地表水与地下水相互作用的温度示踪与模拟研究进展

刻画地表水与地下水的相互作用过程及精确计算二者的交换量始终是个挑战,而新兴的温度示踪方法对于这方面的研究具有独特优势。重点介绍了地表水与地下水相互作用的温度示踪方法原理、应用及相关模拟的研究进展。温度示踪方法的数据获取成本低且温度适宜密集与连续监测,可对地表水与地下水相互作用过程进行精细刻画;在进行地表水与地下水相互作用的水-热耦合模拟时,温度数据可用于进一步校正模型,降低模型的不确定性,以提高交换量的计算精度。监测河水温度和河床沉积物内的水温,运用温度示踪方法研究河水与地下水的相互作用过程,并将水流及热运移数值模型相耦合,利用多源数据进行模型校正,可精细刻画地表水与地下水的交换量、相互作用带内的水流途径、流速及其变化趋势和控制因素,为地表水与地下水相互作用研究提供新的模型与方法。     

基于植被分布的河道糙率分区及率定方法

天然河流的河道综合糙率呈现出空间上的差异性和随水位（或流量）变化的动态性,但目前缺乏相关参数化方法来定量描述河道糙率的动态变化规律。尝试通过参数化方法开展受河道植被影响显著河流的糙率反演研究,用以提升模型精度。基于植被分布将河道断面划分为若干糙率不同的子区,通过率定河道断面各分区的糙率,从而反演糙率—水位曲线。在此基础上通过分析河道植被覆盖情况与河道断面特点对糙率曲线变化的影响,推求了基于分区糙率的河道断面综合糙率计算公式,从而定量描述分区糙率与综合糙率的关系。以漓江干流为例,采用该方法率定漓江干流（大溶江至阳朔段）水动力模型。结果表明:漓江干流综合糙率随水位在0.022~0.180间变化;在1.5 m的临界水深下,断面可划分为底床植被区（n=0.210）与非植被区（n=0.006）,能较好地反演糙率—水位曲线并获得理想的水位模拟效果。漓江底床植被繁茂是糙率随水位变化的根本原因,断面边滩的坡度变化是糙率与水位曲线梯度变化的主要驱动因素,两者的共同作用使得糙率随着水位呈现两段式的非线性变化。     

冰雪消融期松花江哈尔滨段干流水动力模拟及其时空分布特征分析

受春季冰雪消融的影响,我国北方地区的河流会形成桃花汛期,期间河流的水位、水深和流场较其它季节会发生较大变化,从而对流域水环境管理和水资源保护的利用产生影响.为科学地对松花江哈尔滨段在冰雪消融期水动力变化情况进行分析,利用ArcGIS 10.0对DEM影像进行矢量化,在Delft3D-RGFGRID中创建正交曲线网格,基于EFDC模型建立松花江哈尔滨市段二维河流数值水动力模型.模拟了2014年1月-10月间的整个河段不同时空条件下的水动力变化情况,根据哈尔滨市水文站2013年、2014年实测数据对模型的参数和模拟结果进行率定和验证,模拟水位与实测水位最大相差0.33 m,相对误差<10%,吻合度高.模拟结果表明:整个江段平均水位在桃花汛期可达116.38 m,丰水期进一步上升至116.54 m,枯水期为115.64 m,平水期为116.23 m.朱顺屯和阿什河口断面水深在丰水期都明显大于桃花汛期,呼兰河口和大顶子山断面两汛期的水深几乎持平,大顶子山断面水深在各时期都较浅,附近易发生冰塞.朱顺屯、阿什河口、呼兰河口大顶子山桃花汛期流速分别为0.55、0.61、0.43、0.57 m·s^-1;丰水期流速分别为0.59、0.66、0.47、0.63 m·s^-1,各断面桃花汛期的流速与丰水期流速相当,略小于丰水期,流向平稳无涡旋.该模型可以较好的模拟河道水力要素随时间及空间演变规律,以便在不同典型水文年进行水力模拟和预测,可为松花江冬春季通航管理、水资源配置、水质模拟、水质目标管理、水环境容量计算和污染物总量减排提供决策依据.     

