骑田岭A型花岗岩流体包裹体地球化学特征——对芙蓉超大型锡矿成矿流体来源的指示

南岭中段骑田岭A型花岗岩与芙蓉超大型锡矿床具有密切的时间和空间关系。流体包裹体地球化学研究表明,骑田岭A型花岗岩石英斑晶中的流体包裹体类型主要有熔融包裹体、流体-熔融包裹体和流体包裹体。流体-熔融包裹体的显微测温学研究结果显示,骑田岭A花岗岩在岩浆演化过程中可以分异出流体,且岩浆分异出的流体与芙蓉超大型锡矿床流体包裹体所反映的高温和高盐度的CaCl2-NaCl-KCl-H2O流体体系的特征相吻合。综合分析表明,芙蓉超大型锡矿床成矿流体中的高盐度流体应为骑田岭黑云母二长花岗岩结晶过程中分异出的富含Cl等挥发份和成矿物质的高盐度热流体。     

湖南芙蓉锡矿床中萤石的Sr－Nd同位素研究

芙蓉锡矿床是一个新探明的超大型锡矿床，产于湘南的骑田岭花岗岩体中。本次研究测试了该矿床中与锡石硫化物共生的萤石的Sr和Nd同位素组成。各矿脉中萤石的87Sr/86Sr比值并不相同，变化从0.70770～0.71484，反映了成矿流体的初始87Sr/86Sr比值并不均一。萤石的Sm－Nd同位素组成并没有构成很好的等时线，计算的ENd（t）值变化在－6.6～－9.8之间。萤石的Sr－Nd同位素组成并不同于花岗岩，成矿流体中的Sr和Nd有很大一部分来自围岩的碳酸盐岩地层。     

芙蓉锡矿田骑田岭花岗岩黑云母矿物化学组成及其对锡成矿的指示意义

芙蓉锡矿田骑田岭复式岩体主要由早阶段角闪石黑云母花岗岩和晚阶段黑云母花岗岩组成.电子探针分析结果表明角闪石黑云母花岗岩中的黑云母属于铁黑云母,黑云母花岗岩中的黑云母属于铁叶云母.相对于黑云母花岗岩,角闪石黑云母花岗岩中黑云母的MgO、TiO2含量偏高,Al2O3含量偏低.矿物化学研究结果显示,角闪石黑云母花岗岩中黑云母的结晶温度、氧逸度(logfO2)分别为680℃～740℃、-16.00～-15.31,黑云母花岗岩中黑云母的结晶温度、氧逸度分别为530℃～650℃、-19.20～-17.50.从角闪石黑云母花岗岩到黑云母花岗岩,岩浆结晶温度和氧逸度逐渐降低.与花岗岩有关的共存流体性质的研究发现,与角闪石黑云母花岗岩共存的热液流体log(fH2O/fHF)fluid,log(fH2O/fHCl)fluid,log(fHF/fHCl)fiuid值分别为4.22～4.39,2.78～3.24,-1.82～-1.73,而与黑云母花岗岩共存的热液流体log(fH2O/fHF)fluid,log(fH2OfHCl)fluid,log(fHF/fHCl)fluid值分别为3.27～3.53,2.85～3.22,-0.75～-0.22,可见与两种岩石类型共存热液流体的性质存在明显差异,且热液中Cl、Sn含量变化与岩浆结晶分异指数呈正相关关系.骑田岭岩体从角闪石黑云母花岗岩到黑云母花岗岩,随着岩浆的演化.岩浆结晶期后分异出的热液流体向富Cl和Sn方向演化.芙蓉锡矿田的成矿流体应主要来源于黑云母花岗岩岩浆结晶期后分异出的岩浆热液.     

