the surface through compromised abandoned gas well casings. Strontium isotope mixing models suggest that neither upward migration of oil and gas brines from Devonian reservoirs associated with the wells nor dissolution of abundant nodular siderite present in the mine spoil through which recharge water percolates contribute significantly to the artesian gas well discharges. Natural Sr isotope composition can be a sensitive tool in the characterization of complex groundwater interactions and can be used to distinguish between inputs from deep and shallow contamination sources, as well as between groundwater and mineralogically similar but stratigraphically distinct rock units. This is of particular relevance to regions such as the Appalachian Basin, where a legacy of coal, oil and gas exploration is coupled with ongoing and future natural gas drilling into deep reservoirs.     

Responses of developing estuarine macrobenthic communities to drilling muds

The effects of drilling mud, used in oil drilling operations, on development of estuarine macrobenthic communities from settling planktonic larvae were assessed by comparing numbers and species of animals that grew in uncontaminated and contaminated aquaria for 8 weeks. Aquaria contained sand and were continuously supplied unfiltered seawater. Seven lignosulfonate-type drilling muds obtained from an active exploratory platform in estuarine waters were tested consecutively at nominal concentrations of 0.5, 5, and 50 parts per million (ppm) in the water column. Numbers of tunicates, mollusks, and annelids per aquarium were significantly (α=0.05) decreased from control numbers in 50 ppm. Structural differences in communities exposed to 50 ppm from those in the control and lower concentrations were indicated by a decrease in Spearman's measure of rank correlation of species abundance and an increase in the Shannon-Weaver index of species diversity. A total of 13 species occurred in 50 ppm compared to 23 species in each of the other situations. Growth in diameter ofMolgula manhattensis was significantly affected in all concentrations of mud.     

川东北地区海相深层多源生烃动态转化机制——以普光气田为例

海相碳酸盐岩层系深层-超深层油气形成机制是石油地质学研究的热点和难点。以川东北普光气田为例,通过烃源(岩)评价及其与原油、储层沥青和天然气之间的地球化学对比、油气藏形成演化与保存过程分析,结合不同类型天然气组分、流体包裹体以及多种烃源生烃模拟等实验数据,对油气来源和成烃成藏过程进行了系统分析。结果表明,在多期沉积构造活动背景下,海相深层烃源岩系和主力产层均经历过高温高压环境与高热演化,形成了不同类型的干酪根、以分散和富集状态赋存的可溶有机质,以及以有机酸盐形式存在的不溶有机质等多种形式烃源,并普遍存在不同类型烃源、不同成因油气的连续或叠置动态相态转化,及其对油气成藏贡献的接替过程,呈现出"来源的多样性、转化的接替性、过程的多期性和成因的复合性"之油气形成演化特点,提出"多源生烃动态转化"是深层油气形成演化的主要机制,将烃源生气过程延续到更高的演化阶段,有利于深层-超深层条件下油气藏的再充注和聚集保存。     

Organic matter quality and supply to deep-water coral/mound systems of the NW European Continental Margin

Comparison of five deep-water coral (DWC)/mound ecosystems along the European Continental Margin shows that suspended particulate organic matter (sPOM), a potential food source, is lipid rich and of high quality. However, there are differences between the sites. The Darwin and Pelagia Mounds (N. Rockall Trough and N. Porcupine Bank, respectively) have higher proportions of labile particulate lipids (including high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids) in the benthic boundary layer than Logachev, Hovland and Belgica Mounds (Rockall Bank, S. Porcupine Bank and Porcupine Seabight, respectively). The high quality sPOM could be transported downslope from the euphotic zone. There is some evidence for inter-annual variability at some sites (e.g. Hovland and Logachev Mounds) as large differences in suspended lipid and particulate organic carbon concentrations were observed over the sampling period. Elevated total organic carbon contents of sediments at mound sites, relative to control sites in some cases (particularly Darwin Mounds), probably reflect local hydrodynamic control and the trapping of sPOM by the DWC. Fresh POM can be relatively rapidly transferred to significant depth (up to 8 cm) through bioturbation that is evident at all sites. There is no clear evidence of present day hydrocarbon seepage at any of the sites.     

渤海海域多期伸展型交汇断层封闭性评价方法

渤海海域新生代经历了复杂的多期伸展运动,导致交汇型断裂系统异常发育。交汇型断层控制的断块圈闭已经被证明是重要的油气聚集区,但是大量的勘探实践表明交汇断层的油气渗漏程度是成藏差异性的主要原因。综合利用钻井资料、三维地震资料和构造物理模拟技术对交汇断层的封闭性进行研究,结果显示：（1）交汇断层发育演化程度控制了交汇点渗漏强度;（2）油气充注—渗漏相对时间控制了交汇断层的有效封闭时间;（3）早期先存断裂的斜向拉伸作用导致的不同走向断层的应力差异影响断层封闭能力。综合利用上述三个影响因素对渤海油田交汇型断层实钻构造的封闭性进行了模糊综合评价,发现封闭值的大小与实钻圈闭的油柱高度具有良好的正相关关系,证实了该评价方法在多期伸展型交汇断层封闭性评价中的有效性。     

Multivariate analysis of sedimentary environments using grain-size frequency distributions

Multivariate statistics were used to characterize and test the effectiveness of grain-size frequencies as environmental discriminators. Sediment from the following two depositional systems along eastern Lake Michigan were studied: (1) a closed system with respect to available grain sizes (Little Sable Point), and (2) an open system (Sleeping Bear Point-Manitou Passage). Principal components analysis shows that grain-size distributions are composed of two or more subgroups that reflect surface creep bedload, mixed suspension bedload, and uniform suspension. Discriminant function and principal latent vector analyses of the Little Sable Point environments show that, when available sediment is limited with respect to grain size (0.5 φto 3.0 φ), similar size distributions can occur in environments supposedly characterized by different energy conditions. Sediment in the Sleeping Bear Point-Manitou Passage system is not restricted to available grain sizes and the environments discriminated very well (α < 0.001). The grain-size distributions are such that they reflect differences in energy conditions within the environments. It is apparent that the grain sizes available to a depositional system control to a great extent the effectiveness of environmental discrimination.     

Hopane,sterane and n-alkane distributions in shallow sediments hosting high arsenic groundwaters in Cambodia

The presence of elevated As in ground waters exploited for drinking water and irrigation in South-East Asia is causing serious impacts on human health. A key mechanism that causes the mobilization of As in these waters is microbially mediated reductive transformation of As-bearing Fe(III) hydrated oxides and the role of degradable organic matter (OM) in this process is widely recognized. A number of different types of OM that drive As release in these aquifers have been suggested, including petroleum derived hydrocarbons naturally seeping into shallow sediments from deeper thermally mature source rocks. However, the amount of information on the characteristics of the OM in South-East Asian aquifers is limited. Here the organic geochemical analyses of the saturated hydrocarbon fractions and radiocarbon analysis, of two additional sites in SE Asia are reported. The results show that the OM in a given sedimentary horizon likely derives from multiple sources including naturally occurring petroleum. The importance of naturally occurring petroleum as one of the sources was clearly indicated by the n-alkane CPI of approximately 1, the presence of an unresolved complex mixture, and hopane (dominated by 17α(H),21β(H) hopanes) and sterane distribution patterns. The results also indicate that the OM in these aquifers varies tremendously in content, character and potential bioavailability. Furthermore, the presence of petroleum derived OM in sediments at both sites doubles the number of locations where their presence has been observed in association with As-rich, shallow aquifers, suggesting that the role of petroleum derived OM in microbially mediated As release might occur over a wider range of geographical locations than previously thought.