衡阳南岳区农村居民点用地合理布局分析

城镇化水平的快速推进和社会主义新农村建设的开展给建设用地供给和耕地保护形成了巨大的压力。农 村居民点用地普遍散乱、粗放的现象为挖掘现有建设用地潜力,少占耕地提供了可能。以衡阳南岳区为例,应用GIS 空间分析与景观指数分析等方法,在分析社会经济、自然地理和生产环境三方面的主要因素对南岳区农村居民点 用地布局的影响后,提出引导南岳区农村居民点合理布局的对策与建议。     

Evaluation of forest cover change using remote sensing techniques and landscape metrics in Moncayo Natural Park (Spain)

Monitoring the change in land cover in natural places, such as ecotones, has become an important tool for forest management, especially in protected areas. The present work analyses the spatial and temporal changes in forest cover in Moncayo Natural Park (Spain) from 1987 to 2010 using remote sensing techniques, geographical information systems (GIS) and quantitative indices of landscape ecology. Four Landsat images were used to map nine representative land cover categories in this preserved area in both years. The overall classification accuracies in land cover cartographies in 1987 and 2010 were 87.65% and 84.56%, respectively. Landscape metrics obtained at the landscape level show an increase in fragmentation and, as a result, an increase in landscape spatial diversity. Focusing on the class level, the results show a forest expansion of sessile oaks (Quercus petraea) and beech forest (Fagus sylvatica), two important bioclimatic indicators in this natural park, because they are the southernmost locations for these species in Europe. The decrease of mainly introduced pine forest and the transformation of mixed shrub areas into natural forested areas explain the aforementioned increase in fragmentation. These results are in agreement with the strategies for nature conservation designed by forest managers during the period evaluated.     

干旱区绿洲农村居民点景观格局演变及机制分析

基于1987年、2002年、2013年三期Landsat TM、ETM+、OLI遥感影像提取研究区农村居民点时空分布信息,利用GIS空间分析、景观指数分析及多元线性回归分析干旱区绿洲农村居民点景观演化特征及驱动机制。研究表明：① 农村居民点集中分布在绿洲内部平原区,其中城市周边及沿河道、道路是居民点空间聚集较明显的区域。② 1987-2013年农村居民点面积增长较形状变化更为显著。新建居民点和旧居民点边界扩张是导致研究区农村居民点面积显著增长主要原因,且在不同时空区域表现出不同的增长方式;居民点形状以矩形和近圆形居多,条带型较少。③ 通过对居民点景观演变机制进行分析,发现城市辐射距离、水源地远近及距离道路远近是影响农村居民点景观变化的首要因素,其次是人口规模,最后才是区域经济的发展。     

土地经济生态位变化下的城乡空间景观格局表征——以广东省惠州市为例

土地利用变化对生物多样性和生态过程有着深刻的影响,与城乡景观格局变化密切相关。尝试将土地利用变化驱动力——土地经济生态位的理论和方法引入到景观生态学当中,为城乡空间景观格局空间表征提供新的方法。通过选取表征景观格局指标的破碎化指数、分形维数,利用Envi4.8、Arcmap10.0,Fragstasts4.1等软件,以广东省惠州市为例,在分析土地经济生态位与景观类型、景观指数之间的关系基础上,对土地经济生态位变化下的城乡空间景观格局进行表征。结果表明：不同景观土地面积数量的增减与该类型土地经济生态位升降具有一致性的规律,土地经济生态位上升,相应的景观土地面积增大,反之则减小;土地经济生态位越小,表征景观格局的景观破碎化指数、分维数指数越大,破碎化指数与分维数指数的增减与土地经济生态位升降表现出一致性的规律,土地经济生态位上升,相应的破碎化指数、分维数指数则增大,反之则减小;城乡空间景观格局变化的发生主要出现在土地经济生态位高的区域。土地经济生态位的变化是城乡景观格局变化的重要影响因子,能够很好解释城乡空间景观格局特征。     

遥感与GIS技术在湿地定量研究中的应用趋势分析

在充分吸收已有相关研究成果基础上,提出利用RS与GIS技术,全面开展湿地系统定量化研究的思路和框架。重点分析了RS与GIS技术在湿地识别及类型划分、湿地生物量的遥感估测、湿地景观演变的动态分析、湿地评价与湿地保护区建设、湿地管理信息系统等研究中的应用趋势。研究表明,利用遥感与GIS技术可以增强湿地研究的宏观性、动态性、定量性。     

