Synchronism of runoff response to climate change in Kaidu River Basin in Xinjiang, Northwest China

The runoff in alpine river basins where the runoff is formed in nearby mountainous areas is mainly affected by temperature and precipitation.Based on observed annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and runoff time-series datasets during 1958–2012 within the Kaidu River Basin,the synchronism of runoff response to climate change was analyzed and identified by applying several classic methods,including standardization methods,Kendall's W test,the sequential version of the Mann-Kendall test,wavelet power spectrum analysis,and the rescaled range(R/S) approach.The concordance of the nonlinear trend variations of the annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and runoff was tested significantly at the 0.05 level by Kendall's W method.The sequential version of the Mann-Kendall test revealed that abrupt changes in annual runoff were synchronous with those of annual mean temperature.The periodic characteristics of annual runoff were mainly consistent with annual precipitation,having synchronous 3-year significant periods and the same 6-year,10-year,and 38-year quasi-periodicities.While the periodic characteristics of annual runoff in the Kaidu River Basin tracked well with those of annual precipitation,the abrupt changes in annual runoff were synchronous with the annual mean temperature,which directly drives glacier-and snow-melt processes.R/S analysis indicated that the annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and runoff will continue to increase and remain synchronously persistent in the future.This work can improve the understanding of runoff response to regional climate change to provide a viable reference in the management of water resources in the Kaidu River Basin,a regional sustainable socio-economic development.     

半干旱区降水和水土保持措施强度-径流演变规律研究

为研究不同时期及水土保持措施条件下,降水量、水土保持措施强度与径流的演变规律,运用泰森多边形法、Morlet小波分析法、回归分析法,构建多元功效函数,进行甘肃省定西市安定区近60 a年降水量、措施强度与径流演变研究。结果表明:1957—2016年年径流量呈递减趋势,达极显著水平(P<0.001);在22～24 a、8 a、4 a时间尺度上,年降水量和径流具有明显的震荡周期,平均周期为15 a、5 a、3 a左右。梯田、造林、种草及封育等水土保持措施强度逐年递增,分别达36.14hm²·km^-2、25.26 hm²·km^-2、11.56 hm²·km^-2和3.22 hm²·km^-2。随周期(3 a、5 a、15 a)的变长,同等降水量对产流量影响有所增大;同等水土保持措施强度对产流量影响有所减小;降水量和措施强度组合解释了径流模数总方差的57.46%～85.80%;降水量对径流模数的影响约低于40%,措施强度...     

天山山区典型内陆河流域径流组分特征分析

通过对天山南北坡的两个典型流域降水、地下水、河流、融冰雪水δD和δ¹⁸O及水化学检测,基于同位素径流分割模型定量分析了年内径流组分特征。结果表明：（1）两条河流的径流组成中地下水为构成径流的主要成分,其次是冰川融水,融雪水及降水,但南北坡径流组分表现出较明显的差异,乌鲁木齐河流域中冰川融水的比重要大于黄水沟流域,对气候变化响应明显。（2）两条河流在不同季节径流组分也表现出较大差异,春季径流组分差异最为明显。     

LASCAM水文模型在流域生态水文过程研究中的应用——模型理论基础

LASCAM水文模型是一种大尺度分布式概念水文模型,介于高精度分布式水文模型和集总式经验模型之间,是基于亚流域空间单元建立的中等精度的分布式概念模型。LASCAM模型在亚流域空间单元定义了3个概念性土壤水库,在经验方程的基础上:①建立亚流域各土壤水库与亚流域生态特征(LAI)和气候(降雨)之间函数关系;②通过对亚流域的降雨-植冠截流过程、地表产流过程、表层入渗-亚表层产流过程、亚表层入渗过程的模拟,揭示降雨在亚流域的(地表和亚表层)径流和入渗等环节的再分配过程;③基于亚流域各土壤水库的水量(水位)建立了各土壤水库之间的水通量过程方程;④建立亚流域各库的蒸散发与生态特征(LAI)之间的函数关系模拟各库的蒸散发过程。最后,通过河道径流演算法则,并依据亚流域与流域总体之间的分布式关系,将各亚流域的径流汇总到整个流域,从而将亚流域空间的水文响应扩展到流域整体空间上,实现了大尺度异质性流域的水文过程和水量平衡模拟。     

