青藏高原植被下垫面对东亚大气环流影响的数值试验

采用Ｊ．Ｗ．Ｄｅａｒｄｏｒｆｆ（１）地表植被参数化方案，利用Ｐ－ａ原始方程５层模式（２），分析了青藏高原有植被和无植被两种不同下垫面情况下的大气响应，结果表明有植被下垫面通过增加向大气输送潜热通量，加强了高原上空的热低压，增强了高原北部的热成风，加强了高原南侧的季风环流，使青藏高原及我国东南地区的降水增多。     

跨季度汛期气候数值预测试验

利用国家气候中心全球大气环流模式BCC_AGCM2.0.1开展季节预测,对模式预测与观测值进行相关分析。结果表明:该模式对夏季大尺度环流场、降水及气温等都有一定的跨季度预测能力,但对中国不同区域的要素预测能力有所不同。总体来说,夏季大气环流场的预测效果在海洋上优于陆地上,在低纬优于高纬,在新疆及蒙古也较好。从距平相关系数指标看,气温预测效果在中国西北部分地区较好,降水在中国北方及西南部分地区预测效果较好。由预测效果的年际变化看,在不同年份模式预测效果不同。另外,在不同海温情况下,该模式对不同区域的汛期气候预测效果不同,进而说明春季海温预测的正确性对汛期预测的重要性。     

极冰气候效应的数值试验

利用一个大气环流模式（ＡＧＣＭ）和一个全球耦合海气模式（ＣＯＡＧＣＭ）,模拟了北极海冰边界范围的变化对月平均气候的影响。结果表明,极冰边缘的异常完全可以改变中高纬度某些地区的局地气候。受冷源的影响,北半球中高纬度冷高压加强,低纬度暖高压减弱。同时利用一个全球三维大气环流模式,作了海冰反照率参数化的数值试验,用两种不同的海冰反照率参数化方案,检验对地表面温度、海平面气压、极地表面对太阳辐射吸收的影响。模拟试验表明了冰雪圈反照率的反馈作用,对气候变化的影响十分重要。     

植被变化对辽西夏季气候影响的数值试验

利用2001年6、7、8月份的资料及中尺度模式MM5V3．5对当年夏季辽西生态脆弱区进行了气候模拟性能试验，模拟出植被退化和恢复后辽西地区的温度变化。试验结果表明：在辽西部分地区植被退化后，当地夏季平均温度明显升高；在部分地区植被恢复后，当地夏季平均温度降低；在下垫面状况改变的周边地区，平均温度有一定程度的变化。同时，植被状况的改变对高空气压场和温度场也产生一定影响。     

植被对环境气候影响的数值模拟研究思路综述

介绍了用数值模拟方法研究植被对环境气候影响的基本思路。气候模式中植被作用的模拟思路分为考虑植被的物理特性、生物过程和化学过程三类，按照三类过程分别介绍了国内外有关数值试验的进展及主要结论，评论了各类研究思路的不足和局限，提出今后可能改进的方向。     

北半球和中国气候的模拟及1996年汛期预测的试验及检验

该文用ＯＳＵ／ＳＺ／ＺＷ全球大气环流模式耦合全球混合层海洋与海冰模式对北半球及中国气候进行了模拟，与实况场的对比检验说明模式对北半球及中国气候具有一定的模拟能力，同时利用该模式作了１９９６年汛期预报，对其主要预报结果与实况场进行了对比与检验后表明：该模式对大气环流场，Ｎｉｎｏ区海温，中国区域降水等有一定的预报能力。     

基于一个不同网格相互嵌套的陆气耦合模式的气候模拟研究

将一个大气植被相互作用模式(AVIM)与大气所LASG的R15九层大气环流模式GOALS相耦合．用来模拟多年平均的全球气候状况。AVIM是一个陆地表面陆面和生理过程相互反馈的模型。作为陆气耦合的第一步,暂不考虑AVIM中的生理过程,而首光将其物理过程[相当于通常的SVAT(土壤—植被—大气—传输方案)模型]与大气所LASG的九层大气环流模式耦合起来．其中海洋模式部分不参与积分,海面温度是多年平均的气候伯。考虑到GCM的分辨率较低(7．5°×4．5°)而植被分布必须有较高的分辨率(1.5°×1.5°),采取广大气与地表面粗细网格的嵌套耦合。模式积分15年,取最后10年的平均值作分析。将模拟的气候要素场与观测值和NCEP再分析资料作了比较,气候模拟结果反映了全球环流与温湿场的主要特征,特别是降水和地面气温的模拟效果较好。这为今后气候模式与生物圈的耦合奠定广一个良好的基础。     

干旱区陆面过程参数改进对气候模拟结果的影响

利用改进的我国西北地区陆面过程参数的大气环流模式CCM3与原CCM3模式分别做了数值模拟并加以对比分析。结果表明,改进后的模式较原模式对东亚季风和西北干旱区降水的模拟能力有一定提高,对西北部分地区感热、潜热通量的模拟有所改进。这说明通过观测改进陆面过程模式的参数是提高CCM3气候模式模拟能力的一种重要途径。     