基于波谱与分形特征的北京市耕地空间结构

在城乡协调发展的背景下,本文以自然属性为基础分析了北京具有不同经济属性的5类耕地的空间结构。波谱分析显示,不同类型耕地的空间分布具有不同的周期,它们共同形成了距天安门约23～44km(近郊平原)、44～66km(远郊平原)、66～126km(山区)的耕地宏观空间结构。通过计算各类耕地的空间维数和Hurst指数,认为景观农田区、美化农田区、近郊山区22～47km圈层的耕地不具备分形特征;规模农田区、景观廊道带、中远郊山区48～126km圈层的耕地由于受城市发展、自然条件、距离等因素的影响具有明显的分形特征。总体上,北京不同类型的耕地处于一种离散、连续和具有共度性、没有公度性的融合状态。     

西南岩溶山地乡村景观格局与石漠化调控展望

西南岩溶山地乡村景观格局石漠化过程的生态认识落后于生态治理措施。面对国家需求,优化乡村景观格 局对石漠化发生过程的调控,未来优先研究领域：⑴识别岩溶山地乡村景观格局的转换、渐变和基本不变的层次 性,测算不同尺度下乡村景观类型及其空间组合的贡献;⑵认识不同类型乡村景观空间分布的生态学意义及其对 区域石漠化整体程度的影响,找出不同乡村景观演化格局下的石漠化效应;⑶厘定岩溶山地高强度人类活动及其 所诱导的乡村景观格局演化对石漠化的作用效应,构建乡村景观石漠化的成因框架;⑷探讨乡村景观格局制约下 有利于石漠化土地恢复的格局优化模拟,丰富人们对岩溶山地乡村石漠化发生过程的理解和认识。     

江汉平原乡村聚落形态类型及空间体系特征

依据国土空间用地GIS数据及村镇统计数据,采用聚类分析及分形学方法,探索江汉平原乡村聚落空间形态类型及空间体系特征。研究表明,江汉平原因其内部自然环境基质的差异,形成了“二类四型”聚落空间形态:低丘岗地地域,主要是均衡镶嵌型聚落空间形态,可分为高密度（斑块）低丘点状形态及中密度（斑块）岗地团块形态2种亚型,此类聚落形态的村镇呈现出“星点”式空间结构;河渠水网地域,主要是轴带依附型聚落空间形态,可分为低密度（斑块）滨湖弧带形态和中低密度（斑块）河渠直线形态2种亚型,此类聚落形态的村镇呈现“点轴”式空间结构。江汉平原“二类四型”乡村聚落形态及空间体系结构在长江中游平原水网农区有一定的典型性,可以为此类乡村聚落空间重构、乡村居民点体系优化提供理论基础及实践指导。     

A GIS method to aid in non-point source critical area analysis

Abstract

The use of remote sensing techniques, image processing, computer mapping and overlays to make inventories of land use and to improve land and water management has increasing potential. Advantages of these techniques include greater geometric resolution and potential time and money savings. The increasing capabilities of personal computers and workstations (hardware and software) and the greater availability of databases have simplified the application of these techniques. In this application, a geographical information system (GIS) was used to facilitate the identification of critical non-point source areas of pollution by sediment-related nutrients. This critical source area information might then be used to aid in the development of non-point source control strategies or for monitoring programme design. This study shows the potential of using GIS in selecting critical source areas for sediment-related water quality problems and land resource protection.     

理想类型叙事视角下的乡村景观变迁与优化策略

乡村景观是陆地生态系统的主体, 在整个人地关系中扮演着重要角色。20 世纪下半叶以来, 城市化、交通网络和全球化的迅速发展深刻地改变了乡村景观。不同学科、不同研究者对此有不同甚至相互矛盾的认识、解释和评价, 这影响了对乡村景观变迁的理性认识, 以及对乡村景观的高效利用和保护。本文采用理想类型叙事法, 利用国内外研究成果, 对乡村景观的变迁进行叙事分析, 提出更具包容性和解释力的4 种乡村景观变迁理想类型叙事:保护叙事、现代化叙事、公平生存叙事和内生发展叙事, 更客观全面地凝练乡村景观变迁的多元价值观、理论基础、核心假设和基本观点与建议。最后本文提出了乡村景观分异的7 种情景类型, 每种情景类型具有不同的判征指标、空间区位指向、主体景观和主要功能, 并结合理想类型叙事提出相应的优化策略, 以期为未来建设健康、富有生产力和吸引力、和谐的乡村景观提供科学参考。     

Measuring rural settlement expansion in Uzbekistan using remote sensing to support spatial planning

