Radiation-induced defects in quartz. III. Single-crystal EPR,ENDOR and ESEEM study of a peroxy radical

The X- and W-band single-crystal electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of an electron-irradiated natural quartz permit quantitative analysis of a ²⁹Si hyperfine structure (A ~12.6 MHz) and an ²⁷Al hyperfine structure (A ≤ 0.8 MHz) for a previously reported hole-like center. The ²⁹Si hyperfine structure arises from interaction with two equivalent Si atoms and is characterized by the direction of the unique A axis close to a Si–O bond direction. The ²⁷Al hyperfine structure, confirmed by pulsed electron nuclear double resonance and electron spin echo envelope modulation spectra, is characterized by the unique A axis approximately along a twofold symmetry axis. These ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al hyperfine data, together with published theoretical results on peroxy radicals in SiO₂ as well as our own density functional theory (DFT) calculations on model peroxy centers, suggest this hole-like center to have the unpaired spin on a pair of oxygen atoms linked to two symmetrically equivalent Si atoms and a substitutional Al³⁺ ion across the c-axis channel, a first peroxy radical in quartz. The nuclear quadrupole matrix P also suggests that the Al³⁺ ion corresponds closely to the diamagnetic precursor to the [AlO₄]⁰ center. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Radiation-induced defects in quartz. II. Single-crystal W-band EPR study of a natural citrine quartz

Single-crystal electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of a natural citrine quartz without any artificial irradiation, measured at W-band frequencies (∼94 GHz) and temperatures of 77, 110 and 298 K, allow better characterization of three previously-reported Centers (#6, #7 and B) and discovery of three new defects (B′, C′ and G′). The W-band EPR spectra reveal that Centers #6 and #7 do not reside on twofold symmetry axes, contrary to results from a previous X-band EPR study. The W-band spectra also show that the previously reported Center B is a mixture of two defects (B and B′) with similar g matrices but different-sized ²⁷Al hyperfine structures. Center C′ has similar principal g values to the previously reported Center C but is distinct from the latter by a larger ²⁷Al hyperfine structure with splittings from 0.10 to 0.22 mT. Also, Center G′ has a similar g matrix to the previously reported Center G but a different ²⁷Al hyperfine structure with splittings from 0.41 to 0.53 mT. These spin-Hamiltonian parameters, together with observed thermal properties and microwave-power dependence, suggest that Centers #6 and #7 probably represent O₂³⁻ type defects. Centers B and B′ are probably superoxide radicals (O₂⁻) with the unpaired spin localized on the same pair of oxygen atoms around a missing Si atom but linked to a substitutional Al³⁺ ion each at different neighboring tetrahedral sites. Similarly, Centers G and G′ are most likely superoxide radicals with the unpaired spin localized on another pair of oxygen atoms around a missing Si atom and linked to a substitutional Al³⁺ ion each at different neighboring tetrahedral sites. Center C′ is probably an ozonide radical associated with a missing Si atom and linked to a substitutional Al³⁺ ion at the neighboring tetrahedral site. This study exemplifies the value of  high-frequency EPR for discrimination of  similar defect centers and determination of  small local structural distortions that are often difficult to resolve in conventional  X- and Q-band EPR studies.     