Os同位素在花岗岩物质来源示踪中的初步研究:以湖南骑田岭岩体为例

Re-Os同位素在基性-超基性岩物质来源示踪方面已得到较广泛应用,但在酸性岩方面尚属少见。与其它同位素体系不同,Re、Os均为高亲铁元素,在岩浆分异演化过程中,Re属于中等不相容元素,Os属于强相容元素,地壳和地幔两端员Os同位素组成差别较大,因此,Re-Os同位素是研究花岗岩中是否存在幔源物质贡献的灵敏示踪剂。通过采自湖南骑田岭复式岩体三个阶段15件花岗岩全岩样品Re-Os同位素的分析,这些样品中Re、Os含量极低(Re含量0.0053～0.4539ng/g,Os含量0.0011～0.0328ng/g),Os同位素初始比值为0.3543～1.728,波动较大,显示骑田岭岩体成岩物质具有壳幔混合来源的特征。其中,早阶段与新田岭钨成矿关系密切的中粗粒似斑状角闪石黑云母花岗岩中壳源物质贡献更多一些,而晚阶段与芙蓉锡矿关系密切的细粒黑云母花岗岩幔源物质相对更多一些。Re-Os同位素的研究,不仅能够为花岗岩物质来源与成因机制的研究提供新的手段,而且,对于获取南岭重点矿集区深部成矿的地球化学信息、探索南岭矿集区壳幔相互作用过程以及幔源岩浆在不同类型矿化花岗岩形成过程中的作用也具有重要意义。     

湖南骑田岭地区锡矿床特征及找矿前景

骑田岭地区锡矿找矿的突破，是近两年国土资源重大调查取得的重大成果。区内锡矿产于骑田岭复式花岗岩体南部以及接触带，多呈脉状产出。锡矿类型以云英岩化花岗岩型、蚀变斑状花岗岩型、蚀变构造带型为主，具有矿体厚度碱、蚀变强、品位较高、矿石利用性能好的特点。现已估算锡资源量约60万吨，还有成矿条件类似的北部及同一构造岩浆岩带的其他地区，进一步开展该地区国土资源大调查将会扩大现有的找矿成果。     

骑田岭芙蓉锡矿的成岩和成矿物质来源： 锆石Lu Hf 同位素和矿物包裹体He Ar同位素证据

本文分析测试了骑田岭花岗岩芙蓉锡矿的各类花岗岩的锆石U-Pb同位素年龄和Lu-Hf同位素组成。本区有两期花岗岩,早期角闪石黑云母花岗岩锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为160.02.7 Ma,晚期黑云母花岗岩的锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为156.5±1.8 Ma。在晚期矿化的黑云母花岗岩中出现了蜕晶化锆石,蜕晶化锆石强烈富集LREE和U、Th,是典型热液锆石的特征。四个花岗岩锆石的Lu-Hf同位素组成说明骑田岭花岗岩的成岩物质主要来源于下地壳,它们的原始岩浆源于中元古代(1.3~1.5Ga)下地壳物质的部分熔融,并有部分地幔物质的参与。还分析测定了骑田岭芙蓉锡矿黄铁矿、石榴子石流体包裹体的He-Ar同位素组成,其3 He/4 He比值较低(0.059~0.432),介于地壳和地幔流体3 He/4 He比值之间,表明芙蓉锡矿的成矿流体主要来源于地壳,同时有部分地幔流体的参与成矿。     

湖南骑田岭白腊水锡矿床成矿年龄讨论

白腊水锡矿是骑田岭地区最重要的矿床,在该矿床中又以夕卡岩化破碎带蚀变岩型锡矿为主.通过矿床成矿环境和矿区及外围岩(矿)石K-Ar、锆石U-Pb、Rb-Sr等时线等和石英流体包裹体Rb-Sr等时线年龄资料的讨论,认为该矿床的成矿作用发生的燕山早期,年龄资料显示至少有2个成矿阶段;而且19号矿脉的主成矿阶段可能早于10号矿脉.     

