CFCs法在鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地浅层地下水年龄研究中的应用

鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地是中国重要的能源基地,利用CFCS方法对鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地年轻地下水年龄进行测定,取得了比较准确的结果。结果表明,盆地地下水系统可以分为局部地下水系统、中间地下水系统和区域地下水系统。地下水盆地内局部地下水系统地下水循环更替快,年龄为20 a左右,地下水年龄随深度增加而增加;中间地下水系统和区域地下水系统地下水循环更替相对较慢,年龄大于70 a,可以寻求14C等其他同位素方法确定准确年龄。     

人工回灌对地下水年龄分布规律的影响

地下水可更新能力是评价地下水开发可持续性的关键指标,可更新能力可以用地下水年龄来定量表达。在人类活动影响下,地下水的实际更新状况已与自然条件下截然不同。基于台兰河流域地下水库建设和人工回灌工作现状,通过物理试验和数值模拟相结合的方法分别研究了入渗池位置,回灌强度和包气带厚度对地下水年龄分布规律的影响。结果表明:人工回灌使地下水年龄整体变年轻;入渗池位置和回灌强度的改变对地下水年龄分布的影响显著;包气带厚度的增大使回灌水滞留时间延长,导致地下水年龄增大,该研究可为合理评价区域地下水可更新能力提供技术指导。     

鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地地下水水化学类型的分布规律

在对鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地1 125件地下水化学样品进行分析的基础上,总结出研究区不同循环深度地下水化学类型的分布规律。总体上,盆地北区大致以安边—四十里梁—东胜梁地表分水岭为界,东侧地区的浅层、中层和深层地下水化学类型均以HCO₃型水为主,地下水水平分带不典型;而分水岭以西的摩林河－盐海子地下水系统和都思兔河—盐池地下水系统中,包括浅层、中层和深层在内的各层地下水表现为沿地下水流向,向盆地北、西侧边界,水化学类型具有明显的水平分带规律。而盆地南区地下水分层径流明显,水化学类型复杂,总体上存在一个以定边—环县—合水—华池—吴旗—定边为中心的北部由北向南、东部由东向西、南部由西南向东北的水平分带。     

基于Matlab小型潜水盆地地下水流动系统模拟研究

托特等人基于小型潜水盆地研究逐渐发展起来的地下水流动系统理论,是水文地质学发展中的一个重大突破.为了方便教学以及进一步完善小型潜水盆地模型中相关问题,尝试用Matlab的PDE工具箱解决这些问题.结果表明,运用Matlab的PDE Toolbox求解小型潜水盆地模型便捷高效;结果还表明不同流动系统水流相向汇流处及盆地下部两个角落均会形成水动力圈闭带.     

非均质含水层中地下水年龄数值模拟

地下水年龄数值模拟是近年来国际地下水领域的一个全新研究方向。在简单介绍地下水年龄数值模拟相关理论和方法基础上,通过一个简单算例模拟对比了稳定流条件下不同非均质含水层中的水流运动和年龄分布,探讨了夹层透水性的强弱对地下水年龄分布的影响。结果表明,在地下水系统保持补径排通量不变的前提下,弱透水夹层的存在对于特定区域地下水的深部循环和更新具有积极作用。同时,在模拟区域深部含水层的年龄分布时,不能忽略其弥散作用。地下水年龄模拟为研究区域尺度上的地下水循环和地下水资源可持续利用提供了一种新的途径。     

陇东白垩系盆地地下水水化学特征及分布规律

陇东白垩系盆地地处甘肃省陇东黄土高原地区.盆地内蕴藏有丰富的地下水资源,然在特定的地理环境及地质构造背景条件下,地下水化学特征变化复杂.对陇东白垩系盆地保安群地下水的水化学特征进行分析研究,得出:盆地内划分的白垩系三层含水岩组水化学特征及分布规律各具特征,整个盆地内地下水水化学场存在一个大致以马莲河为中心、由周边向中部的水平分带,TDS从盆地东西两侧向中心由低渐高;而垂直分带规律则根据水动力特征,分为水交替强烈带、水交替缓慢带和水交替极缓慢带,各带的水化学特征也不相同.     

鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地地下水流动系统驻点的理论与实际意义

地下水系统理论、达西定律和泰斯公式是水文地质学的三大支柱理论,地下水流动系统理论较好地刻画了盆地尺度地下水的循环特征,是指导区域地下水勘查与合理开发利用的重要工具。迄今为止,对地下水流动系统中驻点的形成机理和特征的认识一直停留在定性分析阶段,在实际的大型盆地地下水流动系统中发现并证实驻点存在的实例也不多见。以鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地北部的二号剖面为例,利用双Packer系统获取的不同深度地下水位、水化学和同位素的分层数据,采用水动力学、水化学和放射性碳同位素等综合方法,以实际资料证实并发现在大型盆地深层地下水流动系统中驻点的存在,但这个驻点并不是一个点,而是占据了一定的区域;理论研究认为驻点附近地下水的溶解性总固体较高,实际情况不一定如此,也可以是较低矿化的水,它取决于含水介质中可溶盐量的多少。该项成果进一步完善了地下水流动系统的理论,具有重要的理论与实际意义。     

鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地水文地质概念模型

水文地质概念模型是地下水模拟与水资源评价的基础。为了构建地下水数值模拟模型,以鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地为研究对象,以丰富翔实的勘查资料为依据,从白垩系地下水系统边界条件、水文地质结构、水流系统、水文地质参数、源汇项等方面进行概化,联合采用ArcGIS、RS、GMS同位素、基流分割、地质统计学、随机模拟等技术方法,建立了一组水文地质概念模型及其相应的空间离散表达,并讨论了地下水模拟面临的问题与发展趋势。     

利用反向粒子示踪技术确定地下水的年龄

利用粒子示踪技术确定地下水径流途径和地下水年龄可以查明地下水的循环机理,介绍了基于新一代交互式语言IDL在粒子示踪研究中的应用.在剖面地下水流数值模拟的基础上,利用IDL语言开发了反向离子示踪程序,并结合鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地的水文地质剖面进行了实例研究.     

Effects of intraborehole flow on groundwater age distribution

Environmental tracers are used to estimate groundwater ages and travel times, but the strongly heterogeneous nature of many subsurface environments can cause mixing between waters of highly disparate ages, adding additional complexity to the age-estimation process. Mixing may be exacerbated by the presence of wells because long open intervals or long screens with openings at multiple depths can transport water and solutes rapidly over a large vertical distance. The effect of intraborehole flow on groundwater age was examined numerically using direct age transport simulation coupled with the Multi-Node Well Package of MODFLOW. Ages in a homogeneous, anisotropic aquifer reached a predevelopment steady state possessing strong depth dependence. A nonpumping multi-node well was then introduced in one of three locations within the system. In all three cases, vertical transport along the well resulted in substantial changes in age distributions within the system. After a pumping well was added near the nonpumping multi-node well, ages were further perturbed by a flow reversal in the nonpumping multi-node well. Results indicated that intraborehole flow can substantially alter groundwater ages, but the effects are highly dependent on local or regional flow conditions and may change with time.     

Groundwater recharge and discharge processes in the Jakarta groundwater basin, Indonesia

Proper management of groundwater resources requires knowledge of the processes of recharge and discharge associated with a groundwater basin. Such processes have been identified in the Jakarta groundwater basin, Indonesia using a theory that describes the simultaneous transfer of heat and fluid in a porous medium. Temperature-depth profiles in monitoring wells are used to determine the geothermal gradient. To examine the rules of groundwater flow in the distortion of the isotherms in this area, several methods are compared. Subsurface temperature distribution is strongly affected by heat advection due to groundwater flow. Under natural flow conditions, the recharge area is assumed to occur in the hills and uplands, which are located on the periphery of the Jakarta basin, and the discharge area is located in the central and northern part of the Jakarta groundwater basin. A transition area, which could act as local recharge and discharge areas, occupies the middle of the lowland. Subsurface temperatures show good correlation with the groundwater flow conditions, and the data yield important information on the location of recharge and discharge areas.     