河川枯水径流与极值形成机理研究

主要论述了河川枯水径流与极值的基本特征——枯水流量、枯水发生时间等,重点分析研究了枯水径流与极值形成的机理,即影响枯水径流极值形成机理的地带性因素——气候、植被等,以及枯水径流产生机理的非地带性因素——地质(包括水文地质)、地形地貌和人为因素。通过综合分析认为:不同地带的降水量对枯水径流产生重要的影响;土壤、植被是影响河川枯水径流不可低估的因素;地形对枯水极值有较大的影响;不同地质岩性,因透水性能等的差异,对枯水量及其变化都有不同程度的作用。     

SRM融雪径流模型在乌鲁木齐河源区的应用研究

 乌鲁木齐河源区发育现代冰川7条,冰川面积5.6 km²,并有大范围的积雪,冰雪消融期融雪径流对乌鲁木齐河贡献显著。应用SRM（snowmelt?runoff model）融雪径流模型来探讨乌鲁木齐河源区融雪期径流情况,利用度日方法,由流域本身特征及参变量获取方法的深入分析来率定模型参数,应用模拟指标Nash-Sutcliffe系数R²=0.702和积差Dv=6.81%来评价模型表现,研究发现：（1）气温、降水作为该模型的直接驱动变量对模型的模拟较为敏感。尝试对乌乌鲁木齐河源区的气温、降水数据进行IDW插值并进行修正,使得模型模拟精度提高,对模型变量的输入精度问题上提供了新的思路;（2）不同高度带上积雪的度日因子并不是稳定的,而度日因子的选取与调整对模型也非常重要;（3）模型本身的局限性也导致模拟精度的降低。结果表明SRM模型可在乌鲁木齐河流域推广应用,这必将对认识和利用乌鲁木齐河流域冰雪水资源具有重要意义。     

黄河源区基流估算

河川基流在水安全、粮食安全、非点源污染评价、水资源评价和调查、水资源配置、工农业供水和降雨-径流关系模拟中有着重要的应用。黄河源区(唐乃亥水文站以上区域)的产水量占黄河流域的35%以上,是黄河流域的重要产水区,对黄河源区基流的估算就显得尤为重要。根据研究区域的气候特征,对加里宁法在本区域的应用提出了改进,并提出了新的计算程序。在此基础上,和电子滤波法进行了对比分析。结果表明,电子滤波法非常敏感,滤波参数β控制了基流在总径流中的比例,β与基流成负相关关系,对于不同的来水年份,其敏感性分析图形的形态都很相似;改进的加里宁法基流划分过程强烈地依赖于日过程线的起伏情况,基流一般随着退水系数的增加而增大,加里宁法分割的基流对于参数的变化并不敏感。     

黄河小花间石山林区产汇流特征

产汇流机理研究是水文模拟的基础 ,从实测水文资料出发进行深入分析是认识产汇流特性的有效手段。黄河小花间 (小浪底 -花园口间 )洛河卢氏以上流域为典型的石山林区 ,产汇流特性不同于黄河流域的一般地区。从选取的 43场暴雨洪水资料分析得出 :该地区的暴雨空间分布不均匀 ,存在着明显的暴雨中心 ,产流机制和产流模式复杂。进一步分析变化环境下的降水径流特性后 ,发现年径流量的变化主要受控于降水特性 ,下垫面的改变和人类活动对年降水径流关系影响并不显著 ;但对次洪而言 ,该区生态保护和水土保持措施在一定程度上减少了产流能力 ,提高了暴雨径流相关性。     

应用环境同位素技术研究华北典型流域水循环机理的展望

华北水问题日益严重,而水循环机理研究尚显得薄弱。环境同位素水文学是研究流域水循环过程变化的新的技术途径。它利用水中水分子所含的同位素含量的变化,可以判断大气降水的水蒸气的来源;定量分析坡地的产汇流产生机制,进而研究"大气降水—地表水—土壤水—地下水"的相互作用关系;彻底查明流域"四水"转化关系,创新和发展水循环模式。本文主要介绍同位素技术的原理及其在日本、斯里兰卡、河北平原等地应用实例,最后,对应用此技术研究华北典型流域水循环,从"大气—土壤—植被"界面水循环机理、坡地径流的产汇流机制、流域水循环机理等方面进行了展望。     