胶东招掖郭家岭型花岗岩锆石年代学及其Pb同位素特征

采用SHRIMP测年技术，精确地测定了郭家岭型花岗岩年龄为130-126Ma，主要金矿化在126-120Ma之间，郭家岭型花岗岩与金矿化关系最密切。岩体Pb同位素组成反映了本区所处构造背景。     

骑田岭芙蓉锡矿田矿床地质特征及矿床成因

芙蓉矿田锡矿体产于骑田岭复式花岗岩体中,受NE向断裂构造的控制.锡矿类型主要有云英岩型、矽卡岩型、蚀变岩体型、构造蚀变带型及构造蚀变带-矽卡岩复合型等.在阐述区域锡矿成矿地质背景的基础上,划分了成矿期次,探讨了矿床成因机理及找矿模型,认为区内锡矿成矿与岩浆岩多期多阶段演化分异和构造活动密切相关.     

湘南骑田岭花岗岩岩体地球化学特征及锡成矿潜力

骑田岭岩体为燕山期多阶段侵入的复式岩体。其主体芙蓉超单元的岩性主要为二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩等,K2O+Na2O质量分数为7.32%～10.01%,平均值为8.17%;在花岗岩分类图解中,大多数样品都投影在A型花岗岩区内,但和典型的A型花岗岩相比,呈现出高TiO2、CaO、MgO,低FeO*/MgO等特点。花岗岩稀土元素配分模式相近,曲线表现为轻稀土段向右缓倾,而重稀土段则近于平坦,呈现典型的轻稀土富集、明显的负铕异常模式。花岗岩微量元素以Rb、Th强烈富集,Sr、Ti强烈亏损为特点,同时Ba、Ta、Nb、Nd、Zr、Hf也表现出一定程度的富集。骑田岭花岗岩具有较高的Sn背景含量,处于一个对Sn成矿非常有利的空间环境、时间背景之中,显示出良好的Sn成矿潜力。     

湖南大义山晚侏罗世富硼型成锡矿A型花岗岩成因及地质意义

位于南岭成矿带和钦-杭成矿带(简称钦-杭带)交汇部位的湖南大义山锡矿是南岭地区典型的富硼型锡多金属矿床。为厘清大义山锡矿成矿动力学背景,深化南岭地区钨锡矿成矿机制,本文以大义山成锡矿黑云母二长花岗岩为研究对象,开展了系统的岩石学和地球化学研究。研究发现,大义山锡矿具有富硼的特征,成矿黑云母二长花岗岩发育电气石"囊包",电气石在蚀变矿物中广泛发育,并与锡矿化紧密共生,这些特征表明成矿花岗岩具有富硼的特征,并发生了岩浆热液流体出溶。地球化学分析显示,黑云母二长花岗岩具有较高含量的Al2O3(13.67%~14.00%)、Na2O (3.65%~3.90%)、K2O (3.49%~4.24%)以及较高的FeOT/(FeOT+MgO)比值(0.95~0.97)、FeOT/MgO比值(18.75~32.69)、A/CNK比值(1.15~1.26)和10000×Ga/Al比值(3.48~4.08),较低的CaO (0.54%~0.59%)、P2O5(0.04%~0.06%)含量和锆饱和温度(716~725℃)。球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分具有明显的四分组效应,强烈的Eu负异常,微量元素富集Rb、Th、U、Ta和Nd等元素,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、Eu等元素。表明成矿花岗岩具有高分异的特征,与A2型花岗岩特征相近。Nd-Hf同位素分析显示,黑云母二长花岗岩与南岭地区成锡矿花岗岩及钦-杭带A型花岗岩同位素特征基本一致,表明岩浆主要来源于中元古代壳源物质熔融,并有幔源物质的加入。综合本文及前人研究成果,推测南岭地区燕山期伸展作用与Izanagi俯冲板块开天窗或撕裂有关,在此背景下,软流圈物质上涌,引发下地壳物质熔融,形成了富硼的壳幔源混合型花岗质岩浆。岩浆中较高的硼含量促使岩浆发生强烈的结晶分异,并有利于晚期锡矿的形成。     

Tin-bearing minerals at the Furong tin deposit,South China: Implications for tin mineralization