柳林泉域滞流区低温岩溶热水的年龄分析

为了研究柳林泉域西部滞流区低温岩溶热水的年龄,在区域地质、水文地质条件调查及野外取样、分析的基础上,以滞流区横沟自流井的岩溶热水为例,利用δ2H（‰）、δ18O（‰）、3H（TU）和14C（pMC）同位素测年技术分析、计算并校核了该区岩溶水的滞留时间。通过分析岩溶水中3H和14C的关系及其δ2H、δ18O值,表明横沟岩溶水属于古岩溶水,其年龄应在10 000 a以上;利用14C计算并校核后的岩溶水年龄也印证了这一点,横沟1#和2#井岩溶水的14C年龄分别为12 908 a和9 090 a。因此,横沟附近岩溶热水应属于末次冰期盛冰期内补给的古岩溶水。      

Impact of stormwater infiltration basins on groundwater quality, Perth metropolitan region, Western Australia

Twelve bores were sunk adjacent to three stormwater infiltration basins in the Perth metropolitan area to examine the impact of runoff from a light industrial area, a medium-density residential area, and a major arterial road on groundwater quality, and to examine the hydrological response of the aquifer to runoff recharge. Automatic and manual water level monitoring between April and November 1990 indicated that groundwater levels responded within minutes to recharge from the infiltration basins. Peak water levels of up to 2.5 m above rest levels occurred 6–24 h after the commencement of ponding in the infiltration basins. There was a marked reduction in salinity and increase in dissolved oxygen concentrations in the upper part of the aquifer downgradient of the infiltration basins. Concentrations of toxic metals, nutrients, pesticides, and phenolic compounds in groundwater near the infiltration basins were low and generally well within Australian drinking water guidelines. However, sediment in the base of an infiltration basin draining a major road contained in excess of 3500 ppm of lead. Phthalates, which are US EPA priority pollutants, were detected in all but one bore near the infiltration basins. Their detection may be a sampling artifact, but they may also be derived from the plastic litter that accumulates in the infiltration basins. The concentration of iron in groundwater near the infiltration basins appears to be controlled by dissolved oxygen concentrations, with high iron concentrations occurring where dissolved oxygen concentrations are low. Pumping bores located near infiltration basins may suffer from iron encrustation problems caused by the mixing of shallow, oxygenated groundwater with water containing higher concentrations of iron from deeper in the aquifer.     

山东省主要矿山排水对地下水系统影响研究

山东省是一个矿业大省、经济大省,是我国重要的能源和黄金生产基地,同时也是水质型缺水省份之一。矿产资源开采过程中,每年都有大量的井下矿坑水向外部环境排放,不但造成了地表水和浅层地下水污染,而且还引发了岩溶塌陷、海水入侵等次生地质灾害。本文重点对山东省煤矿、铁矿、金矿等主要的矿产资源开发引发的地下水系统影响进行了研究,分析了主要开采矿山导致产生地下水疏干漏斗、引起区域地下水位持续下降,降低了地下水的调蓄能力,改变含水层的地球化学环境,地下水水质进一步恶化,致使地下水可利用资源量逐渐减少,该研究为有关政府部门督促矿山企业对矿坑水资源化综合利用及水资源保护、减少矿山开采对地下水环境的影响提供参考。     

Identifying trends in groundwater quality using residence time indicators: an example from the Permian aquifer of Dumfries, Scotland

The Permian sandstone and breccia aquifer of Dumfries has an important role in supplying water to the principal town in southwest Scotland. The area comprises mainly pastoral farmland with some industry and fish farming. Ongoing development of the aquifer has revealed the existence of complex groundwater flow through fractures and increasing nitrate concentrations. To further investigate these issues, the age and quality of groundwater throughout the aquifer has now been assessed using standard hydrogeochemical techniques together with CFCs and SF₆ as residence time indicators. The aquifer consists of sandstone- and breccia-dominated units: the Locharbriggs Sandstone in the east and the Doweel Breccia in the west. Groundwater throughout the aquifer is of Ca–Mg–HCO₃ type and moderately mineralised; pH is near neutral. The observed groundwater chemistry is the product of maritime rainfall modified by the dissolution of carbonate material in the breccia, sandstone and surficial deposits. CFC and SF₆ concentrations are interpreted on the basis of mixing between older (>50 years) and recent (1990s) components. Although there is generally a higher proportion of older water within the Locharbriggs Sandstone compared to the Doweel Breccia, stable isotope evidence suggests that the older water component in the interbedded sandstones of the breccia is of much greater antiquity, possibly containing an element of palaeowater. Concentrations of nitrate across the aquifer can be directly related to the amount of recent recharge. Modern groundwater contains approximately 9 mg l^–1 NO₃-N and pre-1950s groundwater has approximately 2 mg l^–1 NO₃-N. Nitrate concentrations measured at individual boreholes are explained by the relative proportions of modern and pre-1950s groundwater. If current practices continue, the concentrations of nitrate measured across the Dumfries Basin will rise as the proportion of pre-1950s groundwater diminishes.