沙层特性对沙盖黄土坡面产流产沙变化贡献的定量分析

沙盖黄土坡面产流产沙方式独特,侵蚀过程复杂,量化降雨过程中该类坡面产流产沙变化影响因素贡献的大小对揭示其侵蚀机理具有重要的意义。基于室内模拟降雨试验,定量分析沙层厚度（2 cm、5 cm和10 cm）和粒径组成（100%粒径≤ 0.25 mm、75%粒径≤ 0.25 mm +25%粒径> 0.25 mm、50%粒径≤ 0.25 mm+50%粒径> 0.25 mm、未处理原沙和100%粒径> 0.25 mm）在降雨过程中对产流产沙变化的影响和贡献。结果显示：沙层厚度增加能明显延长产流时间,减少总产流量,增加总产沙量,增大降雨过程中产流产沙的变异性;随沙层粒径组成变粗,初始产流时间和产沙量无明显变化规律,产流量有增大趋势。沙层厚度、粒径组成及二者交互作用对初始产流时间变化的贡献率分别为68.03%、15.77%和3.85%。沙层厚度对降雨不同时段15 min产流量和不同历时总产流量的贡献率分别在23.89%~52.22%和41.10%~48.94%之间,对相应产沙的贡献率分别在29.19%~62.01%和13.53%~30.31%之间。整体上沙层粒径组成变化对产流产沙量变化的贡献率小于沙层厚度,且无明显规律。沙层厚度和粒径组成交互作用对产流量和降雨中前期产沙量的影响显著（p < 0.05）,其对产流产沙变化的贡献率分别在13.12%~26.62%和3.22%~43.12%之间,不同降雨时段变化明显。研究结果说明,沙层厚度决定沙盖黄土坡面产流产沙过程,其和沙层粒径组成对产流产沙的影响和贡献随坡面沙层的侵蚀演化而动态变化,且二者的交互作用也不容忽视。     

Calculation of instream ecological water requirements under runoff variation conditions: Taking Xitiaoxi River in Taihu Lake Basin as an example

Climate change and human activity can cause remarkable hydrological variation.Traits of hydrological series such as runoff before and after the change points could be sig-nificantly different,so the calculation of instream ecological water requirements (EWRs) is confronted with more challenges.Taking the Xitiaoxi River (XTXR) in the upper reach of the Taihu Lake Basin as an example,this paper investigates the calculation of EWRs using the range of variability approach (RVA) under changing environment.The change point diagnosis of the natural and observed runoff series are conducted for XTXR.Then,differences in the hydrological alternation indicators and instream EWRs processes obtained from various daily runoff series are compared.It was found that the natural and observed annual runoff series in XTXR from 1957 to 2018 both show significant variations,and the change points are in 2007 and 1999 respectively.If runoff data before the change points or all runoff data are used,the instream EWRs obtained from natural runoff are significantly lower than those obtained from the observed runoff.At the monthly time step,EWRs differences within a year mainly oc-curred from May to August.Also,calculation results of the instream EWRs are strongly re-lated to the selected period of runoff series.The EWRs obtained using runoff series after the change points have rather acute fluctuation within a year.Therefore,when the RVA method is used under changing environment,the instream EWRs should be prudently determined by comparing different calculation results on the basis of river runoff restoration and variability analysis.To a certain extent,this paper enriches our understanding about the hydrological method for EWRs estimation,and proposes new ideas for future research on EWRs.     

