球石藻及其生态功能

球石藻(Coccolithophore)是一类在全球海洋中广泛分布的海洋微型浮游植物,它们在海洋浮游植物功能群落中是一类极其重要的钙化生物类群,也是海洋中生源无机碳的重要来源,并且在海洋的碳循环过程中起到重要的作用。球石藻由于快速增殖而发生水华的过程中能够释放大量的具有挥发性的二甲基硫(DMS)和丙烯酸(acrylic acid),它们是影响气候变化,特别是引起区域性环境效应(温室效应)的关键性物质。本文针对球石藻的生物学特征及其生态重要性作了简要阐述。     

Fiji’s fisheries: their contribution to development and their future

The industrial fisheries of Fiji have had mixed fortunes. The fresh fish export industry has grown rapidly in importance so that fisheries is now the third most valuable export industry; its positive effect on the economy is mainly in the increase in the purchase of goods and services, such as air freight. The present ‘hands off’ policy by government in the fresh fish export industry should continue until the industry matures. In the longer run, ad valorem royalties should be considered as a mean of capturing resource rents. The government-owned export cannery has been in financial decline, and the maintenance of the social benefits of regional employment generated by the cannery has come at a high cost to government coffers. The future of the cannery, now leased to a private operator, is clouded by the uncertainty of the continuity of concessional access to European markets beyond the year 2000. The main task faced by government is the management of fisheries and fish stocks. The management of the inshore fisheries — vital to the needs of a large proportion of the population — needs additional resources. The capability for management of the industrial fisheries, necessary to maximise long term public benefits, would be enhanced by full cost recovery through a user pays policy. This article is based on a paper presented to the Fiji Update seminar, held at the National Centre for Development Studies, the Australian National University, Canberra, on 19 June 1998. The author wishes to thank Mr Krishna Swamy, Senior Fisheries Officer in the Fiji Fisheries Division, and Mr Grahame Southwick, Managing Director of the Fiji Fish Company Ltd, for their generous provision of information for the preparation of this paper; and Mr Joeli Veitayaki, Coordinator of the Ocean Resources Management Programme, University of the South Pacific, for helpful comments. Any errors or omissions are the author’s responsibility, however.     

鲨鱼中的抗肿瘤活性物质及其作用机制

鲨鱼属于软骨鱼纲（Chondrichthyes）、鲨形总目（Selachomorpha）,约250多种。在自然界中鲨鱼是极少患恶性肿瘤的动物之一,其发病率为百万分之一。美国科学家曾做过这样的研究,将高剂量的强致癌物质黄曲霉素B1注射到鲨鱼体内,不能诱发癌症。将黄曲霉素混入食物中长期给鲨鱼喂食,在近8年的研究中没有发现鲨鱼长出肿瘤。给鲨鱼接种癌细胞也不能诱发癌症。这提示鲨鱼体内具有独特的抗肿瘤机制。     

Fabrication of suspended graphene devices and their electronic properties

Suspended graphene devices are successfully fabricated by using a novel PMMA/MMA/PMMA tri-layer resist technique. The gap between graphene and dielectric substrate can be easily controlled by the thickness of the bottom PMMA layer, and no wet-etching with hazardous hydrofluoric acid is involved in our fabrication process. Electrical characterizations on suspended graphene devices are performed in vacuum when in-situ current annealing directly leads to a significant improvement on transport properties of graphene, i.e., the increase of carrier mobility with the reduction of width of Dirac peak. Our results make a new opportunity to study intrinsic properties of graphene.     

Simulating the interaction of seagrasses with their ambient flow

The interaction of seagrasses with the dynamics of an oscillatory wave induced flow is assessed with a new Lagrangian plant model. The plant model simulates moving plants in canopies and their dissipative effect on the ambient flow. Concomitantly the plant model is interactively coupled to a 3D hydrodynamic numerical model allowing for a bilateral feedback between moving plants and flow. Model results demonstrate that this interaction causes a modification of current profiles within and above a canopy as compared to an undisturbed flow. While the overall effect of submerged plant canopies is a dampening of dynamics, the flow may locally be intensified. The model predicted an intensification of the flow near the top of a canopy in concurrence with field and laboratory observations. Dissipation in the coupled model, due to the applied non-linear friction law, grows exponentially with increasing flow. As a result the permeability of a canopy to the ambient flow decreases with increasing dissipation. Consequently, at high flow velocities, while becoming increasingly impermeable, a canopy acts like an obstacle that deflects the flow above it, which causes the observed intensification. Results for canopies consisting of seagrasses with different leaf structure and plant geometry show remarkable differences in predicted plant motions, current profiles, drag forces, and velocity shear. Predictions for moving plants are compared with those for rigid, less flexible, structures and undisturbed flow.     