宁洱火山区壳内岩浆囊现今温度:来自CO_2-CH_4碳同位素地质温度计的估计

温度是岩浆囊的重要物理参数,获取温度参数并监测其变化对更好地理解岩浆囊的物理化学性质和行为、评价火山的活动性和喷发危险性具有重要的理论和现实意义。火山岩浆-水热系统丰富的含碳气体,这些含碳气体间碳同位素温度计为我们解决休眠火山区地下岩浆囊的温度问题提供了可能。我们对宁洱火山区地表地热异常强度最高区的4个温泉点CO_2、CH_4碳同位素组成进行了2年的连续观测和2次平行观测,利用观测数据对CO_2、CH_4气体的岩浆来源进行了甄别,对CO_2-CH_4间碳同位素分馏是否发到平衡进行了判断,然后利用Horita CO_2-CH_4碳同位素平衡分馏方程计算了宁洱-通关火山区逸出气体的源区温度。结果表明:宁洱火山区4个样点中,1个样点的CO_2和CH_4均为非岩浆成因,其他3个样点的主要属于岩浆来源。剔除了非岩浆来源的数据后的δ-Δ图解法判断CO_2-CH_4间碳同位素分馏达到了平衡。3个样点的CO_2、CH_4碳气体源区温度分别为425~475℃、941~995℃和1179~1578℃。结合最上部地壳温度场结果,我们认为,宁洱火山区现今存在2个壳内岩浆房,分别位于宁洱火山以南和通关火山以北,宁洱岩浆房的温度为1179~1578℃,通关岩浆房的温度为941~995℃。2个岩浆房的现今温度已达到流纹岩浆(600~900℃)、安山岩(800~1100℃)和玄武岩浆(1000~1250℃)的形成温度。思普地震带空间上密集的6级地震丛集活动可以用宁洱岩浆房的高活动性来解释。δ-Δ图解法判断CO_2-CH_4间碳同位素分馏平衡准则应修正为:在保持两拟合直线的斜率符号相反的条件下,δ~(13)CCO_2-ΔCO_2-CH_4拟合直线和δ~(13)CCH_4-ΔCO_2-CH_4拟合直线应相交于δ轴附近截距差Δb≤0.16处。     

松辽盆地徐深1井气藏气源的氢、碳同位素特征

选取松辽盆地内泥岩样品和煤样进行热模拟实验,建屯了两个样品成甲烷的氢、碳同位素分馏动力学模型并标定了动力学参数.分别以徐深1井区、沉降中心地质资料为例进行研究,表明两处源岩均有短期内大量生气的特点,气源岩生气期分别为距今95.5～73 Ma和距今0～73 Ma.计算得到两处源岩沙河子组暗色泥岩和煤、火石岭组暗色泥岩和煤所生天然气单独运聚成藏（自开始生烃到现今累积成藏）所对应的δDCH4 和δ13C1,进而定量计算出徐深1井区源岩所生甲烷的δDCH4 为-237.3‰,δ13C1为-28.8‰,沉降中心气源岩所生甲烷的δDCH4 为-2.5‰,δ13C1为-24.8‰.以各区域天然气混合后的δDCH4 作为来源气体的端元同位素值,根据物质平衡原理计算得到：徐深1井区源岩对该区气藏的贡献比例约占72%,沉降中心源岩的贡献比例约为28%.同理以δ13C1.方法得到徐深1井区源岩对该区气藏的贡献比例约占66%,沉降中心源岩的贡献比例约为34%.氢、碳同位素分馏的化学动力学地质应用结果存在的差异与同位素分馏模型标定所用热模拟实验为不加水实验有关.     

Displacement behavior of CH4 adsorbed on coals by injecting pure CO2, N2, and CO2–N2 mixture

Gas adsorption isotherms of Akabira coals were established for pure carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrogen (N₂). Experimental data fit well into the Langmuir model. The ratio of sorption capacity of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂ is 8.5:3.5:1 at a lower pressure (1.2 MPa) regime and becomes 5.5:2:1 when gas pressure increases to 6.0 MPa. The difference in sorption capacity of these three gases is explained by differences in the density of the three gases with increasing pressure. A coal–methane system partially saturated with CH₄ at 2.4 MPa adsorption pressure was experimentally studied. Desorption behavior of CH₄ by injecting pure CO₂ (at 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 MPa), and by injecting the CO₂–N₂ mixture and pure N₂ (at 3.0 and 6.0 MPa) were evaluated. Results indicate that the preferential sorption property of coal for CO₂ is significantly higher than that for CH₄ or N₂. CO₂ injection can displace almost all of the CH₄ adsorbed on coal. When modeling the CH₄–CO₂ binary and CH₂–CO₂–N₂ ternary adsorption system by using the extended Langmuir (EL) equation, the EL model always over-predicted the sorbed CO₂ value with a lower error, while under-predicting the sorbed CH₄ with a higher error. A part of CO₂ may dissolve into the solid organic structure of coal, besides its competitive adsorption with other gases. According to this explanation, the EL coefficients of CO₂ in EL equation were revised. The revised EL model proved to be very accurate in predicting sorbed ratio of multi-component gases on coals.     