不均匀植被分布对地表面和大气边界层影响的数值试验

研究陆地与大气间相互作用的方法之一是建立联系地表面层与大气间各种过程的数值模式进行模拟。本文是建立一个陆面过程与二维大气边界层相耦合的模式,耦合模式中包含了发生在大气边界层、植被冠层和土壤表层各种动力、热力和水文过程。运用这一模式模拟了荒漠环境中一片绿洲的不均匀地表面形成的局地气候。由于绿洲植被与周围荒漠有着显著不同的水份与能量平衡关系,使绿洲表面与边界层较四周荒漠冷而湿,并形成了相应的局地环流,即所谓“绿洲效应”。试验结果表明,模拟的气候状况与观测现象是一致的。模式可以用于陆气相互作用的研究。     

我国气候对植被分布和净初级生产力影响的数值模拟

基于0.5°×0.5°经纬网格分辨率的一个全球植被动态模式,利用全国676个雨量站点1961～2000年日资料在0.5°×0.5°网格上插值得到的降水和气温资料作为模式气候强迫,模拟研究了中国区域近40年来的植被动态变化,估算了当前中国区域陆地植被净初级生产力,并分析气候与植被净初级生产力的相关性。结果表明:模拟的植被分布时空格局与实际观测的对应关系良好,模拟与观测的叶面积指数总体上比较一致;植被初级生产力空间分布及总量(约为4.64×1015g.a-1(C))的模拟比较理想。对模拟结果分析显示降水是影响净初级生产力的主要气候因子,而在干旱、半干旱地区温度与植被净初级生产力存在显著负相关关系。研究表明该模式能够比较合理地模拟气候对植被年际动态和生产力变化的影响,对于进一步深入研究气候与植被相互作用是有意义的。     

Evaluating the Dependence of Vegetation on Climate in an Improved Dynamic Global Vegetation Model

The capability of an improved Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM) in reproducing the impact of climate on the terrestrial ecosystem is evaluated. The new model incorporates the Community Land ModelDGVM (CLM3.0-DGVM) with a submodel for temperate and boreal shrubs, as well as other revisions such as the two-leaf scheme for photosynthesis and the definition of fractional coverage of plant functional types (PFTs). Results show that the revised model may correctly reproduce the global distribution of tempera...     

黄河源区植被覆盖度对区域气候影响的数值模拟

利用1997-2006年8km空间分辨率的AVHRR/NDVI,得到了与区域气候模式RegCM3具有相同分辨率的植被覆盖度时间序列,并用其替代RegCM3模式中默认的植被覆盖度,对黄河源区主要气候要素进行了数值模拟。结果表明,使用卫星遥感估算的植被覆盖度,模拟的黄河源区气象台站月平均气温更接近实测值,局地降水量也有一定...     

植被区面积对局地气候影响的数值研究

用一个三维模式实施了５个数值试验，研究了植被覆盖与裸土之间的非均一性对局地气候的影响。结果指出：存在着一个最适宜的植被区面积Ｓ＿ｃ，当Ｓ＝Ｓ＿ｃ，这种非均一性激发的上升运动最强，上升气流区的空间范围最大。     

MM5 Simulations of the China Regional Climate During the LGM.II: In uence of Change of Land Area, Vegetation, and Large-scale Circulation Background

Using a regional climate model MM5 nested to an atmospheric global climate model CCM3, a series of simulations and sensitivity experiments have been performed to investigate the relative LGM climate response to changes of land-sea distribution, vegetation, and large-scale circulation background over China.Model results show that compared with the present climate, the fluctuations of sea-land distribution in eastern Asia during the LGM result in the temperature decrease in winter and increase in summer. It has significant impact on the temperature and precipitation in the east coastal region of China. The impact on precipitation in the east coastal region of China is the most significant one, with 25%-50% decrease in the total precipitation change during the LGM. On the other hand, the changes in sea-land distribution have less influence on the climate of inland and western part of China. During the LGM, significant changes in vegetation result in temperature alternating with winter increase and summer decrease, but differences in the annual mean temperature are minor. During the LGM, the global climate, i.e., the large-scale circulation background has changed signi cantly. These changes have signi cant influences on temperature and precipitation over China. They result in considerable temperature decreases in this area, and direct the primary patterns and characteristics of temperature changes. Results display that, northeastern China has the greatest temperature decrease, and the temperature decrease in the Tibetan Plateau is larger than in the eastern part of China located at the same latitude. Moreover, the change of large-scale circulation background also controls the pattern of precipitation change. Results also show that, most of the changes in precipitation over western and northeastern parts of China are the consequences of changing large-scale circulation background, of which 50%-75% of precipitation changes over northern and eastern China are the results of changes in large-scale circulation background. Over China, the LGM climate responses to di erent mechanisms in order of strength from strong to weak are, the large-scale circulation pattern, sealand distribution, vegetation, CO2 concentration, and earth orbital parameters.     

