IPCC第五次评估报告反映的大气和地表的观测变化

<正>对气候变化事实的观测是气候变化科学研究的基础,也是IPCC第五次评估报告(AR5)~①的核心内容之一。AR5~([1])明确指出,自1750年以来,人类活动使得大气中二氧化碳、甲烷和氧化亚氮等温室气体的浓度增加。最近连续的3个10年比1850年以来其他的任何一个10年都要暖。对于地面观测资料覆盖较全的最长观测时期(1901一2012年),全球几乎所有地区都经历了地表增暖,同时,北半球中纬度陆地区域平均降水量已增加。1950年以来,全     

Can Adaptive Observations Improve Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasts?简

In order to investigate whether adaptive observations can improve tropical cyclone （TC） intensity forecasts,observing system simulation experiments （OSSEs） were conducted for 20 TC cases originating in the western North Pacific during the 2010 season according to the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation （CNOP） sensitivity,using the fifth version of the PSU/NCAR mesoscale model （MM5） and its 3DVAR assimilation system.A new intensity index was defined as the sum of the number of grid points within an allocated square centered at the corresponding forecast TC central position,that satisfy constraints associated with the Sea Level Pressure （SLP）,near-surface horizontal wind speed,and accumulated convective precipitation.The higher the index value is,the more intense the TC is.The impacts of the CNOP sensitivity on the intensity forecast were then estimated.The OSSE results showed that for 15 of the 20 cases there were improvements,with reductions of forecast errors in the range of 0.12％-8.59％,which were much less than in track forecasts.The indication,therefore,is that the CNOP sensitivity has a generally positive effect on TC intensity forecasts,but only to a certain degree.We conclude that factors such as the use of a coupled model,or better initialization of the TC vortex,are more important for an accurate TC intensity forecast.