It remains poorly constrained whether remobilization of Sn from granites and prograde skarns plays an essential role in forming economic (skarn-type) tin mineralization. Using both electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry methods, in-situ Sn contents, as well as major elements, were analyzed for numerous silicates and magnetite from fresh granite, altered granite, and skarn at the large Furong Sn deposit (530,000 t Sn @ 0.8% Sn) in the Nanling Range, South China. Hornblende and biotite in fresh granite are the main Sn-bearing phases (Sn = 44–321 ppm), while plagioclase and K-feldspar are poor in Sn (< 5 ppm). In altered granite, tin is hosted mainly by hydrothermal muscovite (299–583 ppm) replacing plagioclase, but rarely by chlorite (mostly <10 ppm) replacing hornblende and biotite. In contrast, most silicates (garnet, diopside, vesuvianite, pargasite and epidote) and magnetite from tin skarn are Sn-rich (47–44,241 ppm), except for Sn-poor phlogopite and scapolite (< 10 ppm). In particular, garnet, pargasite, and epidote reach tin concentrations in the percent range. Tin generally enters the stannous silicates and magnetite through substitutions for octahedral Al^vi and Fe³⁺. Comparisons of Sn contents between magmatic and hydrothermal minerals in granite, prograde and retrograde minerals related to tin skarn indicate that remobilization of Sn from granite and prograde skarn is not a pre-requisite to form tin mineralization.     

云南毛坪大型铅锌矿床成矿物质来源:原位S和Pb同位素制约

位于扬子板块西缘的川滇黔铅锌集区是我国重要的贱金属生产基地之一。矿集区中部的毛坪大型铅锌矿床,累计探明铅锌金属储量超过300万吨,Pb+Zn平均品位12%～30%,局部达45%,是矿集区内第二大铅锌矿床。矿体呈似层状、透镜状或脉状集中分布于猫猫山背斜NW倒转翼及其倾伏端NE向层间断裂带内。主要发育3个矿体(群),其中I号矿体(群)赋存于上泥盆统宰格组白云岩中,II号矿体(群)赋存于下石炭统摆佐组白云岩中,III号矿体(群)赋存于上石炭统威宁组白云岩中。矿石主要由闪锌矿、方铅矿和黄铁矿等矿石矿物及白云石和方解石(少量石英和重晶石)等脉石矿物组成,具有块状、浸染状或脉状构造及粒状、交代、共边、胶状、集合体或碎裂结构。可见,该矿床后生成矿特征明显。纳米离子探针(Nano SIMS)原位S同位素组成分析结果显示,细粒草莓集合体状黄铁矿和胶状闪锌矿明显亏损34S,其δ34S值变化范围为-20. 4‰～-8. 7‰之间,具有典型生物成因S特征,暗示经历了海相硫酸盐细菌还原过程(BSR);而自形粒状黄铁矿和他形粒状闪锌矿的δ34S值变化范围为22. 1‰～25. 6‰之间,明显富集重S同位素,表明经历了海相硫酸盐热化学还原过程(TSR)。由于BSR和TSR过程主要受温度控制,因此,还原态硫离子的形成最可能是原地还原的,并先经历了相对低温的BSR过程,再经历了相对高温的TSR过程。飞秒激光剥蚀多接收器等离子体质谱(fs LA-MC-ICPMS)原位Pb同位素组成分析结果显示,方铅矿的Pb同位素组成相当均一,暗示其来源单一或混合均匀,对比显示其成矿金属主要由赋矿沉积岩提供,受到一定程度的下伏基底岩石影响。此外,方铅矿的原位Pb同位素组成有随着标高增加而升高的趋势,暗示成矿流体的运移方向很可能是向上的,且随着成矿流体的演化,富放射性成因Pb的赋矿沉积岩贡献了更多的成矿金属。综上,本文认为毛坪大型铅锌矿床是流体混合作用的产物,其深部可能具有良好的找矿潜力,这是因为富含金属元素的基底岩石对深部贡献更多。     

