Smoothing and Change Point Detection for Gamma Ray Count Data

Gamma ray detectors are used to measure the natural radioactivity of rocks. For a number of boreholes drilled at a site the gamma ray detector is lowered into each borehole and counts of gamma ray emissions at different depths are recorded as the instrument is gradually raised to ground level. The profile of gamma counts can be informative about the geology at each location. The raw count data are highly variable, and in this paper we describe the use of adaptive smoothing techniques and change point models in order to identify changes in the geology based on the gamma logs. We formulate all our models for the data in the framework of the class of generalized linear models, and describe computational methods for Bayesian inference and model selection for generalized linear models that improve on existing techniques. Application is made to gamma ray data from the Castelreagh Waste Management Centre which served as a hazardous waste disposal facility for the Sydney region between March 1974 and August 1998. Understanding the geological structure of this site is important for further modelling the transport of pollutants beneath the waste disposal area.     

基于数字地球平台的地质钻孔三维模拟与可视化

研究了地质钻孔信息的管理和可视化技术,提出了一种在数字地球平台中进行城市钻孔信息模拟和可视化的方法。该方法基于一个统一的钻孔数据库标准,首先将钻探点位信息和地层分层信息组织成具有不同细节层次的钻探点位模型、钻孔分层散点模型和钻孔管段模型,然后构建基于细节层次模型的海量钻孔信息多尺度表达机制,最后将这些模型加载到数字地球平台中进行可视化及查询、分析。在上海市的应用实例显示,该方法实现过程简单、自动性高,生成的模型易于在国际互联网上进行分发、集成与共享。该方法的应用将有助于地质工作者向其他科技人员以及社会公众展示、分发自己拥有的钻孔信息,为以钻孔数据为代表的城市地质信息的社会化服务奠定基础。     

华北邯邢地区奥灰中统三组八段测井曲线特征

华北邯邢地区奥陶系中统灰岩平均厚度562m,分为三组八段,与上覆石炭系煤系地层呈不整合关系,为本地区主要含水地层。为消除下组煤开采威胁、有效防治奥灰水,必须对下伏灰岩各组段给予准确划分。根据该区奥陶系中统灰岩的沉积规律和物性特征,对各组段地层的单一测井曲线特征及多种物性曲线组合特征进行分析,确定了物性标志稳定、连续性强、全区可追踪对比的各组段地层醒目划分标志。鉴于本区自然伽马曲线形态的稳定性,利用数理统计方法对本区40个钻孔进行各组段自然伽马峰值几率计算,求得各组段自然伽马峰值几率表,并以东庞矿观2孔自然伽马曲线奥灰地层中的一段（O2f1）为例,介绍使用该表确定灰岩组段的方法。     

矿用电磁随钻伽马测井仪标定与试验

为有效识别煤层及其顶底板,针对煤矿定向钻孔施工需求,开发了矿用电磁随钻伽马测井仪。通过自然伽马测井刻度获得仪器刻度系数,采用标准井测试及煤矿井下穿层孔试验,获得矿用电磁随钻伽马测井仪多种测量曲线。通过与标准井伽马曲线对比及穿层孔地质资料分析,验证了矿用电磁随钻伽马测井仪测量结果的准确性。山西伯方煤矿井下应用试验表明,矿用电磁随钻伽马测井仪在定向钻孔施工中不仅能进行钻孔轨迹测量同时可有效识别煤层顶底板界面,对于指导煤矿井下定向钻孔施工、提高目的层钻遇率具有重要意义。      

Bayesian Spatial Modelling of Gamma Ray Count Data

Gamma ray logging is a method routinely employed by geophysicists and environmental engineers in site geology evaluations. Modelling of gamma ray data from individual boreholes assists in the local identification of major lithological changes; modelling these data from a network of boreholes assists with lithological mapping and spatial stratigraphic correlation. In this paper we employ Bayesian spatial partition models to analyse gamma ray data spatially. In particular, a spatial partition is defined via a Voronoi tessellation and the mean intensity is assumed constant in each cell of the partition. The number of vertices generating the tessellation as well as the locations of vertices are assumed unknown, and uncertainty about these quantities is described via a hierarchical prior distribution. We describe the advantages of the spatial partition modelling approach in the context of smoothing gamma ray count data and describe an implementation that may be extended to the fitting of a more general model than a constant mean within each cell of the partition. As an illustration of the methodology we consider a data set collected from a network of eight boreholes, which is part of a geophysical study to assist in mapping the lithology of a site. Gamma ray logs are linked with geological information from cores and the spatial analysis of log data assists with predicting the lithology at unsampled locations.     