Environmental significance of C/C and O/O ratios of modern land-snail shells from the southern great plains of North America

¹³C/¹²C and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratios of aragonite shells of modern land snails from the southern Great Plains of North America were measured for samples from twelve localities in a narrow east-west corridor that extended from the Flint Hills in North Central Oklahoma to the foothills of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in Northern New Mexico, USA. Across the study area, shell δ¹⁸O values (PDB scale) ranged from −4.1‰ to 1.2‰, while δ¹³C values ranged from −13.2‰ to 0.0‰. δ¹⁸O values of the shell aragonite were predicted with a published, steady state, evaporative flux balance model. The predicted values differed (with one exception) by less than 1‰ from locality averages of measured δ¹⁸O values. This similarity suggests that relative humidity at the time of snail activity is an important control on the δ¹⁸O values of the aragonite and emphasizes the seasonal nature of the climatic information preserved in the shells. Correlated δ¹³C values of coexisting Vallonia and Gastrocopta suggest similar feeding habits and imply that these genera can provide information on variations in southern Great Plains plant ecology. Although there is considerable scatter, multispecies, transect average δ¹³C values of the modern aragonite shells are related to variations in the type of photosynthesis (i.e., C₃, C₄) in the local plant communities. The results of this study emphasize the desirability of obtaining isotope ratios representing averages of many shells in a locale to reduce possible biases associated with local variations among individuals, species, etc., and thus better represent the “neighborhood” scale temporal and/or spatial environmental variations of interest in studies of modern and ancient systems.     

Origin and Distribution Factors of Sour Gases in Natural Gas Reservoirs in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block,Turkmenistan

Through the analysis of original carbon isotopes in the blocks on the right bank of the Amu Darya River, Turkmenistan, it can be firstly concluded that the carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the sour gas reservoirs belongs to the inorganic-origin gas. The origin of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block is thermochemical sulfate reduction from the detailed analysis of hydrocarbon source rocks data, reservoir characteristics, vitrinite reflectance of organic matter, and sour gas content. Then, the factors affecting the distribution of sour gases in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block were investigated by the analysis of conventional sour gas distribution factors including geological structure, fracture and fault, caprock integrity, sedimentary facies, reservoir types, lithofacies, the source of sulfur and so on. The following basic findings were achieved: ① The basement rift in the study area is conductive to the distribution of CO₂. The caprock integrity contributes to the concentration of CO₂. The gas reservoirs in the biological dike reefs, patch reefs and overthrust zones usually have medium CO₂ content. ② The geological structure and fracture caused the complexity of the distribution of H₂S. The gypsum-salt rock in upper Jurassic-Tithonian is an important sulphur source, and the main hydrocarbon source rocks are also the major sulfur source of H₂S gas reservoirs. Furthermore, the giant gypsum layers in the middle-upper Jurassic Callovian-Oxfordian and the upper Jurassic-Tithonian are conductive to preservation of H₂S, and the small openings and holes in the reservoir is also correlative to the distribution of H₂S. ③ The H₂S in the study area is mostly distributed in the formations with the geothermal temperature of higher than 100 ℃. The open platform deep-water sedimentary facies are harmful to the formation of H₂S. The patch reef and overthrust zones belong to the belts of low H₂S content, however, the biological dike reef zones belong to the belts of medium-high H₂S content. However, the origin and distribution factors of sour gases in natural gas reservoirs were obtained. At the same time, it was pointed out that more necessary and accurately quantitative research is still needed to determine the origin and distribution of acid gases in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block, Turkmenistan.     

Analysis of impact factors on scrubland soil respiration in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert,central Asia

Monitoring soil CO₂ respiration with chamber measurements and identifying controlling factors such as the diversity of vegetation species, moisture and temperature can help guide desert scrubland management. Soil CO₂ respiration and potential controlling factors at four sites in desert scrubland were examined along the Sangong River Basin (SRB) in northwestern China in 2004. Soil CO₂ respiration descended along the SRB as did the diversity of vegetation species, air temperature and air humidity. The two sites of the field station (FS) and the north desert (ND) and the low reaches of the SRB among these locations were monitored to analyze the effects of pH value, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) on soil CO₂ respiration during the growing season in 2005. The ND site was located at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert; the FS site was in the border area of the SRB Alluvial Fan. One-way ANOVA was performed. The result showed that air humidity and CaCO₃ content had a strong influence on soil CO₂ respiration; SOC content was a limitation to soil CO₂ respiration in the arid-desert zone. Effective management activities can attenuate soil CO₂ respiration and keep carbon balance trends at a desirabe level in desert scrublands.     

