veKdv方程的若干系数在南海北部的地理分布特征及其季节变化分析

应用中国近海及邻近海域海洋再分析资料(简称CORA)研究南海北部第一模态内波场运动学参数的地理分布特征及其季节变化。首先分析了Brunt-Väisälä频率的统计特征;其次,基于弱非线性变系数扩展Kortewed-de Vries (veKdv)方程模型,计算了它的输入系数,即线性长波相速度,平方和立方非线性系数和频散系数,这些参数可用于定性评估内孤立波传播可能的极性,内孤立波的形态,幅度限制以及传播速度等。分析结果表明,南海北部季节性密度跃层从2月开始出现,最大浮力频率约在20 m。它在6—7月达到最强,自8月开始减弱,在10月消退。另一密度跃层出现在8—11月,最大浮力频率约在80 m,冬季大致在120 m。季节性密度跃层在4—9月十分明显,而8—10月双跃层现象显著,冬季仅出现较弱的第二密度跃层。在1—3月和10—12月海盆深水区最大Brunt-Väisälä频率值要大于陆架浅水区;而在5—9月情况则相反。Brunt-Väisälä频率最大值所在深度随季节变化显著,冬季最深,6—7月则最浅。计算的线性内波相速度、频散系数和幅度放大因子的空间特征主要取决于地形变化;平方(立方)非线性系数与地形关系较小,随季节变化明显,它们主要取决于局地海洋环境特征。通过分析veKdv方程的系数特征,解释了为何在夏季南海北部最容易观测到大振幅内孤立波和在吕宋海峡以东海域难以观测到孤立波的原因。     

浮力装置触发深海管道水平向整体屈曲效果的数值模拟研究

海洋油气资源的运输主要通过海底管道进行,管道在工作时受到较大的温度荷载,会产生整体屈曲变形。深海管道设计中常采用人为装置触发一定程度的水平向整体屈曲变形,来释放轴向的温度应力,浮力装置是常用的触发方式之一。本文通过数值模拟研究,分析了不同浮力大小和不同浮力施加范围下,管道水平向整体屈曲的临界屈曲力,得出临界屈曲力随浮力大小和施加范围变化的情况;并研究了不同土体阻力下,浮力装置触发整体屈曲的效果。研究表明,水平向土体阻力较大时,浮力装置触发水平向整体屈曲的效果较好。浮力装置的触发效果对轴向土体阻力不敏感。     

正弦激励下零浮力海洋拖缆动力特性与实验研究

海洋地震拖缆是海洋油气资源勘探中的关键设备,为研究海洋地震拖缆的动力特性及其在不同频率正弦激励干扰下的动力响应,建立了零浮力拖缆的数学模型,设计了一套完整的实验方案,通过弹性测力机构放大张力信号以排除环境干扰,测量了不同拖曳速度与激振频率条件下拖缆首部的张力变化及缆上位移响应情况,初步分析了正弦激励作用下零浮力拖缆的动力学响应。弹性测力机构具有良好的线性度与可重复性,拖缆受到的水阻力与拖曳速度的平方成正比,数值计算与实验结果对比验证了数学模型的正确性,初步分析了正弦激励作用下零浮力拖缆的动力学响应。     

Automatic Profiling System for Underice Measurements

The article is devoted to the development of an autonomous profiling system for measuring the aquatic environment under ice. The system moves up and down in the water column along a cable with a load at the lower end, which is lowered into a lane in the ice. The system carrier is designed for transporting an acoustic Doppler current profiler and a salinity, temperature, and pressure probe. The system will be useful for long-term measurements of vertical profiles of the current speed and marine environment parameters, as well as ice draft. The article describes in detail the structure and operation of the system. The hydraulic scheme of the carrier buoyancy system is presented.