煤矿水平钻孔测井数值模拟

针对煤矿井下水平钻孔测井解释沿用地面垂直钻孔测井解释方法的问题,应用数值方法,对煤矿水平钻孔自然伽玛测井、视电阻率测井进行理论分析和数值模拟,通过实例计算,与实际情况相符。      

地面垂直钻孔预抽特厚煤层瓦斯数值试验与应用

为解决塔山煤矿高强度开采条件下瓦斯低含量、高涌出的问题,同时为了弥补大型物理实验和现场试验成本高、操作难的缺点,根据该矿8101工作面所属区域煤层的地质和瓦斯赋存条件,确定了数值试验方案,对地面垂直钻孔预抽特厚煤层瓦斯的效果进行优化分析。基于煤岩（体）的孔隙特征,构建了含瓦斯煤岩（体）破裂过程气-固耦合和渗透率-损伤耦合数学本构模型。采用RFPA2D瓦斯分析版软件建立地面钻孔抽放瓦斯的数值计算模型,设置有关简化条件、边界条件和物性参数,通过数值试验得出：地面垂直钻孔的终孔位置布置在煤层底部比较合理;在综合考虑地面垂直钻孔投入成本和瓦斯抽采效果的基础上,确定地面垂直钻孔间距为50～60 m比较合理。同时,由8101工作面地面垂直钻孔抽采煤层瓦斯的实际应用效果分析可知,当地面垂直钻孔的终孔位置布置在煤层底部,且钻孔间距布置为50 m时,能够实现良好的瓦斯抽放效果,这也从一定程度上进一步验证了数值试验的合理性和可行性。     

基于钻孔雷达的透明工作面构建方法

煤岩界面的高精度探测是构建智能开采三维地质模型的关键难点。提出利用煤矿井下顺层孔实施单孔反射雷达,联合多孔探测结果构建区域煤岩界面地质模型实现透明工作面的方法。对单孔雷达数据,利用巷道波同相轴斜率计算煤层雷达波速度,采用空间约束偏移成像实现煤层顶/底板反射界面精准归位。形成3种匹配实际开采的透明工作面构建模式:回采前长钻孔模式、回采中短钻孔模式和联合模式。在山西某矿31004工作面对回采中短钻孔模式进行试验性应用,基于钻孔雷达构建的工作面地质模型与原始地质模型相比,局部信息刻画更精细,顶、底界面及煤厚与实际数据误差分别小于0.57、0.54、0.30 m。结果表明:钻孔雷达能高精度探测煤厚与顶、底界面,可实现透明工作面的构建。      

柴达木盆地自然伽玛曲线在古气候及沉积环境研究中的应用

应用自然伽玛测井（GR）曲线反演古气候和古环境的方法在国际上逐渐得到重视并取得了进展，柴达木盆地第四纪应用其反演2.85Ma B.P来的古气候变化也取得了成功。本文以柴达木盆地侏罗系冷科1井和雨33井自然伽玛曲线并结合孢粉等地质资料进行了古气候与沉积环境分析，证明GR曲线是有价值的古气候研究参数。GR值的大小及古气候的干湿变化和沉积水体的深浅变化均有内在联系，GR曲线振幅与频率的变化快慢反映出沉积环境动荡与稳定的相对特征，据此对两口井的沉积环境演变作了具体分析。结合古气候与沉积环境综合分析，GR曲线的异常波动还具有特殊的指相意义。GR值增大-古气候加湿-沉积水体加深的同步表现特征是一般性规律，构造-古地理背景的变动可改变这一对应关系，因而提供了研究古地理演变的信息，进一步丰富了GR曲线研究的地质涵义。说明在侏罗纪古气候和古环境研究上，GR曲线是一有价值的参考指标。     