高寒山区河水与地下水相互作用的温度示踪:以黑河上游葫芦沟流域为例

高寒山区的地表水与地下水相互作用的定量研究对水资源的评价及管理等具有重要意义,而目前在高寒山区开展的地表水与地下水相互作用的定量研究相对较少.以黑河上游葫芦沟流域为研究区域,采用温度示踪方法对高寒山区河水与地下水的相互作用进行了研究,并对温度示踪方法在高寒山区的适用性进行了讨论.监测了研究区两个时段的地温、河水水位、地下水水位以及河床沉积物底部不同深度处的温度,并对温度系列数据进行定量分析,计算了不同位置处河水入渗流速.结果表明:研究区河水水位普遍高于地下水水位;河床底部温度在9月份整体低于7月;流速计算结果表明监测时段内主要为河水入渗补给地下水,入渗速率整体介于2×10-6~5×10-5 m/s.温度示踪法在高寒山区的适用性分析表明:在地下水受多途径补给时,温度示踪法仅指示河水对地下水的补给,而其他水源对地下水的补给还要通过同位素方法和数值模拟等其他手段进行计算.影响高寒山区河水对地下水补给的因素主要有:河水与地下水水位、河床沉积物的水力传导系数与热容.      

考虑地表-地下水相互作用的地下水流动研究

地下水是水文系统的重要组成部分,对保护和开发日益枯竭的水资源具有重要的战略意义。地下水作为一种自然资源,对供水和水质起着至关重要的作用。地下水模拟是水资源可持续管理的重要组成部分。因此,地下水的物理机制应该通过建立详细的水文和污染物运移模型来确定。此外,为了建立准确的地下水模型,应考虑地表-地下水相互作用。虽然许多研究将地下水作为一个单一系统,研究地下水水力学和水文学,但通过在不同情况下进行敏感性分析来研究地表水-地下水相互作用和地下水行为的研究很少。因此,本文将地表水和地下水视为一个独立的系统,并进行相应的模拟。本研究利用三维有限差分法地下水流动与污染物运移模拟模型,建立了一个概化的河流-含水层模型。研究了地表水与地下水相互作用对水文特性的影响。利用概化河流-含水层系统的水文模型,在不同的水流边界条件和水流路径下进行分析,得到地下水位波动和河流与含水层之间的流量。     

主槽漫滩后流量及糙率的推算

一、问题的提出在推算河流洪水流量时,糙率是一个重要的参数,现在一般是利用糙率表或调查河段的实测流量及水面线资料反算糙率。由于目前还不可能从水流能量损失的物理成因去推求糙率,从宏观来看,在决定河床糙率的因素中,除了河流的平面形态、河床组成及岸壁特征这些基本因素以外,影响糙率的主要因素是河槽的水力条件,这一点已为整编的实测资料所证实,在所描述的80组糙率数值中,糙率与水深可呈正向、反向、常数或弓形四种不同的关系,其中只有2组糙率与水深为常数     

VIC模型在老哈河流域径流模拟中的应用

采用VIC-3L大尺度分布式水文模型,对老哈河流域的径流及其相关要素进行模拟,分析其变化趋势,研究老哈河流域水文要素变化的影响因素。模拟结果表明:在率定期和验证期内,模拟的流量过程线反映了实测流量过程线的变化趋势,而1997年和1999年模型模拟效果较差的原因是人类活动的影响、枯水年影响、下垫面情况变化等因素影响及VIc-3L模型自身的局限性等。     

考虑水体面积变化的鄱阳湖平原区地表-地下水相互作用模拟

湖泊的水情变化会影响其与地下水之间的物理水文过程和生态行为,鄱阳湖独特的“河湖相”转换特征使得该地区地表-地下水交换过程更加复杂。采用Visual MODFLOW构建三维非稳定流地下水流数值模型,利用LAK3子程序模块,通过输入五河入湖以及鄱阳湖流入长江的水量,实现湖水面积的动态模拟。结果表明,2019年湖水位模拟值与实测值的均方根误差为0.225 m,地下水水位模拟值与实测值的均方根误差为0.571 m;模型模拟鄱阳湖水面积环比变幅-41%～83%,与遥感影像结论吻合。该模型减少了湖泊作为边界条件的约束,可以有效刻画鄱阳湖频繁变化的湖水位和水体面积,准确模拟地下水流场和地表-地下水相互作用关系对湖泊水体高度动态变化的响应。枯水期主要由地下水补给湖水,交换量为2.03×107～10.58×107 m3/mon;丰水期湖水补给地下水,交换量为2.04×107～16.53×107 m3/mon,湖区及周边地下水水位相比枯水期平均抬升2～3 m,地下水由湖区流向周边地区。本研究为地表水体剧烈变化地区提供了有效的数值模拟方法,研究结果可为鄱阳湖平原区未来水资源管理和环境评价提供基础。     

