Generation and crystallization of an amphibolite shear melt: an investigation using radial friction welding apparatus

A cylinder of amphibolite comprising the assemblage amphibole+clinozoisite+albite has been frictionally melted using radial friction welding apparatus. This was achieved by rotating a steel ring at 750 rpm and a force of 98 kN for 10 s against a stationary steel casing which housed the rock sample. The ring penetrated the casing then proceeded to rotate and compress the sample to 95% of its original volume until it cracked at right angles to its length. This generated a whole rock silicate melt which injected the crack and on cooling produced glass, crystallites and vesicles. Melting occurred in two stages: an initial low pressure melting event with crystallization to augite+Fe-rich anorthite, followed by a high pressure melting event with crystallization to fassaitic clinopyroxene. It is estimated that pressures of 0.5 GPa rising to 1 GPa were realized at the ring-rock interface. Under these conditions fassaite superseded augite+anorthite crystallization due to the increased solubility of Ca-Tschermak's component in clinopyroxene. The high pressure event provides a crude analogue for the frictional melting of basic rock at depths of 15–30 km in a seismogenic fault: a situation realized along the slip zone between cold descending lithosphere and overlying mantle during subduction.     

Fracture geometry of pseudotachylyte generation zones: a study of shear fractures formed during seismic events

The orientation and movement sense of shear fractures in pseudotachylyte generation zones developed in the Ikertôq shear belt, West Greenland are described, and the fracturing sequence is inferred. The generation zones occur in strongly foliated gneisses, and consist of concordant, usually paired, principal displacement shear fractures (paired shears), on which most melt was generated, and a system of minor shear fractures. Minor shear fracturing was most intense between principal displacement shear fractures, and most melt intruded from these paired shears inwards with respect to the zone. Intrusion of injection veins of pseudotachylyte off the principal displacement shear fractures, is believed to be contemporaneous with minor shear fracturing in the generation zones.Generation zones affect intact rocks, and individual principal displacement shear fractures have a maximum displacement of 4.6 m. Paired principal displacement shear fractures are up to 3 m apart, and have a maximum observed length of 1 km. In all the zones described, the fracturing appears to be the result of a single episode of slip. Both dextral and sinistral generation zones occur within the study area, and have different geometries. In each case the displacement is strike-slip.     

新型卧式土工平面应变仪研制

平面应变仪是一种开发较早但至今尚不完善的一种土工试验仪器,随着国家基础设施建设的发展,平面应变试验及试验方法在许多领域得以应用,显示出了平面应变试验在工程设计和研究中的重要性。通过回顾国内外平面应变仪的发展,提出了开发一种新型的土工平面应变三轴仪的思路,以实现更科学、更精确地进行复杂应力加载条件下土平面应变试验的研究。以此为目的,从压力室结构、加载系统及控制量测系统等方面提出了相应的改善措施,开发了一种新型的土工平面三轴仪。并通过重塑黄土的平面应变试验及改进的真三轴仪平面应变试验对比、以及平面应变试验强度参数与常规三轴试验强度参数对比分析,验证了所研制的新型卧式土工平面应变仪的合理性和研制思路的正确性。最后,通过对该平面应变仪应变试验的黄土破坏特性与改进真三轴平面应变试验的黄土破坏特征的对比分析,验证了本文所开发的平面应变仪在描述土体应变局部化问题的合理性。     

局部断层场地对P波的散射影响研究

采用间接边界元法,借助Wolf的土层和半空间精确动力刚度矩阵和斜线荷载格林函数,在频域内求解了局部断层场地对P波的散射,着重分析了破碎带较窄断层两侧围岩动力响应的基本规律,以及场地动力特性对散射的影响。研究表明,破碎带断层对入射P波有着显著的影响,即使破碎带很窄,也可对P波产生很大的放大作用;层状场地动力特性对放大作用有显著的影响。     