地—井TEM典型特征分析与异常解释——以新疆白石泉铜镍矿zk506孔为例

地-井TEM法（瞬变电磁法）是一种寻找深部隐伏良导体的有效方法。以新疆白石泉铜镍矿区zk506孔三分量井中瞬变电磁测量为例,结合钻孔已知信息,通过分析曲线特征,从上至下共划定了3个异常,并推测第2个异常为主要异常,确定其方位为东南,同时根据z分量响应在晚期还有较强的幅值,判断异常在东南方向上具有相对长的延展,最后通过与zk506孔以及后期施工的zk507、zk508孔的地质编录对比,验证了地-井TEM解译推断,修正了之前zk506孔单孔编录的地质认识,证明了井中瞬变电磁法在良导硫化物矿勘探中的有效性和重要性。      

某铁路勘察近水平孔取心钻探施工技术

采用水平、近水平孔钻探取心是了解隧道地质情况的有效手段。某铁路隧道近水平钻孔设计倾角11°,终孔深度491.1 m,是工区内具有代表性和特殊性的一个钻孔。钻探施工中钻遇长段硬、脆、碎花岗岩地层,且伴随持续涌水,施工难度很大。通过改进设备、合理选择钻孔结构和取心钻具、使用环保型冲洗液和高效润滑脂等方法,保障了钻进施工正常进行。同时,就测斜和孔内事故处理提出解决方案,总结了水平钻孔施工安全注意事项。针对尚待解决的问题,提出相应建议。实践证明,该孔采用的设备器具与技术方法是有效可行的。     

Gamma and resistivity logs for characterization of Gondwana coal seams at the Northwestern part of Bangladesh

Different parameters obtained through geophysical borehole logging using self potential, resistivity, gamma–gamma, neutron, natural gamma, and acoustic tools, help in the identification of strata and estimation of the physical, electrical, and acoustical properties of the subsurface lithology. In the coal mining industry, currently, the main application for the logs is to determine coal seam depth, thickness together with coal seam quality, qualitatively. Gamma and resistivity logging in seven boreholes at the Phulbari Coal Basin show high resistivity value and low gamma count rate data in coal seams than the interbeds. An attempt has been made to identify and characterize Gondwana coal seams to a limited extent of seam depth, thickness, and quality in seven boreholes together with draw relationship between resistivity, gamma count rate, and ash content of coal at the Phulbari Coal Basin of Bangladesh.     

测井评价煤层气储层的方法探讨

根据煤层气储层实验室分析确定的体积模型（碳、灰分、挥发分、水分）,以测井曲线予以评价。其中以自然伽马测井确定湿灰分,该方法的前提条件是湿分主要是泥质且泥质不具放射性元素;以密度测井与人工伽马测井确定含碳量,并对密度测井作湿分校正;以灰分校正后的密度测井确定饱和水孔隙度;含气量的估算以声波测井和密度测井组成的复合参数ΔT/dDEN来确定,或以视电阻率曲线确定含气量。以某地区2个钻孔为例,讨论了煤层深度、压力等与水分、灰分、含气饱和度、含气量等参数的关系,认为含气量与深度成正比关系。     

Seawater pumped-storage power plant in Okinawa island, Japan

The authors describe the characteristics, problems and treatment of a seawater pumped-storage power plant which is the first high headtype power plant in the world. The authors propose a general geologic investigation program using boreholes for underground projects. The effectiveness of the investigations conducted by EPDC are evaluated before construction of the vertical shaft of the seawater pumped-storage power plant in Okinawa island, Japan. In the investigation stage of the project, no adit was excavated and all geological and geotechnical information about the underground facilities were obtained efficiently from exploration by drill holes including logging and geotechnical tests such as observation by borehole scanner, prospecting by VSP, initial stress measurement by sleeve fracturing method and JFT test.     

3D ground model development for an active landslide in Lias mudrocks using geophysical,remote sensing and geotechnical methods

A ground model of an active and complex landslide system in instability prone Lias mudrocks of North Yorkshire, UK is developed through an integrated approach, utilising geophysical, geotechnical and remote sensing investigative methods. Surface geomorphology is mapped and interpreted using immersive 3D visualisation software to interpret airborne light detection and ranging data and aerial photographs. Subsurface structure is determined by core logging and 3D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), which is deployed at two scales of resolution to provide a means of volumetrically characterising the subsurface expression of both site scale (tens of metres) geological structure, and finer (metre to sub-metre) scale earth-flow related structures. Petrophysical analysis of the borehole core samples is used to develop relationships between the electrical and physical formation properties, to aid calibration and interpretation of 3D ERT images. Results of the landslide investigation reveal that an integrated approach centred on volumetric geophysical imaging successfully achieves a detailed understanding of structure and lithology of a complex landslide system, which cannot be achieved through the use of remotely sensed data or discrete intrusive sampling alone.     