考虑回水影响的河道水位流量关系确定方法

为评估长江中游受回水影响河段内河床调整引起的水位变幅,提出一种仅依赖水文资料的多值型水位—流量关系确定方法。结果表明:单值型关系无法区分河床调整与回水因素的影响,而已有的多值型方法可操作性受限;长江中游河道断面的河宽与水深之间,以及流量与糙率之间都具有明显制约关系,依据这些制约关系对恒定渐变流方程简化,可得到上下游水位与河段内流量之间的多值型函数关系;确定出多年平均水位—流量关系之后,计算水位与实测水位之间的残差能够反映河床调整的影响;在长江中游3个不同类型典型河段的应用表明,河床稳定情况下的计算与实测水位之间决定系数R2值超过0.99,河床调整情况下,新方法更易识别水位变幅。     

玛纳斯河流域地下水水位变化及水量平衡研究

天山北坡玛纳斯河流域地下水长期大规模开采引发了一系列生态环境问题,地下水均衡状态和地下水流动模式明显发生了改变。为研究节水灌溉条件下的地下水系统流动模式及其对地下水均衡要素的改变规律,以平原绿洲区为研究对象,采用三维地下水数值模拟方法,研究玛纳斯河流域地下水水位动态变化及水量平衡规律。结果表明:研究区地下水水位的抬升和回落受农业灌溉的影响显著,具有一定的周期性,存在着明显的时空差异;地下水均衡处于负均衡状态,补排差为-2.81×108m3。模拟期内观测水头与计算水头两者相关系数各月均在0.81以上,模拟效果较好。     

河岸带土壤磷素空间分布及其对水文过程响应

野外观测太湖地区典型农业河岸带——浯溪荡河岸带土壤总磷（TP）和溶解性总磷（DTP）含量以及当地降雨量、河水水位和地下水水位,探讨了丰水年条件下该河岸带土壤TP和DTP的空间分布特征以及水文过程对其空间分布的影响。结果表明:①在水平方向上,土壤TP和DTP含量从远岸向近岸均呈现先减少后增加的变化趋势;在深度方向上,各断面TP和DTP含量随土层深度的增加均呈减少的变化趋势。②不同月份河水水位均低于地下水水位,地下水补给河水。河水水位和地下水水位随时间的变化规律与降雨量的相似,但具有一定的滞后性。③降雨是土壤水分运动的主要驱动力,降雨、河水水位以及地下水水位对河岸带土壤磷素空间分布的影响显著不同。     

Impact of climate change on groundwater recharge in a small catchment in the Black Forest, Germany

Temporal and spatial changes of the hydrological cycle are the consequences of climate variations. In addition to changes in surface runoff with possible floods and droughts, climate variations may affect groundwater through alteration of groundwater recharge with consequences for future water management. This study investigates the impact of climate change, according to the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A1B, A2 and B1, on groundwater recharge in the catchment area of a fissured aquifer in the Black Forest, Germany, which has sparse groundwater data. The study uses a water-balance model considering a conceptual approach for groundwater-surface water exchange. River discharge data are used for model calibration and validation. The results show temporal and spatial changes in groundwater recharge. Groundwater recharge is progressively reduced for summer during the twenty-first century. The annual sum of groundwater recharge is affected negatively for scenarios A1B and A2. On average, groundwater recharge during the twenty-first century is reduced mainly for the lower parts of the valley and increased for the upper parts of the valley and the crests. The reduced storage of water as snow during winter due to projected higher air temperatures causes an important relative increase in rainfall and, therefore, higher groundwater recharge and river discharge.     