潮河流域时变增益分布式水循环模型研究

在广泛了解有关分布式水文模型研究进展的基础上,结合中国实际资料条件和问题,提出了一种"水文循环机理-系统理论"相耦合的分布式水循环模型——时变增益分布式水循环模型(DTVGM),并建立了潮河流域分布式水文循环模型。实例研究表明,DTVGM的应用是比较成功的,基本上能够满足水资源管理的要求。     

半干旱地区地表水平衡的特征和模拟

作者分析了我国半干旱区草原典型地区的水量平衡的特点。由于地处东亚季风区和西风带的过渡带,降水主要集中在夏季,且多短时间对流性降水,其中绝大部分消耗于蒸发,地表径流很少,土壤比较干燥。冬季积雪, 春季融雪集中,能产生较强的径流,这与夏季降水形成的径流构成双峰型特征,在我国半干旱区较为典型。由于这些特点,在地表水量平衡的计算和模拟中,蒸发的估算十分重要,为此在植被-大气相互作用模式 (AVIM) 中对水文过程作了改进,模式中包含了大气-植被-土壤间的能量和水分传输过程,特别是半干旱区地表蒸发和植被的蒸腾过程作了比较细致的处理,考虑了蓄满和超渗两种产流机制,同时采用了一个简化的雪盖模型。以此模型模拟了内蒙古半干旱草原上锡林河流域的地表水文过程。计算结果显示,半干旱区地表水平衡,蒸发大而径流小及产流的春夏双峰型特征都能很好地模拟。这些过程的参数化方案也适用于非干旱区。     

潘家口水库入库水资源变化趋势及影响因素

采用滑动平均和线性回归法对潘家口水库1956~2003年入库径流进行了分析,探讨了影响径流变化的基本因素,给出了降雨量、用水量和下垫面等因素变化对径流量变化贡献程度的定量估算方法。结果表明:入库径流呈不规则的周期波动变化,且整体呈较为明显的减小趋势;降雨量、用水量和下垫面等因素变化是影响径流量变化的主要因素,特别是下垫面的变化,其贡献程度可达70%左右。     

Hydrological responses and soil erosion potential of abandoned cropland in the Loess Plateau, China

Recent changes in hydrological processes and soil erosion in the Loess Plateau, China, are immediate responses to cropland abandonment for revegetation, which lead to a long-term decrease in runoff generation and soil erosion. However, detailed hydrological responses and soil erosion changes have not been clearly evaluated. In this study, two issues were focused on the plot scale. The first issue relates to changes in vegetation cover and soil properties during the early stages of revegetation. Given the occurrence of soil compaction, it was hypothesized that runoff increased during this period and the soil erosion did not significantly decline, even though vegetation increased. The second issue is the effect of scale on runoff and soil erosion. Three plot groups of three vegetation types and two restoration stages were established for comparative experiments. The results from these experiments confirmed that the soil compaction occurred during revegetation in this region. Greater runoff was produced in plot group that experienced both a longer restoration time and with higher vegetation cover (such as Groups 2 and 3 in this study) than that with a shorter restoration time and lower vegetation cover (Group 1). In addition, the total soil loss rates of all plot groups were rather low and did not significantly differ from each other. This indicates that a reduction in runoff generation and soil erosion, as a result of revegetation, was limited in the early stages of restoration following the cropland abandonment. With increasing plot area, the runoff coefficient decreased for the plot group with a longer revegetation time (Groups 2 and 3), but gently increased for the one with a shorter restoration time (Group 1). In Groups 2 and 3, soil loss rate decreased when plot area enlarged. In Group 1, it decreased before a plot area threshold of 18 m² was exceeded. However, the increase occurred when plot area crossed the threshold value. In conclusion, the high vegetation cover alone did not lead to reduction in the runoff coefficient during the early stages of revegetation. When evaluating hydrological and soil erosion responses to revegetation, the soil compaction processes should be considered. Additionally, the effect of scale on runoff and soil erosion was found to be dependent on restoration extent, and thus on restoration time.     