Population growth demands sustainable spatial planning strategies for settlements in Uzbekistan, Central Asia, especially in rural areas that are inhabited by approximately 64 percent of the country's population. Where can settlements expand in rural Uzbekistan and does settlement growth affect valuable agricultural land? SPOT-5 data with a resolution of 2.5 m was utilized for mapping building layers and assessing settlement growth between 2006 and 2011 at the example of 53 communities located in the Khorezm province in North-West Uzbekistan. Object based image analysis was conducted, i.e. a multi-scale segmentation for the derivation of building contours, followed by a random forest (RF) classification of the object's spectral and spatial characteristics. A geographical information system (GIS) was used for identifying settlement densification and expansion processes, and for quantifying agricultural land parcels of different soil quality occupied during settlement growth.A calibration routine based on indices of segmentation quality enabled the selection of optimal segmentation parameters. After GIS-based refinements of the RF classification results, the overall accuracy (OA) of the building layers of both years exceeded 95%. The OA of the change map was 92.7%. The results revealed that the building area increased by 20%, whilst settlement expansion amounted to 10% in 2006–2011. Settlements widely expanded in accordance with the existing rules prohibiting the conversion of agricultural land to housing areas. Nevertheless, about 20% of the settlement growth occurred on agricultural production areas, also on those with highly productive soils. The results indicated both, the pressure on land resources for settlement growth and – in face of continuous population growth – an increasing demand for comprehensive spatial planning in rural Uzbekistan. The elaborated methodological approach can be extrapolated to regions throughout Central Asia with similar environmental conditions.     

中国农村居民点用地微观尺度研究进展及展望

中国快速工业化和城镇化进程助推农村发展经历了深刻转型,农村居民点用地类型及功能逐渐多样化和非农化,由此对农村居民点内部地类辨析、演变规律及驱动力探讨等提出了迫切需求。本文围绕农村居民点用地类型、结构及功能,农村居民点用地空心化以及用地景观等方面进行了较全面地总结,指出农村居民点用地演变与经济发展及农户生计变化息息相关。都市郊区及经济发达地区农户就地非农就业促使农村居民点用地类型多样化以及功能和景观的非农化,传统农区劳动力大量转移导致农村居民点用地闲置废弃和景观的空心化。当前,无论从技术手段还是研究内容看,农村居民点用地微观尺度研究仍以现象描述和解释为主,未来应逐渐向实践应用拓展和深化,并加强微观研究方法与技术手段的创新。在微观尺度的农村居民点用地转型、演变模式提炼基础上,深入剖析农村居民点用地的演变规律及驱动机理,提出面向国家战略需求的农村居民点空间重构方向,将凸显乡村聚落地理研究的政策出口与实践价值。     

Integrating multi-criteria evaluation with geographical information systems

Abstract

Geographical information systems (GIS) provide the decision-maker with a powerful set of tools for the manipulation and analysis of spatial information. The functionality of GIS is, however, limited to certain deterministic analyses in key application areas such as spatial search. The integration of multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) techniques with GIS is forwarded as providing the user with the means to evaluate various alternatives on the basis of multiple and conflicting criteria and objectives. An example application based on the search for suitable sites for the disposal of radioactive waste in the UK using the Arc/Info GIS is included. The potential use of a combined GIS-MCE approach in the development of spatial decision support systems is considered.     

Ecological risk assessment and ecological security pattern optimization in the middle reaches of the Yellow River based on ERI+MCR model

The middle reaches of the Yellow River represent an important area for the protection and development of the Yellow River Basin. Most of the area of the river basin is within the Loess Plateau, which establishes it as a fragile ecological environment. Firstly, using high-resolution data of land use in the watershed from the past 30 years, landscape ecological risk(LER) sample units are defined and an ecological risk index(ERI) model is constructed. Kriging interpolation is used to display the LE...     