四川昭觉地区优质偏硅酸地下水的特征、成因及其开发利用建议

【研究目的】近年来,随着生活水平的不断提高,人们对健康饮水的要求也在不断提高,寻找与开发富含H₂SiO₃等矿物质优质地下水已成为关键。【研究方法】本文以昭觉地区水文地质调查工程、地下水污染调查工程所获取的地下水化学数据为基础,探讨了昭觉地区富H₂SiO₃地下水的分布特点、元素水文地球化学特征、形成条件及成因。【研究结果】结果显示：（1）全县富H₂SiO₃（≥25 mg/L）地下水均属于低矿化度偏碱性水,分布在基底岩石为玄武岩的6个片区,H₂SiO₃含量一般介于25.74~46.04 mg/L,pH含量一般介于7.4~8.58,TDS含量一般介于49.4~333 mg/L;（2）玄武岩地下水存在HCO₃－Ca、HCO₃－Ca·Mg、HCO₃－Ca·Na、HCO₃－Ca·Mg·Na、HCO₃－Na等5种水化学类型,总体以HCO₃－Ca · Mg为主,其次为HCO₃－Ca,再次为HCO₃－Ca · Na,三者分别占总采样点数的50.00%、25.76%、12.12%;（3）全县富H₂SiO₃地下水的形成受水岩相互作用、硅酸盐矿物的分布范围及其可溶性、围岩裂隙发育程度、水源涵养及补给条件等四方面因素影响,其中水岩相互作用占据主导作用;（4）在后续开发利用过程中,需进一步揭示影响地下水中H₂SiO₃分布与迁移的因素。【结论】研究结果可以为昭觉地区矿泉水产业的发展及城乡优质水源地的建设提供依据。创新点：系统总结了昭觉县优质偏硅酸地下水空间分布特征和水化学特征;从形成条件与水岩作用的角度探讨了优质偏硅酸地下水的形成机制。     

安徽省铜陵桂山铜铅锌矿C-H-O-S-Pb 同位素地球化学特征及其意义

安徽铜陵桂山铜铅锌矿床是铜陵矿集区沙滩脚矿田内近年来新发现的以铜矿为主,伴生铅锌矿的中小型多金属矿床,该矿床的矿体主要赋存于三叠系南陵湖组灰岩与青山花岗闪长斑岩体接触带附近及花岗闪长斑岩体内。本文在对该矿床地质特征的研究基础上,对代表性（岩）矿石进行碳、氢、氧、硫、铅同位素研究分析,据此约束该矿床的成矿流体和成矿物质来源。研究成果显示, 桂山铜铅锌矿床中方解石样品中δ¹³C_V-PDB 值为−3.2‰～2.0‰ 间,δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW 为8.3‰～15.2‰ 间,石英流体包裹体水的δD_V-SMOW 为−112.6‰～−6.8‰,δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW 为10.5‰～14.7‰,矿石中硫化物δ³⁴S值变化范围为−0.9‰～4.1‰,具塔式分布特征,矿石铅中的²⁰⁶Pb /²⁰⁴Pb 比值为18.409～18.585,²⁰⁷Pb /²⁰⁴Pb 比值为15.588～15.703,²⁰⁸Pb /²⁰⁴Pb 比值为38.483～38.843,以上指示了桂山铜铅锌矿床的成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水,并有大气降水的加入。分异成矿流体的岩浆可能来源于地幔,且伴有上地壳物质混入的特点。岩浆-地幔的溶解作用,伴有地层中碳质的混入。     

Distribution of deep carbon dioxide in relation to the structure and tectonic evolution of south-east France

Abstract

Throughout SE France, ¹³C-values of CO₂releases suggest that a variable part of the C0₂ emission derives from mantle and/or lower crust. Carbon dioxide emission takes place in various geological settings. Geodynamical analyses lead to the identification of five provinces: the Sub-Alpine Ranges, the French Massif Central, the Mediterranean part of the Languedoc, the western Pyrénées and the Alps at the West of the Penninic front. Possible correlations are suggested between CO₂ flux and tectonic history of the structural provinces.