     

Underwater glider modelling and analysis for net buoyancy, depth and pitch angle control

Underwater glider is an autonomous underwater vehicle that glides by controlling their buoyancy and attitude using internal actuators. By changing the vehicle's buoyancy intermittently, vertical motion can be achieved. Characteristics of glider motion include upward and downward movement in a saw tooth pattern, turning and gliding in a vertical spiral motion and gliding without using thrusters or propellers. This paper presents the modelling and identification on net buoyancy, depth and pitching angle of an underwater glider system. A ballast tank subsystem is considered appropriate for the identification process since it is the main parameter for the motion control. By selecting the ballast rate as the input, three aspects of the dynamics of a glider can be observed: buoyancy, depth of the glider and pitching angle. The MATLAB System Identification Toolbox^TM is used to obtain a mathematical model of the glider ballast-buoyancy, ballast-depth and ballast-pitching angle conditioning system. The best three parametric estimation models are chosen, and the results of the comparison between simulated and estimated outputs are presented. The information obtained from the modelling and identification approaches are used for USM's Underwater Glider Prototype controller design. The information observed during this procedure are utilised for optimisation, stability, reliability and robustness analysis of the underwater glider.     

Motion Analysis and Trials of the Deep Sea Hybrid Underwater Glider Petrel-Ⅱ

A hybrid underwater glider Petrel-II has been developed and field tested. It is equipped with an active buoyancy unit and a compact propeller unit. Its working modes have been expanded to buoyancy driven gliding and propeller driven level-flight, which can make the glider work in strong currents, as well as many other complicated ocean environments. Its maximal gliding speed reaches 1 knot and the propelling speed is up to 3 knots. In this paper, a 3D dynamic model of Petrel-II is derived using linear momentum and angular momentum equations. According to the dynamic model, the spiral motion in the underwater space is simulated for the gliding mode. Similarly the cycle motion on water surface and the depth-keeping motion underwater are simulated for the level-flight mode. These simulations are important to the performance analysis and parameter optimization for the Petrel-II underwater glider.The simulation results show a good agreement with field trials.     

Motion Analysis and Trials of the Deep Sea Hybrid Underwater Glider Petrel-II

A hybrid underwater glider Petrel-II has been developed and field tested. It is equipped with an active buoyancy unit and a compact propeller unit. Its working modes have been expanded to buoyancy driven gliding and propeller driven level-flight, which can make the glider work in strong currents, as well as many other complicated ocean environments. Its maximal gliding speed reaches 1 knot and the propelling speed is up to 3 knots. In this paper, a 3D dynamic model of Petrel-II is derived using linear momentum and angular momentum equations. According to the dynamic model, the spiral motion in the underwater space is simulated for the gliding mode. Similarly the cycle motion on water surface and the depth-keeping motion underwater are simulated for the level-flight mode. These simulations are important to the performance analysis and parameter optimization for the Petrel-II underwater glider. The simulation results show a good agreement with field trials.     

南海海面高度季节变化的数值模拟

比较POM模式模拟与观测(TOPEX/Poseidon高度计资料)的南海海面高度(SSH)的季节变化在空间分布上的一致性和差异.结果表明:本文使用的POM模式能较好地模拟南海SSH的季节变化;冬季与夏季,春季与秋季南海海面异常场形式完全相反,冬季Ekman输运造成在西海岸的堆积要比夏季在东海岸堆积更明显,而吕宋冷涡中心附近和吕宋海峡海面季节变化振幅最大;除春季以外,在南海绝大部分海域,海面高度的季节变化主要受风力的控制,南海海面热量通量对SSH的季节变化贡献约为20%,风应力对SSH的季节变化的贡献约为80%.     

南海表面浮力通量、水型变性及南海"暖水"的消长分析

利用英国南安普敦海洋中心(SOC)海-气界面的热量和淡水通量资料以及世界大洋图集(WOA01)的海面温度和盐度资料计算了南海表面各月的有效浮力通量及水型变性矢量场,分析了南海表层暖水形成和发展的季节性特征。研究结果表明,南海表层暖水的发展、维持以及消亡在很大程度上受到海洋表层浮力通量的影响;此外,南海上层水体密度的垂直结构和变化也深受表面浮力通量和表层水型变性的影响。在中、北部,南海的垂向结构季节性变化较为明显,其中冬季表层水体的下沉强度最大,深度最深,而夏季表层水体却无下沉趋势。     

Winds and buoyancy-driven circulation in the Tampa Bay

INTROOCCrIOWWiththeimplementationoftimeseriesobservationsspanningseveralsynopticweathersystempassages,theimPOrtanceoftheattnosphericallyforcedpartofestuarinecirculationbecameclearinthe1970s.WeisbetgandSturges(1976)examinedthewindeffectindrivingthenetcirculationintheWestPassageoftheNarragansettBay.Usingvelocitymeasurementsofapproximatelyonemonthduration,theyconcludedthatthelocalwindscoulddominatethegravitationalconvectionindeterminingthenetestuarinecirculationprofileofapartiallymixedestu…     