Deep-Sea Impact Experiments and their Future Requirements

In recent years, several experiments to assess the potential impacts due to deep-sea mining in the Pacific as well as the Indian Oceans have indicated the immediate changes and restoration patterns of environmental conditions in the marine ecosystem. The large volume of sediment(~ 500 × 10⁷ m³ per year) estimated to be resuspended would be the major influencing factor in environmental impact in the mining area, leading to changes in availability of certain nutrients and composition of biomass, followed by gradual restoration. Important results have been obtained from these experiments, but in order to have a better understanding of the impacts and restoration processes, it will be necessary to improvise future experiments to resemble actual deep-sea mining in terms of scale and methodology.     

5种水产动物血红细胞形态显微观察比较及进化分析

采用Hemacolor染料对泥蚶（Tegillarca granosa）、毛蚶（Scapharca subcrenata）、鲫鱼（Carassiusauranus）、牛蛙（Rana catesbeiana）、中华鳖（Pelodiscus sinensis）等5种水产动物血细胞涂片进行染色,利用光镜和扫描电镜两种方法对5...     

红球藻藻株对光强适应及在工程培养中的应用

于2007～2008年在云南楚雄,利用叶绿素连续荧光分析等技术方法,对比研究了3株雨生红球藻藻株(Haematococcus pluvialis)(H_0、H_2、H_3)不同类型细胞对光强适应能力和光化学机制、生长速率和虾青素累积情况,对比研究了红球藻细胞转化过程的光化学特性与能量分配机制。结果表明,3株雨生红球藻游动细胞、绿色不动细胞和红色不动细胞光合作用对光强需求存在明显差异性,其中绿色游动细胞H_0、H_2和H_3光饱和点分别为750、1000、750 μmol/(m~2·s),绿色不动细胞H_0、H_2和H_3光饱和点分别为750、750、500 μmol/(m~2·s),而红色不动细胞H0、H_2和H_3的光饱和点分别为500、750、500 μmol/(m~2·s)。上述数据意味着红球藻光合作用对光强需求以游动阶段细胞最高,其次为绿色不动细胞,而红色不动细胞对光需求最弱;3株红球藻光合作用对光强需求的顺序为H_2H_0H_3。从实际培养效果来看,H_0藻株游动细胞在9月、11月到次年5月生长最好,其中4月、11月比生长速度为藻株H_3的2.19倍和2.17倍,而在6～8月和10月份中,藻株H_2生长比较迅速,但是藻株之间差异性相对较小。针对3株红球藻虾青素累积而言,1～2月、4月、6月、9月、11～12月藻株H0的虾青素含量最高,3月、5月更适宜H_3积累虾青素,其余7～8月和10月H_2藻株积累虾青素更多。综合雨生红球藻细胞生长和虾青素累积二个决定产量的主要因素,作者认为,在秋末、冬、春和夏初等温度和光照相对较低季节,选择藻株H_0规模化培养可获得更好的生产效果,而在光照较强、温度较高和多雨的夏季和秋初季节,应选择藻株H_2培养产量更高。     

Marine protected areas—substantiating their worth

With the UK Marine Bill promoting the creation of a network of marine protected areas and similar commitments in other countries there is a need for tools to assist in their design and management. Although physical science often drives designation, the implementation of marine protected areas also encompasses political and socio-economic issues. This paper focuses on one tool in the armoury of decision-makers: choice experiments. It illustrates its application to the quantification of aspects of socio-economic value not readily incorporated into the evaluation of the costs and benefits of marine protected areas utilising cold-water deep coral reefs off the Republic of Ireland.     

美丽属海绵次生代谢产物及其生物活性

美丽属海绵Callyspongia sp.分布广泛,含有多种生物活性成分,如多炔、肽类、生物碱、脂肪酸、聚酮类、甾体等,其中许多化合物具有抗污浊、抗肿瘤和抗菌等多种生物活性.按化合物的结构类型简要介绍了近几十年来美丽属海绵化学成分及其生物活性的研究进展,为进一步的研究工作提供参考.     