Possible processes by which CO₂ is extracted from the mantle, stored and transferred to the surface are investigated for each of these provinces. Major crustal scale gas movements may have taken place during the Carboniferous (Variscan and Late Variscan tectogenesis), the Lias and Dogger (rifting), the Upper Cretaceous and the Cenozoic (Alpine tectogenesis), A model of successive circulations of fluids on the scale of the whole Southeastern France CO₂-belt is proposed. This integrated isotopic and geodynamic approach contributes to a better understanding of the regional CO₂flux.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定硫化矿中的银铜铅锌

过渡金属Cu、Co、Ni、Zn、Pb等及贵金属元素(铂族元素和Au、Ag)高度富集在硫化物中,尤其是富集在岩浆硫化物中,常形成具有工业开采价值的矿产,因而硫化物矿物具有重大的经济价值。而硫化物矿种类多,不同类型硫化物矿中Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn含量高低不同,有些被强酸分解不完全,产生沉淀,导致检测结果波动性较大、精密度偏低。本文针对含黄铁矿、铅和铜分别以方铅矿和黄铜矿形式存在的较难溶的硫化物矿,在矿样中先加盐酸加热除硫后,再用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸三种强酸分解,以新配制的王水提取,使该类样品获得了理想的分解效果,特别是对银、铅含量较高的样品分解效果改善较显著。试液用火焰原子吸收光谱和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱都能准确测定Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn,两种方法的相对误差在±2.32%以内,测定值基本一致,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)均小于3.5%,四个元素的检出限均低于0.0090!g/m L,低于文献检出限。     

羌塘盆地双湖地区早中侏罗世过渡期碳同位素波动及成因研究

藏北双湖县巴岭乡地区出露一套深水相黑色页岩地层,包括下侏罗统曲色组和中侏罗统色哇组二个组地层单元。根据菊石化石控制的生物地层时代,下伏曲色组划归Pliensbachian-Toarcian 阶,上覆色哇组级代表Aalenian-Bajocian 期沉积,二者之间为连续沉积,是目前西藏特提斯域菊石化石控制程度最高的中下侏罗统地层。野外实测了索布查J₂/J₁界线剖面,按2m间距采集了148件样品,室内开展了无机碳（δ¹³C_carb）和有机碳（δ¹³C_kero）分析,目的是揭示早侏罗世末期到中侏罗世初期这一时段的古海洋演化过程。研究结果表明,曲色组沉积期古海水δ¹³C_DIC偏正,而色哇组δ¹³C_DIC偏负,J₂/J₁界线上下δ¹³C_carb值显示阶步式负向偏移的特点。根据相关分馏方程计算,Toarcian期海洋浮游植物繁盛,δ¹³C_DIC偏正_,海水营养盐NO₃浓度偏低,而Aalenian期海洋浮游植物衰减,δ¹³C_DIC偏低,NO₃浓度升高。沉积有机质或干酪根碳同位素δ¹³C_kero在J₂/J₁界线上下与δ¹³C_carb变化趋势一致,也具有由高值逐渐偏低的特点,但δ¹³C_carb和δ¹³C_kero变化曲线的波峰和波谷并不同步,这是因为海源和陆源有机质相对含量高低变化所致。文中根据碳同位素质量平衡方程,定量的描述了索布查界线剖面陆源和海源有机质比例的变化过程,讨论了曲色组和色哇组烃源岩在油气勘探中的意义。     

中国东部CO2气地球化学特征及其气藏分布

中国东部CO₂气田(藏)发育广泛,分布复杂。本文对中国东部松辽、渤海湾、苏北、三水、东海、珠江口、莺琼、北部湾等盆地和内蒙古商都地区以及部分现代构造岩浆活动区CO₂气田(藏)和气苗中CO₂的地球化学特征进行了分析和研究,探讨了中国东部CO₂气的成因、来源及分布。中国东部CO₂气的含量主要分布区间为0~10%,其次为90%~100%,呈现典型的U字型。δ¹³C_CO2值则呈现典型的单峰式分布,峰值区间为-6‰~-4‰。CO₂含量、δ¹³C_CO2值和R/Ra值综合表明,中国东部高含CO₂气以幔源无机成因为主,混有部分有机成因气和(或)壳源无机气。中国东部已发现的36个无机成因CO₂气田(藏)在空间分布上与新近纪及第四纪北西西向玄武岩活动带展布一致,深大断裂和岩浆活动是无机成因CO₂富集、运移和分布最重要、最直接的两大主控因素。     