普里兹湾及其邻近海区冰-海相互作用的数值研究 Ⅰ.模式

南大洋在全球气候系统中起着重要的作用,对世界大洋水团的形成有重要的影响。在世界大洋中,约有55%-60%的海水特性应当归结于南大洋的物理过程。目前,南大洋的研究已得到各国海洋学者的日益关注,进展较大。但是,对于地处印度洋扇形区的普里兹湾海区的观测和研究则相对较少,其结果的差别甚大。例如底层水形成问题,有些研究者认为这一海区的底层水主要来源于威德尔海和罗斯海,本区内对底层水的贡献即使有,也是非常小的(Smith et al.,1984; Mantyla et al.,1995)。而有些研究者则从观测资料中找到了底层水有可能形成的迹象。就目前研究的结果来看,有些年份,如1982年(Middleton et al.,1989),1987年(Woehler et al.,1988),1991年(乐肯堂等,1996)均发现了异常高盐的陆架水,它有可能与深层水混合而形成底层水。对于该海区的环流特别是深层环流迄今为止也是知之甚少。大多数研究是基于动力高度的计算结果( Grigor yev,1967;Smith et al.,1984,1993;Middleton et al.,1989),但他们给出的环流型式相互之间差异很大。这些差异的存在,虽然确有年际变化等因素,但也不能排除研究方法本身的局限。该海区地形复杂(图1),海冰有显著的季节变化和年际变化(Allison et al.,1993,1994),使得该海区的物理海洋状况非常复杂。南极地区由于环境恶劣,海洋观测集中在夏季,并且资料的连续性较差,因而使传统的研究方法受到很大限制。为了充分发挥有限的实测资料的作用,采用合理的动力学和热力学模式并利用数值方法求解模式方程,不失为一种有效的研究途径。迄今为止,这一海区的数值研究还很少,考虑热力学作用的模式则尚未见诸报道。本文将利用最新的资料和模式,并在模式中同时考虑动力学和热力学的作用,用以研究普里兹湾海区的环流与海冰的动力学和热力学过程。以往的研究发现、等密面分析是研究普里兹湾海区混合与环流的有效方法(乐肯堂等,1997),我们将采用国际上新近发展起来的一种基于等密面的数值计算模式,研究普里兹湾海区环流和海冰的季节变化。这一工作将有助于进一步解决该海区南极底层水的形成问题,因而对于深入认识该海区在南大洋环流系统以至全球气候系统中的作用有重要意义。     

青岛近海表皮温度和表层温度之差的观测及模糊数学分析

１９９３．１１．２３．９：００－１１．２８．９：００随“东方红”号海洋考察船,采用“走航式海面遥感参数自动观测系统”在青岛近海进行了５个昼夜的连续观测。根据所得资料,首先对表皮水曙和表层水温之差与各因子之间的关系进行了分析,然后利用数学方法对所获数据进行了计算。结果表明,海洋表皮水温与表层水温之差和海面风速,气温与水温之差及太阳辐射等均有明显关系。但此关系难以用传统数学方法准确表述。应用模糊推理方     

Basic mathematical model for the normal black smoker system and the hydrothermal megaplume formation

A tube model to simulate the normal black smoker system has been built, where the Darcy flow equation, the Ergun equation and the turbulent pipe flow equation are used respectively to describe the dynamic process of different key areas in the hydrothermal circulation system. At the same time, a convection-diffuse Equation for the temperature field is used for describe the exchange of thermal energy and the law of temperature variation. Combining the above facts and using efficient mathematical algorithms and programming with the MatLab programming language, the variation curves of temperature, pressure and mass flow rate are determined, while also the dynamic heat equilibrium and pressure equilibrium within the black smoker system are analyzed. On the basis of the model of the normal black smoker system, a megaplume formation model is further built. For instance, the hydrothermal venting plume on the Juan de Fuca Ridge has been simulated and the simulation results are fairly consistent with Baker's imputed data in 1986. On the basis of the above productive simulation, a series of factors for megaplume formation and the effectiveness of the main parameters of the periodicity of the megaplume formation, temperature and the maximum mass flow rate are systematically discussed. Main conclusions are as follows: The normal black smoker system can evolve into a megaplum eruption. In fact, the passageway of the hydrothermal discharge is blocked by the hydrothermal sediments during the black smoker period, which leads to a hydrothermal fluid accumulation, rise of temperature and increase of buoyancy pressure under the seabed. After a period of 2~3 a, the megaplume hydrothermal eruption will occur when the increasing buoyancy pressure is high enough to crack the blockage (cap).Meanwhile, the temperature of the heat source must exceed 500 ℃, while the highest temperature of the eruption fluid may be high up to 413 ℃, which is fairly consistent with the surveying data.If the temperature of the heat source were to be higher than 500 ℃, then the critical period for the megaplume formation could be obviously curtailed to be less than 1 a, while the critical temperature and the maximum mass flow rate are nearly invariable. As the permeability increases, the maximum mass flow rate increases gradually close to a steady value.     