长三角快速城市化地区景观多功能性演变——以苏州市为例

评估快速城市化地区的景观多功能性演变特征对于理解城乡发展转型下的资源配置与优化、制定合理的区域土地管理与规划政策至关重要。论文以长三角经济区中城市化进程最为突出的代表性城市——苏州市为研究区,选取居住承载、粮食供给、生境维持、水源涵养、气候调节与土壤保持6种景观功能指标,通过空间分析、SOFM网络模型等方法,基于1 km景观单元对区域景观多功能性的热点演变规律、权衡协同演化关系等进行分析。研究表明：① 受城市扩张影响,2000—2015年间苏州市景观多功能以居住承载功能的扩散态势为主,其他景观功能均呈现差异化缩减趋势,其中粮食供给与生境维持的功能弱化最为显著,且3种调节功能的空间分布特征存在一致性。② 随时间推移,苏州市景观多功能性逐渐增强,其高值区(>2)范围集中分布在林草地与耕地景观。在社会经济发展影响下,区域景观多功能性时空演变特征由强到弱并逐渐趋于稳定,演变热点区主要分布在乡村地区与城乡结合部,冷点区则以生态空间集聚为主。③ 景观多功能之间权衡与协同关系在研究期内的特征规律并未因时间序列演进表现出差异性,但权衡与协同程度存在波动性变化趋势。结合多功能权衡特征与多功能性热点变化规律,可在景观单元与乡镇行政单元上将苏州市划分出8类主导景观功能与4类城乡发展分区。整体而言,长三角快速城市化地区的景观多功能性优势呈“城市→近郊区→远郊区→乡村”的圈层式空间迁移过程,但多功能性映射出的土地利用多样化势必会导致更多的土地利用冲突问题,决策者应在多尺度时空耦合视角综合考虑景观管理或土地利用政策的设计与实施。     

Coordinating hazardous waste management activities using geographical information systems

Abstract

This paper describes a framework for the role of geographical information systems (GIS) in the monitoring and management of hazardous waste sites. Compilation of required information, incorporation of existing strategies for waste monitoring, analysis of these data in a GIS environment and the integration of computerized models for transport processes are discussed. Examples for the analysis of spatial data using techniques of cartographic overlay and the implementation of geo-statistical methods on monitoring data are provided from work in progress by the authors. These examples are set in the context of developing a fully integrated monitoring and management system utilizing GIS technology.     

A Geosystem Perspective in Landscape Archaeology Studies: Ancestors' Occupations in Ilhéus,Brazil

Past occupations in the Brazilian geographic area showed experiences of particular relations with natural resources. In this sense, landscape archaeology attempts to have a better understanding of the lifestyle of ancestral populations by analyzing archaeological traces. The study approach that translates the natural systems and their relations with the anthropic systems is known as geosystem theory, which helps landscape archaeology in patterns of past occurrences resulting from environmental characteristics. The objective of this study was to show the geosystem landscapes of Ilhéus, in Bahia, Brazil, that defined land occupation since the precolonial period in Brazil. Four geosystems have been identified; they defined how precolonial groups lived in the area and favored colony growth starting in the nineteenth century with local sugarcane production in sugarcane mills. Key Words: geoarchaeology, GIS, natural systems, northeastern Brazil.     

元阳县土地利用空间格局及其变化的图谱方法研究

信息图谱为区域土地利用空间格局及变化提供了一种谱系化、定量化与定位化相结合的研究方法.以云南省元阳县为例,在遥感、GIS空间分析和统计分析模型的支持下,从土地利用时空演变模式、空间扩展过程、斑块的空间分布特征三方面建立土地利用空间格局及变化信息图谱,并对其图谱特征进行分析.结果表明:土地利用时空演变征兆图谱更直观形象地揭示了区域土地利用变化的基本模式,提供了时空复合的表达方式;土地利用斑块形态与空间扩展图谱的建立应用空间格局研究中的相关概念和方法,将微观、宏观层次的图形信息与变化过程相结合;利用等步长变距离缓冲区分析法建立的VCM曲线可直观地描述不同土地利用类型斑块的空间分布特征及不同研究时段内其空间分布特征的变化情况.     

运用RS、GPS和GIS技术进行大比例尺土地利用动态监测的实验研究

土地利用数据的更新是土地管理工作的重要内容之一。依靠常规的手段不仅更新速度慢、难以主动发现变化区域,而且成图周期长、误差大。依靠遥感（RS）手段可以主动快速地发现变化区域,运用差分GPS技术可以精确获取土地利用变化的数量和性质,GIS则是管理土地利用的图形数据和属性数据（如土地利用类型、权属、图斑号等）的有效工具。基于RS、GIS和GPS的集成技术建立面向工程目标的土地利用动态监测新方法是本文研究的内容。     

An Australian geographical information and modelling system for natural area management

A generic geographical information and modelling system (GIMS) has been developed and implemented for 6 million hectares of fire-prone rural land in eastern Australia. Viewed initially as a land management decision support system rather than as a geographical information system (GIS) per se, GIMS provides extensive capabilities for estimating and recording patterns of vegetation and fuel dynamics, analysing the behaviour of fire and its environmental effects, and reviewing strategies for fire control and related issues. The software operates on personal computers via linkage to an indexed, direct access, grid data base. The design, development, implementation, evolution and use of GIMS for land management decision support are described, and tests of the system's ability to predict real-time fire behaviour are provided. The relationship between commercial GIS packages and locally-developed dynamic modelling GIS programs is discussed.