A review of runoff generation and soil erosion across scales in semiarid south-eastern Spain

Climate, lithology, soil and especially, intense land use/cover changes, make SE Spain very vulnerable to runoff generation and water erosion leading to loss of nutrients and organic matter and to infrequent but devastating floods, reservoir siltation and mass failures. This susceptibility has led to heavy economic investment and research efforts since the 1980s, making this region a worldwide reference for understanding the hydrology and geomorphology of semiarid ecosystems. Runoff and soil erosion have been intensively studied throughout the last decades in various natural ecosystems as well as in abandoned farmlands. Research has considered a wide range of methods and spatial and temporal scales. This paper reviews the methods and data describing runoff generation and water erosion, synthesising the key processes involved, rates, thresholds and controlling factors from a scale-dependent perspective. It also identifies the major gaps in current knowledge to provide recommendations for further research towards solutions that reduce the negative impacts of erosion. Research in SE Spain has contributed significantly to a better understanding of the effect of spatial and temporal scale on runoff and sediment yield measurements, and highlighted the important role of distinct erosion and sediment transport processes, hydrologic connectivity, spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall, the occurrence of extreme events and the impacts of land use changes. The most effective ways and challenges to predict runoff, soil erosion and sediment yield at the catchment scale are also discussed.     

黄河流域地表水耗损分析

在总结分析黄河流域1956~2000年地表水耗损量逐年过程变化特点的基础上,根据黄河流域大型灌区如上游宁夏引黄灌区、中游关中灌区、下游引黄灌区地表水耗损量结构现状,研究了黄河流域用水量结构调整的思路并论证了其实施可行性,分析了黄河流域地表水供、用、耗、排关系,这对于水资源供需平衡分析、水资源优化配置、维持河流健康生命等方面具有实际意义。     

基于雨洪安全格局的城市低影响开发模式研究

城市调蓄用地总量减少、泄洪网络被建设用地割裂、汇流用地与建设用地重叠等是造成城市内涝灾害的主要原因。本文尝试在产流源头、产流途径以及汇流地三个层面,充分利用原有自然雨洪调蓄系统,建立能够消纳极端暴雨水的城市低影响开发模式,以长沙市苏圫垸为例,基于地形数据、水文气象数据,运用ArcGIS空间分析和SCS水文模型,模拟极端降雨的雨洪淹没区和雨洪廊道,并建立雨洪安全格局。根据年径流总量控制率85%的海绵城市建设目标,结合模型模拟确定苏圫垸低影响开发设施位置及规模,即开发后应保留雨洪斑块面积228.2 hm²,控制水量107.5万m³,雨洪廊道面积51.5 hm²,控制水量10.1万m³。可为探索基于极端气候下内涝防控的海绵城市建设新模式提供参考。     

流域非点源污染模拟研究--以滇池流域为例

流域的水质管理是一个多步骤的过程,数学模型以其定量计算和动态操作在流域管理中起着重要作用。本文利用美国EPA开发的HSPF(HydrologicalSimulationProgramFortran)模型,选取云南滇池流域作为案例,给出非点源污染模型流域水文水质的模拟过程。首先在子流域划分的基础上,完成数据库的建立。参数估值主要依据流域性质、先前经验值、其他模拟研究和文献中的取值。参数优化、模型校正和模拟验证是采用流域河流出口流量和污染物浓度值完成。最后用校正后的模型计算了滇池流域河流入湖流量及各子流域污染总负荷量与非点源污染负荷量。     

Efficiency of rainwater harvesting of microcatchments and the role of their design

Microcatchment is a technique for collecting, storing and conserving local surface runoff in order to grow trees/shrubs. In this system, runoff water is generated on a plot and stored in the soil during runoff events, and trees/shrubs may utilize this water during the next dry season.Microcatchments have relatively small runoff generation areas (from dozens to hundreds sq. m) and are cheap and simple to implement Their collection area is usually a small depression located nearby the runoff generating area in which one or a few trees/shrubs may be planted Due to the short overland flow path runoff generation is efficient and even short low intensity storms may generate runoff. The drawback is however that due to the small size of the generating area small volumes of water are conveyed to the storage plots. Another drawback is susceptibility of the augmented water to evaporation. The main objective of present research presented hereafter was to estimate the effect the depth of the depression has on the efficiency of the water conservation in the soil profile. In the present study the storage plots were circular pits and the effect their depth had on evaporative losses and water distribution were studied.The results clearly show that the depth of the pit significantly affects evaporative water losses. The losses were separately computed for the soil cylinder whose upper surface is the bottom of the pit and for the surrounding shell. No differences between treatments were evident for losses from the inner cylinder. Significant differences in water losses were however observed for the surrounding shell where the shallow pits losing as much as six times more than the deeper pits.