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Resumen El acuífero de areniscas y brechas Pérmicas de Dumfries desempeña un papel importante en el abastecimiento a la ciudad principal del Sudoeste de Escocia. El área comprende sobretodo tierras de pastoreo y granjas, junto con algunas industrias y piscifactorías. El desarrollo iniciado en el acuífero ha revelado la existencia de un complicado flujo subterráneo a través de las fracturas y de un aumento progresivo en la concentración de nitrato. Con el fin de profundizar en el conocimiento de estos temas, se ha determinado la edad y calidad de las aguas subterráneas en todo el acuífero por medio de técnicas hidrogeoquímicas estándar y de indicadores del tiempo de residencia como los clorofluorcarbonados (CFCs) y el fluoruro de azufre (SF₆). El acuífero está formado por las areniscas de Locharbriggs, al Este, y las brechas de Doweel, hacia el Oeste. Las aguas subterráneas son de tipo bicarbonatadas cálcico-magnésicas y presentan una mineralización moderada, mientras que el pH es prácticamente neutro. La química de las aguas subterráneas es el resultado del aerosol marino modificado por la disolución de materiales carbonatados en las brechas, areniscas y depósitos superficiales. Las concentraciones de CFCs y SF₆ se interpretan a partir de una mezcla de aguas entre una componente antigua (más de 50 años) y una reciente (de la década de 1990). Aunque en general se da una mayor proporción de aguas antiguas en las areniscas de Locharbriggs que en las Brechas de Doweel, los isótopos estables sugieren que la componente de aguas antiguas en las intercalaciones de areniscas que aparecen en la formación de brechas es mucho más antigua, y que, posiblemente, se trate de paleoaguas. Las concentraciones de nitrato en el acuífero pueden ser relacionadas directamente con la aportación de recarga reciente. Las aguas subterráneas modernas contienen aproximadamente 9 mg l^–1 de nitrato, mientras que las aguas subterráneas anteriores a 1950 tienen unos 2 mg l^–1. Se puede explicar las concentraciones de nitrato en pozos individuales por las proporciones relativas de aguas subterráneas modernas y anteriores a 1950. Si las prácticas actuales continúan, se producirá un aumento de las concentraciones de nitrato en la cuenca de Dumfries debido a la disminución de la proporción de aguas antiguas.

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Résumé L'aquifère des grès et brèches du Permien de Dumfries joue un rôle important dans l'alimentation en eau de la principale ville du sud-ouest de l'Écosse. La région est principalement soumise à de l'élevage pastoral avec quelques industries et des piscicultures. La progression de l'exploitation de cet aquifère a révélé l'existence d'un écoulement souterrain complexe en fractures et des concentrations en nitrate croissantes. Dans le but d'étudier ces deux points plus en détail, l'âge et la qualité de l'eau souterraine dans tout l'aquifère ont été évalués en utilisant des techniques hydrogéochimiques conventionnelles avec les CFC et SF₆ comme marqueurs du temps de séjour. L'aquifère est constitué par des unités dominées par des brèches et des grès: les grès de Locharbriggs à l'est et les brèches de Doweel à l'ouest. L'eau souterraine dans tout l'aquifère a un faciès bicarbonaté calcique et magnésien et est moyennement minéralisée; le pH est proche de la neutralité. Le chimisme observé de l'eau souterraine résulte des apports marins par la pluie modifiés par la dissolution du matériau carbonaté des brèches, des grès et des formations superficielles. Les concentrations en CFC et SF₆ sont interprétées sur la base d'un mélange entre des composantes ancienne (>50 ans) et récente (années 1990). Bien qu'il y ait en général une plus forte proportion d'eau ancienne dans les grès de Locharbriggs que dans la brèche de Doweel, les isotopes stables suggèrent que la composante d'eau ancienne dans les grès interstratifiés des brèches est beaucoup plus ancienne, contenant probablement un élément d'eau fossile. Les concentrations en nitrate dans l'aquifère peuvent être directement reliées au taux de recharge récente. L'eau souterraine moderne contient approximativement 9 mg l^–1 en NO₃-N et l'eau souterraine d'avant 1950 environ 2 mg l^–1 en NO₃-N. Les concentrations en nitrate mesurées dans des forages individuels sont expliquées par des proportions relatives d'eaux souterraines moderne et antérieure à 1950. Si les pratiques actuelles continuent, les concentrations en nitrate mesurées dans le bassin de Dumfries augmenteront alors que la part de l'eau souterraine d'avant 1950 diminuera.