敞开酸溶和偏硼酸锂碱熔ICP-MS法测定多金属矿中的稀土元素及铌钽锆铪

用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定地质样品中的稀土及难熔元素,混合酸敞开酸溶法和碱熔融法是两种主要的溶样方法。但地质样品组分复杂,元素之间存在相互共生的现象,对于特殊元素、特殊样品用传统酸溶法会造成部分元素消解不完全,使测定结果不准确;而碱熔法的操作过程繁琐,且溶液盐度高,易产生基体干扰和堵塞仪器进样系统。本文改进了传统四酸和五酸体系,采用氢氟酸-硝酸-硫酸敞开酸溶体系,用国家一级标准物质制作标准曲线测定15种稀土元素,方法准确度(ΔlgC)为0.001～0.027。同时改进了偏硼酸锂碱熔法,样品用偏硼酸锂碱熔提取,加入氢氧化钠调节溶液至碱性条件,所测元素与偏硼酸锂共沉淀后过滤分离熔剂,再用硝酸复溶测定15种稀土元素及铌钽锆铪。两种溶样方法的测定值与认定值的相对误差为1.09%～9.30%。将混合酸敞开酸溶法测定稀土元素、偏硼酸锂碱熔法测定铌钽锆铪的结果与其他实验室密闭酸溶法相比,两组数据的相对偏差为0.13%～15.32%。本实验表明,混合酸敞开酸溶法适用于测定地质样品中的稀土元素,偏硼酸锂碱熔法不仅适用于测定地质样品中的稀土元素及铌钽锆铪,也适用于测定如古老高压变质岩石及铝含量高的样品中的铌钽锆铪。     

2022年1月8日青海门源MS 6.9地震地表破裂考察的初步结果及对冷龙岭断裂活动行为和区域强震危险性的启示

2022年1月8日青海门源M_S 6.9地震发生在青藏高原东北缘的祁连山断块内部,仪器震中位于海原活动断裂系西段的冷龙岭断裂带上,是该断裂系自1920年海原8.5级大地震后再次发生M>6.5的强震。考察结果的初步总结表明,此次门源地震产生了呈左阶斜列分布、总长度近23 km的南北两条破裂,在两者之间存在长约3.2 km、宽近2 km的地表破裂空区。南支破裂(F₁)出现在托来山断裂的东段,走向91°,长约2.4 km,以兼具向南逆冲的左旋走滑变形为主,最大走滑位移近0.4 m。北支主破裂(F₂)出现在冷龙岭断裂的西段,总长度近20 km,以左旋走滑变形为主,呈整体微凸向北东的弧形展布,包含了走向分别为102°、109°和118°的西、中、东三段,最大走滑位移出现在中段,为3.0±0.2 m。此外,在北支主破裂中—东段的北侧新发现一条累计长度约7.6 km、以右旋正断为主的北支次级破裂(F₃),累计最大走滑量约0.8 m,最大正断位移约1.5 m。综合分析认为,整个同震破裂以左旋走滑变形为主,具有双侧破裂特点,宏观震中位于北支主破裂的中段,其地表走滑位移很大可能与震源破裂深度浅有关,其中的右旋正断次级破裂可能是南侧主动盘向东运移过程中拖曳北侧块体发生差异运动所引起的特殊变形现象。印度与欧亚板块近南北向强烈碰撞挤压导致南祁连断块沿海原左旋走滑断裂系向东挤出,从而引发该断裂系中的托来山断裂与冷龙岭断裂同时发生破裂,成为导致此次强震的主要动力机制。在此大陆动力学背景下,以海原左旋走滑断裂系为主边界的祁连山断块及其周边的未来强震危险性需得到进一步重视。      

Crustal thickness and VP/VS variations in the Grenville orogen (Ontario, Canada) from analysis of teleseismic receiver functions

We have developed a simple semblance-weighted stacking technique to estimate crustal thickness and average V_P/V_S ratio using teleseismic receiver functions. We have applied our method to data from 32 broadband seismograph stations that cover a 700 × 400 km² region of the Grenville orogen, a 1.2–0.98 Ga Himalayan-scale collisional belt in eastern North America. Our seismograph network partly overlaps with Lithoprobe and other crustal refraction surveys. In 8 out of 9 cases where a crustal-refraction profile passes within 30 km of a seismograph station, the two independent crustal thickness estimates agree to within 7%. Our regional crustal-thickness model, constructed using both teleseismic and refraction observations, ranges between 34.0 and 52.4 km. Crustal-thickness trends show a strong correlation with geological belts, but do not correlate with surface topography and are far in excess of relief required to maintain local isostatic equilibrium. The thickest crust (52.4 ± 1.7 km) was found at a station located within the 1.1 Ga mid-continent (failed) rift. The Central Gneiss Belt, which contains rocks exhumed from deep levels of the crust, is characterized by V_P/V_S ranging from 1.78 to 1.85. In other parts of the Grenville orogen, V_P/V_S is found to be generally less than 1.80. The thinnest crust (34.5–37.0 km) occurs northeast of the 0.7 Ga Ottawa–Bonnechere graben and correlates with areas of high intraplate seismicity.     