高阶有限差分法管波传播数值模拟

为正确认识流体充填钻孔中管波的传播规律,首先给出均匀各向同性介质中包含流体充填钻孔条件下的弹性波动力学方程和二阶速度-应力公式及差分格式的稳定性条件和边界条件;然后利用高阶交错网格有限差分法,结合典型模型,模拟了不同时刻管波的传播快照和复杂层状介质中管波的合成地震记录,并与实际管波地震记录进行了对比。结果表明:在地层分界面、溶洞的边界等波阻抗差异界面处,管波都会产生反射;反射管波的振幅、频率特征受界面两侧的岩石物理性质差异的影响;在理论合成记录中,反射管波与直达管波同相轴的交点与理论模型中地层分界面或异常体的边界一致。     

Contribution of electrical resistivity tomography to the study of detrital aquifers affected by seawater intrusion–extrusion effects: The river Vélez delta (Vélez-Málaga, southern Spain)

The coastal aquifer of the Plio-Quaternary delta sediment deposits of the Vélez river (province of Málaga, Spain) presents a highly irregular basement morphology and widely varying fill thickness (10–80 m between neighbouring sectors). The basin, which is tectonically controlled, is filled with lutite facies alternating with channel-filling rudites. This detrital aquifer is affected by seasonal seawater intrusion–extrusion processes due to increasing withdrawal of groundwater for human consumption and irrigation during dry periods.A study was performed to improve the hydrogeological knowledge of this coastal aquifer system. The study examined the morphology of the impervious substratum, the facies distribution and the position of the seawater wedge. For this purpose, an Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) geophysical technique was used and the tomographic data were calibrated using geological observations and borehole studies. An analysis was carried out to compare the direct information obtained from the 35 boreholes with the indirect data corresponding to the four electrical tomography profiles. In the study, over 9660 resistivity data points were processed.The ERT profiles perfectly corroborated the information derived from the boreholes. The profiles made it possible to detect thickness changes, lithological changes and the presence of faults. Moreover, from a hydrogeologic standpoint, this research technique is capable of detecting the position of the phreatic level and, in coastal aquifers such as the one examined in this study, the possible horizontal or vertical penetration of seawater intrusion. Therefore, the electrical geophysical prospecting based on ERT can be highly useful in areas lacking sufficient geological information and/or mechanical borehole data.     

基于钻孔数据的三维地层建模关键技术

在基于钻孔数据进行三维地层建模方法中,钻孔样本间地层层序不一致导致建模时难以确定各地层的拓扑关系,快速准确地确定各地层层序和充分利用钻孔数据是建模的关键难点之一。拟通过综合考虑区域内所有钻孔数据,基于地质解释方法理论,以地层出现次数频率高原则进行全自动确定地层层序。首次引入子钻孔递归思想,利用表面建模方法,自下而上逐层创建三维地层模型,可确保钻孔数据不丢失且准确地应用于地层建模中,并能适应地层尖灭、地层超覆、透镜体等复杂地质构造。该方法地学意义明确,具有鲁棒性好、运行效率高及可操作性强等特点,算法已在同济曙光软件中实现,并已在多个实际地质建模工程中得到了验证。研究结果表明,该算法能充分利用已有钻孔信息,建模过程全自动完成,对复杂地层建模亦具有较强的适应性。     

基于钻孔摄像技术的岩体完整性评价方法

通过钻孔摄像技术获取岩体的结构特性,提出一种评价岩体完整性的新方法--RMDI法,并应用于开滦煤矿唐山矿区数字钻孔摄像工程地质勘测中的离层孔。结果表明：（1）高精度的钻孔图像能为岩体完整性评价提供可靠的结果;（2）DIDF能反映钻孔壁岩体完整程度的轴向分布状况;（3）RMDI法用于评价岩体完整性是可行的;（4）RMDI法能实现全孔段或局部孔段的岩体完整性评价,完成对岩体不同完整段的位置搜索。