湘南地区芙蓉锡矿床中硼矿化的发现及意义

硼矿是中国重要的紧缺矿产,长期依赖进口,找寻新的硼矿资源迫在眉睫.笔者在湘南地区芙蓉锡矿床新发现了矽卡岩型硼矿化,硼矿物包括硼镁铁矿、遂安石和氟硼镁石,1件典型样品的X射线粉晶衍射分析结果表明硼矿物总含量达到47.4％,换算成w(B)(以B2O3计)约为9.5％,高于5％的硼矿最低工业品位.该发现预示着湘南地区,乃至华南与高分异花岗岩有关的钨锡多金属矿集区有良好的硼成矿潜力,在今后的找矿过程中,需加强与钨锡多金属共伴生的硼矿化评价工作.     

数字区调新技术新方法——遥感图像地质解译三维可视化及影像动态分析

湖南芙蓉锡矿区是近年来新发现并正在进行勘查的新矿区，该矿区以锡矿产于花岗岩大岩体内部和潜在的巨大找矿潜力而引人注目，在野外初步调查的基础上，结合室内工作，认为芙蓉锡矿及其相关的岩浆岩在许多方面与众不同，如：产于岩体内部，蚀变花岗岩中浸染状石矿化，锡石－硫化物型及锡石－磁铁矿型等不同类型的矿化同时存在，绿泥石化发育且不同类型的锡矿化对应于不同的绿泥石成分，花岗岩类岩石低SiO2,高Sr等地球化学异常，本文主要探讨矿化及含矿岩体的某些地球化学异常并提出深部找铜的意见。     

Characteristics of rare-earth elements （REE）, strontium and neodymium isotopes in hydrothermal fluorites from the Bailashui tin deposit in the Furong ore field,southern Hunan Province,China

In this paper the authors present the REE concentrations and Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of fluorites from the Bailashui tin deposit of the Furong ore field, southern Hunan Province. The results showed that the total amount of REE in fluorites is usually low, ranging from 0.705 to 8.785 μg/g with the chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns similar to those of the Qitianling granites in the study area, characterized by LREE-enrichment patterns with pronounced negative Eu anomalies. The fluorites vary in Sr isotopic composition within the range of 0.7083-0.7091, the values are lower than those of the granites and higher than those of the host carbonate rocks in this area. The εNd（t） values of fluorites vary between -9.4 and ＋10.3, revealing that both the crust- and mantle-source materials were involved in the ore-forming hydrothermal fluids. Combined with previous studies on this ore deposit, the Bailashui tin deposit is temporally and spatially closely related with granitic magmatism in this area. The hydrothermal fluorites are the product of fluid/rock interactions between granitic magmatic hydrothermal fluid and marine carbonate rocks. The REE and F in the ore-forming fluid were derived from the granites, whereas Sr in the ore-forming fluid came mainly from the granitic magmatic hydrothermal fluid and marine carbonate rocks, although variations in Sr isotopic composition cannot be explained by a simple mixture of these two end-members. Evidence demonstrated that the ore-forming fluids are of crustal-mantle mixing origin, but that the fluids were probably incompletely homogenized and this may be caused by inhomogeneous mixing of the fluids of different sources.     

Mineralogical sources of the buffer capacity in a granite catchment determined by strontium isotopes

The role of different minerals in base cation release and thus the increase of buffering capacity of groundwater against acid deposition is controversially discussed in the literature. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and base cation concentration were investigated in whole rock leachates, mineral separates, precipitation, soil solution, groundwater and stream water samples in the Lehstenbach catchment (Germany) to identify the weathering sequence of the granite bedrock. Three different approaches were followed in parallel. It was assumed that the contribution of different minerals to base cation supply of the groundwater with increasing weathering intensity would be observed by investigating (1) unweathered rock leachates, deep groundwater and shallow groundwater, (2) groundwater samples from new groundwater wells, reflecting the initial weathering of the drilled bedrock, and groundwater from wells that were drilled in 1988, (3) stream water during baseflow, dominated by deep groundwater, and stream water during high flow, being predominantly shallow groundwater. Whereas the first approach yielded consistent patterns, there was some evidence that groundwater from the new wells initially reflected contamination by the filter gravel rather than cation release in an initial stage of weathering. Time series samples of stream water and groundwater solute concentrations and isotope ratios turned out to reflect varying fractions of soil water and precipitation water at baseflow and high flow conditions rather than varying contributions of different minerals that prevail at different stages of granite weathering.     