The controls of geomorphology and sediment supply on sequence stratigraphic architecture and sediment partitioning of the lacustrine rift basin in the Es3 of Liuzan area,Nanpu Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

An important hydrocarbon reservoir is hosted by the third member of the Shahejie Formation (Es₃) in the Liuzan area, Nanpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China. The Es₃ can be divided into five third-order sequences (from base to top: Sq1, Sq2, Sq3, Sq4 and Sq5). Utilising well logs, cores and high-resolution 3-D seismic data, this study investigates the development characteristics and styles of sediment transport pathways in the steep-slope zone of the lacustrine rift basin. Two styles of sediment transport pathway are identified in the study area, including the faulted trough and fault slope-break zone. The faulted trough is divided into a single faulted trough, synthetic faulted trough and antithetic faulted trough. The fault slope-break zone is composed of synthetic fault slope-break zone and antithetic fault slope-break zone. The fan-delta plain and fan-delta front are recognised in the study area. The different styles of delivery conduits control depositional facies types and the spatial and temporal evolution of fan-delta depositional systems from Sq3 to Sq5. Based on paleo-geomorphological reconstruction, the dispersal pattern of the steep-slope zone system divided into a northern steep-slope system and an eastern steep-slope system is established. In Sq3, the northern steep-slope system develops large-scale mixed sandy–muddy fan-delta deposits derived from the NW. The eastern steep-slope system feeds the medium-scale gravel-rich fan-delta sediments. In Sq4, the large-scale mixed sandy–muddy fan-delta deposits develop from the NNE direction in the northern steep-slope system. The small-scale sand-rich fan-delta sediments are transported from the eastern steep-slope system. In Sq5, the large-scale mixed sand–mud fan-delta deposits are fed by both the northern steep-slope system and eastern steep-slope system. The strata stacking pattern exhibits a seesaw mode in the study area. Based on the analysis of the channel-belt thickness and the fan-scales, the paleogeomorphology of the drainage area in Sq3 and Sq4 and sediment supply in Sq5 alternatively control the sequence stratigraphic architecture and sediment partitioning in the sink area. The model proposed in this study may aid in the prediction of favourable reservoirs and good source–reservoir–seal development in lacustrine rift basin.     

南海与台湾岛东部海域浅地层碳酸盐旋回

前人提出南海晚第四纪碳酸钙含量变化存在“大西洋型”和“太平洋型”两种基本类型,本文利用δ¹⁸O、CaCO₃含量、Al₂O₃含量、SiO₂含量、浮游有孔虫丰度及钙质超微化石丰度,来表征南海与台湾东部海域13个柱状样的碳酸盐旋回特征。CaCO₃含量和SiO₂含量通常是表征碳酸盐旋回的良好指标,二者的变化常呈相互消长关系。研究区碳酸盐旋回包括“大西洋型”和“太平洋型”两种标准型式,但也存在不规则形态。“大西洋型”碳酸盐旋回与海平面冰期-间冰期升降旋回密切相关,本文研究的具有该旋回特征的柱状样主要分布在南海水深3000 m以浅区域,其中南海北部碳酸盐旋回很可能伴随着海平面下降（上升）期间富集陆源较粗（细）颗粒物的过程。“太平洋型”碳酸盐旋回在南海现今碳酸钙溶跃面上下很大水深范围都有分布,碳酸钙溶解作用旋回不是“太平洋型”碳酸盐旋回的根本原因。本文研究的台湾东部海域柱状样碳酸盐旋回既不属于大西洋型,也不属于太平洋型。研究区浅地层沉积速率变化与碳酸盐旋回的型式关系不大,主要受控于水深和冰期旋回中海平面变化。随着水深增大,沉积速率趋于增加。MIS2期平均沉积速率大约是MIS1期平均沉积速率的2倍多。