Multivariable sliding mode control for autonomous diving andsteering of unmanned underwater vehicles

A six-degree-of-freedom model for the maneuvering of an underwater vehicle is used and a sliding-mode autopilot is designed for the combined steering, diving, and speed control functions. In flight control applications of this kind, difficulties arise because the system to be controlled is highly nonlinear and coupled, and there is a good deal of parameter uncertainty and variation with operational conditions. The development of variable-structure control in the form of sliding modes has been shown to provide robustness that is expected to be quite remarkable for AUV autopilot design. It is shown that a multivariable sliding-mode autopilot based on state feedback, designed assuming decoupled modeling, is quite satisfactory for the combined speed, steering, and diving response of a slow AUV. The influence of speed, modeling nonlinearity, uncertainty, and disturbances, can be effectively compensated, even for complex maneuvering. Waypoint acquisition based on line-of-sight guidance is used to achieve path tracking     

Linear Approximations of the Second Turbulent Moments of the Atmospheric Convective Surface Layer in a Forced-Convection Sublayer

The Monin–Obukhov similarity theory for the convective surface layer distinguishes two limiting cases: a dynamic limit and a free-convection limit. The dynamic limit for the convective surface layer is defined as a flow with a logarithmic profile of wind and a zero buoyancy flux at the underlying surface. The free-convection limit is characterized by a zero wind speed and a positive buoyancy flux at the underlying surface. The limits of the generalized Monin–Obukhov similarity theory are able to describe the higher order turbulent moments. In this paper, it is assumed that the convective surface layer consists of two sublayers: the lower dynamic sublayer adjacent to the surface and the upper forced-convection sublayer. The turbulent moments can be approximated separately for each sublayer. Linear approximations are suggested for the turbulent moments of the vertical velocity and the potential temperature variance in the forced-convection sublayer. The first-order expansion terms of them correspond to the free-convection limits of the Monin–Obukhov theory under no-wind conditions. The second-order expansion terms describe profiles of the turbulent moments in under convective conditions with a moderate wind. A comparison between the proposed approximations and experimental data strongly suggests that the linear approximation is correct within a forced-convection range.     

PLC结合微机控制在时间常数测量装置中的应用

文章介绍了在时间常数测量装置中所涉及到的几个控制问题 ,系统采用由计算机为上位机和以可编程序控制器 (PL C)为下位机构成的两级控制模式。在上位微机中使用 VB5 .0编程语言设计了微机软仪表面板风格的监控程序 ,通过 RS2 32通讯接口将上位微机操作指令送至 PL C完成控制过程。本文还介绍了传感器运动速度的控制和测量 ,传感器穿越阶越界面的运动控制以及高速数据采集系统。     

硬悬挂钻井隔水管涡激振动特性研究

针对深水钻井过程中遭遇强台风,基于安全性考虑要求钻井平台悬挂隔水管提前撤离的问题,采用软件SHEAR7针对HYSY981钻井平台硬悬挂隔水管系统避台风撤离作业过程中,受南海一年一遇海流作用时诱发涡激振动(VIV)的情况,研究航速与悬挂长度对VIV特性的影响。研究表明,浮力块覆盖率越高,隔水管系统张力越小;浮力块分布对隔水管系统VIV响应影响较大,25%交错布置方案VIV响应最弱。隔水管并非越短越好,要综合考虑洋流剖面、隔水管配置和平台航行的影响;在不同悬挂长度及航行条件下的VIV响应,在撤离作业前应尽量避免在高流速区布置浮力单根,撤离作业时应尽量采用顺流而避免平台逆流航向。     