Using subsurface metazoan fauna to indicate groundwater–surface water interactions in the Nakdong River floodplain, South Korea

Hydrological interactions between surface water and groundwater (GW) can be described using hydrochemical and biological methods. Surface water–groundwater interactions and their effects on groundwater invertebrate communities were studied in the Nakdong River floodplain in South Korea. Furthermore, the GW-Fauna-Index, a promising new index for assessing the strength of surface-water influence on groundwater, was tested. The influence of surface water on groundwater decreased with increasing depth and distance from the river. While hydrochemistry prevailingly reflected the origin of the waters in the study area (i.e. whether alluvial or from adjacent rock), faunal communities seemed to display an affinity to surface-water intrusion. Fauna reacted quickly to changes in hydrology, and temporal changes in faunal community structure were significantly linked to the hydrological situation in the floodplain. The metazoan faunal community and the GW-Fauna-Index allow a distinction between surface and subsurface waters with varying degrees of exchange. The results indicate that hydrological conditions are reflected by faunal assemblages on a high spatiotemporal resolution, and that surface-water intrusion can be estimated using the GW-Fauna-Index.     

Groundwater and surface-water interactions and impacts of human activities in the Hailiutu catchment,northwest China

The interactions between groundwater and surface water have been significantly affected by human activities in the semi-arid Hailiutu catchment, northwest China. Several methods were used to investigate the spatial and temporal interactions between groundwater and surface water. Isotopic and chemical analyses of water samples determined that groundwater discharges to the Hailiutu River, and mass balance equations were employed to estimate groundwater seepage rates along the river using chemical profiles. The hydrograph separation method was used to estimate temporal variations of groundwater discharges to the river. A numerical groundwater model was constructed to simulate groundwater discharges along the river and to analyze effects of water use in the catchment. The simulated seepage rates along the river compare reasonably well with the seepage estimates derived from a chemical profile in 2012. The impacts of human activities (river-water diversion and groundwater abstraction) on the river discharge were analyzed by calculating the differences between the simulated natural groundwater discharge and the measured river discharge. Water use associated with the Hailiutu River increased from 1986 to 1991, reached its highest level from 1992 to 2000, and decreased from 2001 onwards. The reduction of river discharge might have negative impacts on the riparian ecosystem and the water availability for downstream users. The interactions between groundwater and surface water as well as the consequences of human activities should be taken into account when implementing sustainable water resources management in the Hailiutu catchment.     

Causality analysis of the groundwater response in a delta plain of the lower Nakdong River,Republic of Korea

The salinity of groundwater in an estuarine delta plain is sometimes related to the presence of an estuarine dam. To understand groundwater processes and salinity variation, time series data on the river water level, groundwater level, and groundwater electrical conductivity were collected for the Nakdong River in southeastern Republic of Korea. Sampling was undertaken upstream of the estuarine barrage system, which is opened and closed depending on upstream flow and seawater level. Comprehensive correlation analysis was performed between the groundwater and river water levels using bubble plots between groundwater electrical conductivity and the hydrological variables. Comparative analysis between the correlations and the field measurements of the hydrological variables indicated a negligible flux connection between the river and groundwater. Oscillatory pressure wave propagation from the river boundary explains the response patterns of the groundwater level. There were different response times for the rising and falling of the river water. Electrical conductivity in groundwater is not directly associated with that of the river except in one well close to the river boundary. The response patterns of groundwater electrical conductivity were explained by potential anthropogenic activity. Further transfer modeling results also indicate a spatial explanatory response pattern for the groundwater level. No spatial patterns in the models of electrical conductivity indicate that the hydrological processes are different with respect to the groundwater level and electrical conductivity.

     

GIS-based spatial and temporal prediction system development for regional land subsidence hazard mitigation

An integrated GIS-based approach for establishing a spatial and temporal prediction system for groundwater flow and land subsidence is proposed and applied to a subsidence-progressed Japanese coastal plain. Various kinds of fundamental data relating to groundwater flow and land subsidence are digitized and entered into a GIS database. A surface water hydrological cycle simulation is performed using a GIS spatial data operation for the entire plain, and the spatial and temporal groundwater infiltration quantity is hereby obtained. Through the data transformation from the GIS database to a groundwater flow code (MODFLOW), a 3D groundwater flow model is established and unsteady groundwater flow simulation for the past 21 years is conducted with results which compare satisfactorily with observed results. Finally, a Visual Basic code is developed for land subsidence calculations considering aquifer and aquitard deformation. Future land subsidence in the plain is predicted assuming different water pumping scenarios, and the results provide important information for land subsidence mitigation decision-making.     