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黔中洋水背斜分散排泄系统地下水化学特征

黔中洋水背斜分散排泄系统位于贵州磷矿的主要产地,区域内磷矿山、磷化工、磷石膏堆场集中分布。研究该地区地下水化学特征,对于合理开发利用地下水资源具有重要意义。文章以岩溶地下水系统为研究对象,采集了主要地下水露头样品,运用离子对比法、主要离子比值法等水文地球化学研究方法,对地下水化学组分和离子来源进行深入分析。研究结果显示,研究区的碳酸盐岩岩溶水、基岩裂隙水、矿井水三者的水化学组分存在显著差异。碳酸盐岩岩溶水的主要化学组分来源于白云岩和白云质灰岩的溶滤作用;基岩裂隙水的主要化学组分含量是钙质泥岩溶滤与大气降水共同作用的结果;矿井水的主要化学组分则来源于白云岩、白云质灰岩的溶滤作用和人为工程活动的影响。本研究为该地区地下水资源的合理开发利用提供了科学依据,同时也有助于保护地下水资源和维护区域生态环境。     

地下水系统的内涵与外延

在介绍一般系统论思想与方法的基础上,分析了经典的地下水含水系统与地下水流动系统在内涵与研究内容上的局限性。地下水含水系统和地下水流动系统的概念更多的体现了系统论中整体性和全局性的观点,并没有体现系统论的基本思想与方法。鉴于此,给出了更符合一般系统论系统概念的地下水系统概念,以重新界定地下水系统的内涵与研究内容,从而丰富与发展地下水系统理论。     

Use of multiple age tracers to estimate groundwater residence times and long-term recharge rates in arid southern Oman

Multiple age tracers were measured to estimate groundwater residence times in the regional aquifer system underlying southwestern Oman. This area, known as the Najd, is one of the most arid areas in the world and is planned to be the main agricultural center of the Sultanate of Oman in the near future. The three isotopic age tracers ⁴He, ¹⁴C and ³⁶Cl were measured in waters collected from wells along a line that extended roughly from the Dhofar Mountains near the Arabian Sea northward 400 km into the Empty Quarter of the Arabian Peninsula. The wells sampled were mostly open to the Umm Er Radhuma confined aquifer, although, some were completed in the mostly unconfined Rus aquifer. The combined results from the three tracers indicate the age of the confined groundwater is < 40 ka in the recharge area in the Dhofar Mountains, > 100 ka in the central section north of the mountains, and up to and > one Ma in the Empty Quarter. The ¹⁴C data were used to help calibrate the ⁴He and ³⁶Cl data. Mixing models suggest that long open boreholes north of the mountains compromise ¹⁴C-only interpretations there, in contrast to ⁴He and ³⁶Cl calculations that are less sensitive to borehole mixing. Thus, only the latter two tracers from these more distant wells were considered reliable. In addition to the age tracers, δ²H and δ¹⁸O data suggest that seasonal monsoon and infrequent tropical cyclones are both substantial contributors to the recharge. The study highlights the advantages of using multiple chemical and isotopic data when estimating groundwater travel times and recharge rates, and differentiating recharge mechanisms.     

河北平原地下水14C年龄新认识

本文对河北平原第四系地下水14C年龄最新的结果进行了分析,得出如下认识:(1)垂向上,地下水的14C年龄随深度的增加而增大,或者沿地下水的流向而增大。但是,在同一孔组中,地下水埋深大于300m时出现了混乱现象。地下水14C年龄不但不增大,反而减小,其原因复杂;(2)水平方向上,第三含水组Q2地下水较老的年龄出现在河北平原中部,大致与子牙河方向一致,而第四含水组Q1地下水较老的年龄则呈北东东方向展布,即沧州—歧口一线分布,可能是地质结构影响所致。