植被退化对青藏高原冬夏季气候影响的模拟研究

利用区域气候模式RegCM3,模拟分析了青藏高原地区植被退化对自身及周边地区气候产生的影响。结果表明：植被退化后,在退化区域冬夏季地表温度明显升高,最大增值2℃,而外围则温度降低,量值为-0.5℃～-1℃。夏季气温的变化趋势与地表温度类似,但量值较小,冬季退化区气温增加范围较大。夏季退化区湿度和降水增大,增加值分别达到0.6g/kg和35mm/month;退化区外围降水减少,外围西部及北部地区湿度减小,中心值为-0.4 g/kg。在冬季,湿度稍有减小,主要分布在西藏地区和青海、四川的交界处。     

Preliminary Assessment of the Common Land Model Coupled with the IAP Dynamic Global Vegetation Model

The Common Land Model（CoLM） was coupled with the IAP Dynamic Global Vegetation Model（IAPDGVM）, and the performance of this combined CoLMIAP model was evaluated. Offline simulations using both the original Common Land Model（CoLM-LPJ） and CoLM-IAP were conducted. The CoLM-IAP coupled model showed a significant improvement over CoLMLPJ, as the deciduous tree distribution decreased over temperate and boreal regions, while the distribution of evergreen trees increased over the tropics. Some biases in CoLM-LPJ were preserved, including the overestimation of evergreen trees in tropical savanna, the underestimation of boreal evergreen trees, and the absence of boreal shrubs. However, most of these biases did not exist in a further coupled simulation of IAP-DGVM with the Community Land Model（CLM）, for which the parameters of IAP-DGVM were optimized. This implies that further improvement is needed to deal with the differences between CoLM and CLM in parameterizations of landbased physical and biochemical processes.     

一个海洋-大气-动态植被耦合模式评估——海洋环流模拟

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所（IAP）大气科学与地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG)的全球耦合模式(GOALS〖CD*2〗AVIM),进行了100年积分。利用后40年的结果对模式耦合植被动态过程（AVIM）前后输出的海洋物理场对比分析。结果表明：耦合AVIM后的模式可以合理地模拟全球海洋温盐环流的气候态、季节变化,可以改进模式的模拟效果,在一定程度上克服了耦合AVIM前模式的缺点,使模拟结果更接近实测。由于植被〖CD*2〗大气的双向作用,在季节变化的模拟中,9月的改进效果大于3月的,北半球大于南半球;对于年平均气候态,耦合AVIM后的模式结果在热带海区海表面温度（SST）的模拟效果得到了明显改善,尤其是赤道太平洋海区的海温偏低现象得到了改善;在年际变化的模拟中,改善了耦合AVIM前模式模拟的年际变化分布,加大了赤道太平洋的标准差的模拟,使得耦合AVIM后模拟的年际变化大于耦合前;增强了耦合模式对赤道太平洋ENSO的模拟能力,较耦合AVIM前的模式模拟出了更多的ENSO基本特征,也改善了耦合AVIM前ENSO变化周期偏弱、偏短的现象;同样改善了对气候系统中存在的相互作用的模拟,对于热带印度洋SST变化与赤道太平洋SST的相互关联的模拟中,更加真实地模拟出了气候系统中存在的相互关联关系,体现出了AVIM动态植被过程对气候耦合模式的改善。     

Evaluation of the New Dynamic Global Vegetation Model in CAS-ESM

In the past several decades, dynamic global vegetation models(DGVMs) have been the most widely used and appropriate tool at the global scale to investigate vegetation-climate interactions. At the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, a new version of DGVM(IAP-DGVM) has been developed and coupled to the Common Land Model(CoLM) within the framework of the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Earth System Model(CAS-ESM). This work reports the performance of IAP-DGVM through comparisons with that of the default DGVM of CoLM(CoLM-DGVM) and observations. With respect to CoLMDGVM, IAP-DGVM simulated fewer tropical trees, more "needleleaf evergreen boreal tree" and "broadleaf deciduous boreal shrub", and a better representation of grasses. These contributed to a more realistic vegetation distribution in IAP-DGVM,including spatial patterns, total areas, and compositions. Moreover, IAP-DGVM also produced more accurate carbon fluxes than CoLM-DGVM when compared with observational estimates. Gross primary productivity and net primary production in IAP-DGVM were in better agreement with observations than those of CoLM-DGVM, and the tropical pattern of fire carbon emissions in IAP-DGVM was much more consistent with the observation than that in CoLM-DGVM. The leaf area index simulated by IAP-DGVM was closer to the observation than that of CoLM-DGVM; however, both simulated values about twice as large as in the observation. This evaluation provides valuable information for the application of CAS-ESM, as well as for other model communities in terms of a comparative benchmark.