海底滑坡及其反射地震识别综述

<正>海底滑坡是一种重要的地质营力,对于海底地貌塑造、海底沉积物搬运和沉积具有重要意义[1],对于油气和水合物的聚集成藏亦具有重要的影响[2-7]。同时,由于海底滑坡破坏海底的稳定性,其对海底工程(如海底光缆、海上石油钻井平台等)和环境也构成潜在的威胁[8-9]。因此,近年来海底滑坡研究正越来越受到工业界和学术界的关注。由于沉积物在海底滑移时受到的浮力较大,海底滑坡的规模通常要比陆地滑坡大很多[10]。目前全球范围内记录在案的最大海底滑坡是发生在南非海上的Agulhas滑坡,其滑移距离超过140 km,作为单一滑坡事件,它所搬运的沉积物的体积高达20 000 km[11]。人     

海洋中胶体的分布与微形貌特征

近十余年来,海洋胶体的研究越来越引起人们的兴趣和关注,因为人们逐渐认识到胶体在海洋生物地球化学循环中可能起着非常重要的作用.     

Optical characteristics of Lake Baikal waters and their cross-correlations

Correlations between the optical characteristics of Lake Baikal waters and relations of optical characteristics with the content of suspended matter and chlorophyll in waters of the lake have been found. The formulas obtained for Lake Baikal waters have been compared with similar formulas of relations in other water basins.     

微藻及其生长动力学研究

对微菏的主要反应特征和生物学特性以及微菏的生长动力学研究现状进行了比较全面的综述,并简要报道了研究者在实验室进行微藻培养,微藻生物活性物质的分离纯化以及微菏的生长动力学等方面的研究进展。     

Protected nearshore shallow and deep subtidal rocky reef communities differ in their trophic diversity but not their nutritional condition

Large physical changes that alter reef macrobenthos and fish assemblages occur with increasing depth, so the biological processes that regulate communities at different depths are expected to diverge. We used analyses of stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and fatty acids to establish whether shallow (11–25 m) and deep (45–75 m) warm-temperate reef communities within a South African marine protected area differ in their trophic organisation and nutritional condition. We found evidence of enhanced nutritional condition in plankton from the deeper reef as compared with the shallow reef based on the essential fatty acid content, but this effect was generally not observed in the macrobenthos or the fish communities. Community-based indices derived from the stable isotope data indicated that the shallow-reef community had significantly greater niche diversification (greater diversity of carbon sources at the base of the food web) and more niche space occupied than the deep-reef community. One obvious difference in available carbon sources between reef communities was the absence of benthic primary production on the deep reef, where light is limiting. Our results highlight that the decreased trophic diversity, and to an extent functional redundancy, associated with the simplification of food webs at depth may translate into greater vulnerability of deep reefs to disturbance.     

Wave-induced response of seabed: Various formulations and their applicability

In this study, a set of generalized analytical solutions are developed for the wave-induced response of a saturated porous seabed under plane strain condition. When considering the water waves originating in deep water and travelling towards the shore, their velocities, lengths and heights vary. Depending on the characteristics of the wave and the properties of the seabed, different formulations (fully dynamic, partly dynamic, quasi-static) for the wave-induced response of the seabed are possible. The solutions for the response with these formulations are established in terms of non-dimensional parameters. The results are presented in terms of pore pressure, shear stress and vertical effective stress distributions within the seabed. For typical values of wave period and seabed permeability, the regions of applicability of the three formulations are identified and plotted in parametric spaces. With given wave and seabed characteristics, these regions provide quick identification of the appropriate formulation for an adequate evaluation of the wave-induced seabed response.     

不同环境因子对毛颚动物的影响和毛颚动物生态研究综述

毛颚动物又称箭虫,是海洋中的次级生产力代表之一。毛颚动物的呼吸受温度影响较大,因此其丰度会受到水温的调节作用。盐度>25时,毛颚动物种类多丰度低,但也有一些耐高盐的种类可在高盐环境中有高丰度。许多研究表明,海流和海洋锋对毛颚动物分布产生显著影响,海流可将毛颚动物携至不同水层甚至不同气候带。毛颚动物有迁移现象并呈垂直分布,这与捕食相联系,不同毛颚动物之间遵循空间、时间、食物型分离的生态规则,以减少种间竞争。毛颚动物对其捕食对象的摄食压力较大,此外,还产生可快速下沉的粪粒,在有机物向下输送过程有一定作用。     

海洋中地形强迫的孤立涡旋的演变及其相互作用

建立了一个描述中尺度涡的新的非线性方程,然后利用变分原理研究了孤立涡旋的Liapunov稳定性,指出反气旋和气旋涡都是稳定的。数值计算结果发现在β效应的作用下这些涡旋都向西移动而不存在向南的移动,然而在反气旋涡的上游存在一个孤立地形(例如海山)的话,孤立地形会使反气旋涡向南移动,而且移动的轨迹取决于孤立地形的位置。当两个反气旋涡同时存在并发生相互作用时,上游孤立地形使这两个反气旋涡产生弱合并并出现弱分离。而且孤立地形的位置对这两个涡的移动和旋转有重要影响。