The sources of ore-forming material in the low-sulfidation epithermal Wulaga gold deposit,NE China: Constraints from S,Pb isotopes and REE pattern

The Wulaga gold deposit, located in Heilongjiang province, NE China, is a subvolcanic rock-hosted, low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit, and has an Au reserve of about 84 tons. The gold mineralization occurs in a crypto-explosive breccia, and is spatially and temporally associated with an Early Cretaceous granodioritic porphyry. Three individual stages of mineralization have been identified in the Wulaga gold deposit: an early white quartz-euhedral vein stage, a fine-grained pyrite–marcasite–stibnite–chalcedony stage, and a late calcite–pyrite stage. The sulfur isotopic values of sulfide minerals vary in a wide range from − 4 to 4.9‰, but are concentrated in the range of − 3 to 0‰, implying that sulfur in the hydrothermal fluids was derived from magmatic volatiles. Lead isotopic results of the granodioritic porphyry (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.341–18.395, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.507–15.523, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.174–38.251) and sulfide minerals (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.172–18.378, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.536–15.600, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.172–38.339) are comparatively consistent and clustered together between the orogenic and upper mantle lines, indicating the lead in the ores is closely related to the parent magma of the granodioritic porphyry. The REE patterns of fluid inclusions trapped in sulfides are similar to those of the granodioritic porphyry, which confirms the magmatic origin of the REE in the hydrothermal fluids. The characteristics of S and Pb isotopes and REE suggest that the ore-forming materials of the Wulaga gold deposit are partly magmatic in origin, and related to a high-level hydrous granodioritic magma.     

湖南芙蓉锡多金属矿床成矿流体地球化学

湖南芙蓉锡多金属矿床是我国最近发现的与A型花岗岩具有成因联系的超大型锡多金属矿床.本文对该矿床主要的四种矿化类型(矽卡岩型、云英岩型、蚀变花岗岩型、锡石硫化物型)进行了系统的流体包裹体地球化学和稳定同位素地球化学研究.研究结果表明:该矿床中流体包裹体类型复杂,包括富含CO_2包裹体、气液包裹体、含子晶包裹体和气相包裹体.矽卡岩型矿石中流体包裹体均一温度主要集中在400～450℃,云英岩和蚀变花岗岩型矿石的均一温度相对下降,主要分布于250～350℃之间,锡石硫化物型矿石中包裹体温度进一步下降.成矿流体主要由高盐度CaCl_2-NaCl-KCl-H_2O流体(盐度多集中在32.2 wt%～50.6 wt%NaCl.eqv)和富含CO_2的CO_2-CH4-NaCl-H_2O低盐度流体(盐度多集中在32.2 wt%～50.6wt% NaCl.eqv)组成.芙蓉锡矿云英岩型矿石成矿流体中的水主要以岩浆水为主,锡石硫化物型矿石成矿流体中的水具有岩浆水和大气降水混合的特征,成矿流体中的碳为岩浆碳与沉积碳酸盐不同比例混合的结果.芙蓉锡多金属矿床的成矿流体应主要来源于骑田岭黑云母二长花岗岩岩浆结晶期后分异出的岩浆热流体.岩浆热流体沿岩体周围裂隙对围岩和原生矽卡岩进行热液交代,在造成绢云母化、白云母化、绿泥石化等热液蚀变现象的同时,导致了大规模的锡矿化.减压沸腾和低温流体与高温流体混合造成的沸腾作用是导致芙蓉锡矿锡沉淀的主要机制.