普通黑烟囱热液系统及巨羽流形成的基本数学模型

建立了一种新的管状模型来模拟普通黑烟囱体的热液循环系统,分别用达西方程、湍流方程、Ergun方程和“浮压力差”方程来描述热液循环不同关键环节处的动力学系统,用一个温度场的对流-扩散方程来描述反应区的热能交换及系统的温度变化规律.在联立几个方程并用有效的数值算法及Matlab语言编程求解后,得出了系统中温度、压力及物质流速随时间的变化曲线,并对黑烟囱体内部的动态热平衡和压力平衡进行了分析.在普通黑烟囱体系统模型的基础上进一步建立了巨型羽状流(巨羽流)生成的数学模型.选择胡安·德富卡(Juan de Fuca)洋脊热液喷口对巨羽流的形成进行了模拟,其结果与Baker根据实测数据估算的近似值吻合很好.在上述模型的基础上进一步探讨了巨羽状流形成的一系列条件及主要参数对巨羽流生成周期、温度和最大物质流速等的影响.主要结论如下:巨羽流系统可以由普通黑烟囱系统发展演化而成,其实际过程是普通黑烟囱流系统活动所形成的热液沉积在一定程度上会堵塞热液喷溢通道(相当于形成盖层),造成热液在海底之下积蓄和升温,从而导致浮压力差增大,经过2~3 a(浮压力差达到盖层破裂极限值)则可形成巨羽流系统,巨羽流产生时的热源温度必须超过500℃,喷出热液的最高温度为413℃左右(与实际观测到的海底热液的最高温度一致).当反应区热源温度增大时,产生巨羽流的临界时间明显变短(可能不到1 a),而临界温度(巨羽流生成时的温度)及巨羽流的最大物质流速几乎不随其变化;随着渗透率的增大,巨羽流的最大物质流速也随之增大,但其增速随渗透率的进一步增大而变缓,并逐渐趋向一个相当于下渗流无摩擦阻力时的极限稳定值.     

Study on Floating Properties and Stability of Air Floated Structures

In this paper, the buoyancy, kinetic properties and stability of air floated structures have been studied by theoretical and experimental methods. The ecpjations for calculation of the buoyancy of the air floated buoy are derived according to the Boyler law and the equilibrium equations of the air floated structure are established. Through simplification of the air floated structure as a single freedom rigid body and spring system, the natura! period of heaving and some kinetic properties are discussed. In the stability analysis, the formulas for calculation of the meta centric height are presented. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the data observed from the model test and prototype test. The air buoyancy de-crease coefficient presented in this paper has a large influence on the floating state, stability and dynamic properties of the air floated structure. The stability of the air floated structure can also be judged by the parameter of meta centric height, and calculations show that t     

Spatiotemporal variability of thermal front features in the Baltic Sea 2010–2011

Regions of the formation of the thermal front in the Baltic Sea (a direct manifestation of the lacustrine thermal bar), and its specific features, were analyzed on the basis of subsurface temperature and salinity. Data were obtained from 25 horizontal tows along sections in the southern and central parts of the Baltic Sea during spring 2010 and autumn/winter 2010/2011. The width of the front was approximately 5?C30 km, and the front lifetime was 1.5 months. Horizontal temperature ranged from 0.7 to 2.5°C; thus, the temperature gradient was one- to twofold larger than the long-term monthly mean equivalent. Analysis of hourly temperature and salinity data from the Arkona basin and at the Darss Sill, obtained at 2 m depth, indicated that the surface temperature increased during the transition through temperatures of maximum density at a rate of approximately 0.01?C0.02°C/h between 3?C5 days; which is 1.4- to 5-fold higher than values before and after this period. The thermal front simultaneously propagated along the main sea axis (due to the significant salinity and buoyancy flux variations from south to north), and from the shallow parts towards the deep parts of the Baltic Sea. Therefore, the horizontal advection of the cold/warm waters clearly contributes to the speed increase of the thermal front at the end of the respective season. The speed of the thermal front propagation from south to north was approximately 28 km/day at the end of the spring period of 2010 (based on field data). This was considerably higher in comparison with the typical values of the lacustrine thermal bar speeds; however, it accords with estimates for a basin with depth/salinity horizontal variation.