干旱区平原绿洲散耗型水文模型——Ⅰ模型结构

针对干旱地区平原绿洲水土资源利用的特点,建立了以农区土壤水为中心的干旱区平原绿洲散耗型水文模型。散耗型模型考虑了水在不同介质和不同形态之间的交换或转化,并重点考虑人类活动如引水灌溉、地下水的开采等对水平衡的影响。模型把研究区划分为河段、泉井、水库湖泊、农区和非农区五类水均衡模块,水均衡模块之间通过地表渠系、地下水侧渗进行水量交换。应用模型可以对研究区农区、非农区各自的蒸发量、农区向非农区地下水迁移量等干旱区主要水分散耗项进行分析。     

干旱区平原绿洲散耗型水文模型——Ⅰ模型结构

针对干旱地区平原绿洲水土资源利用的特点,建立了以农区土壤水为中心的干旱区平原绿洲散耗型水文模型。散耗型模型考虑了水在不同介质和不同形态之间的交换或转化,并重点考虑人类活动如引水灌溉、地下水的开采等对水平衡的影响。模型把研究区划分为河段、泉井、水库湖泊、农区和非农区五类水均衡模块,水均衡模块之间通过地表渠系、地下水侧渗进行水量交换。应用模型可以对研究区农区、非农区各自的蒸发量、农区向非农区地下水迁移量等干旱区主要水分散耗项进行分析。     

Assessing groundwater-surface water connectivity using radon and major ions prior to coal seam gas development (Richmond River Catchment,Australia)

Coal seam gas (CSG, or coal bed methane) mining is rapidly growing, with poorly understood impacts on groundwater and surface water systems. Here, we use chemical tracers to investigate groundwater-surface water connectivity in an Australian river system (Richmond River Catchment, New South Wales) prior to CSG extraction but after ∼ 50 exploratory CSG wells were drilled. We performed four surveys of 29 interconnected creek and river sites, over contrasting hydrological conditions. Radon was used to determine if a surface water segment was gaining groundwater. Radon observations over four seasons revealed that 28 out of 77 surface water segments were clearly gaining groundwater, 5 were possibly gaining groundwater and 44 were undetermined. This is equivalent to gaining segments in 333 km (39%) of surface water from the 864 km being investigated. High spatial and temporal variability in groundwater gaining segments was found. Na/Cl ratios were used to determine the fraction of groundwater in surface water. Overall, the groundwater contribution in surface waters was 14–24% higher in post flood conditions than during the other three surveys of baseflow and moderate flow conditions. The results serve as a regional baseline assessment of river water chemistry and groundwater-surface water connectivity prior to the planned development of CSG fields. Our geochemical tracer approach allows for a quick qualitative assessment of groundwater-surface water connectivity in poorly gauged river systems and can define priority locations where groundwater extraction for CSG mining should be carefully managed.     

Assessment of Interactions between River and Aquifer in the Gowri-hole Sub-catchment

Surface water interacts with groundwater in many types of physiographic and hydrogeological conditions. Exchange of water varies spatially and temporally due to the effect of natural and anthropogenic factors. Interactions between a river and the underlying aquifer systems are often difficult to observe and measure. The objective of the present study is to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of river-aquifer interactions in the Gowri hole sub-catchment and quantify the amount of flow exchange between river and aquifer. In the study, a new conceptual model is developed using RIVER package of Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Modular Groundwater Flow Model (MODFLOW) for the simulation of river-aquifer interaction processes. The subcatchment of Gowri hole, which is a tributary of Kumaradhara river spread across an area of 134 km² is considered. The model was calibrated from June 2004 to May 2010 under the transient condition with a daily step input of all necessary hydro-geological data. The calibrated model was validated from June 2010 to October 2012 from two monthly observation wells of Department of Mines and Geology and one seasonal observation well of Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). Gowri hole acted as a gaining river during the monsoons due to aquifer discharge and acted as a losing river due to river leakage during post-monsoon and summer months. River leakage continued to occur upto the end of summer months resulting in fragmentation of few river segments. Aquifer discharge sustained to exist even in the summer period avoiding the low flow river segments from drying.