Heat extraction through a geothermal reservoir on an oblique fault plane

The heat extraction through a geothermal reservoir on an oblique fault plane in the earth's crust is considered. The fault could be modelled mechanically as a frictional contact interface of two elastic bodies. The heat is recovered by circulating fluid through the reservoir, and then the surface of the reservoir is cooled by the fluid. The analysis is based on the two-dimensional theory of quasi-static thermoelasticity. It is concluded from numerical calculations that a geothermal reservoir can be created on an oblique fault plane, and the opened region, i.e. the fluid-filled region, increases gradually with time during the heat extraction. Also discussed are the effects of the fluid pressure and the coefficient of friction on the behaviour of the reservoir.     

A simulation using a hybrid method for predicting fault zones ahead of a tunnel face

By monitoring and analysing three‐dimensional absolute displacement during tunnel excavation, it is possible to predict discontinuity zones ahead of tunnel face. This paper presents results of the three‐dimensional displacement obtained from three‐dimensional simulations using hybrid method for assessing the effect of discontinuity zones on monitoring data. The influence of fault zones and in situ initial stresses on the three‐dimensional tunnel movement is evaluated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two-dimensional landslide dynamic simulation based on a velocity-weakening friction law

Surprisingly, hypermobility (high velocity and long run-out) is a remarkable feature of large landslides and is still poorly understood. In this paper, a velocity-weakening friction law is incorporated into a depth-averaged landslide model for explaining the higher mobility mechanism of landslides. In order to improve the precision of the calculation, a coupled numerical method based on the finite volume method is proposed to solve the model equations. Finally, several numerical tests are performed to verify the stability of the algorithm and reliability of the model. The comparison between numerical results and experimental data indicates that the presented model can predict the movement of landslide accurately. Considering the effect of velocity-weakening friction law, the presented model can better reflect the hypermobility of landslide than the conventional Mohr–Coulomb friction model. This work shows that the application of a universal velocity-weakening friction law is effective in describing the hypermobility of landslide and predicting the extent of landslides.     

Earthquake source parameters at the sumatran fault zone: Identification of the activated fault plane

Fifteen earthquakes (M_w 4.1–6.4) occurring at ten major segments of the Sumatran Fault Zone (SFZ) were analyzed to identify their respective fault planes. The events were relocated in order to assess hypocenter uncertainty. Earthquake source parameters were determined from three-component local waveforms recorded by IRIS-DMC and GEOFON broadband lA networks. Epicentral distances of all stations were less than 10°. Moment tensor solutions of the events were calculated, along with simultaneous determination of centroid position. Joint analysis of hypocenter position, centroid position, and nodal planes produced clear outlines of the Sumatran fault planes. The preferable seismotectonic interpretation is that the events activated the SFZ at a depth of approximately 14–210 km, corresponding to the interplate Sumatran fault boundary. The identification of this seismic fault zone is significant to the investigation of seismic hazards in the region.     

Fluid absent melting of a layered crustal protolith: implications for the generation of anatectic granites

We report the result of H₂O-undersaturated melting experiments on charges consisting of a layer of powdered sillimanite-bearing metapelite (HQ36) and a layer of powdered tonalitic gneiss (AGC150). Experiments were conducted at 10 kbar at 900°, 925° and 950°C. When run alone, the pelite yielded 40 vol% strongly peraluminous granitic melt at 900°C while the tonalite produced only 5 vol% weakly peraluminous granitic melt. At 950°C, the pelite and the tonalite yielded 50 vol% and 7 vol% granitic melt, respectively. When run side by side, the abundance of melt in the tonalite was 10 times higher at all temperatures than when it was run alone. In the pelite, the melt abundance increased by 25 vol%. When run alone, biotite dehydration-melting in the tonalite yielded orthopyroxene and garnet in addition to granitic melt. When run side by side only garnet was produced in addition to granitic melt. Experiments of relatively short duration, however, also contained Al-rich orthopyroxene. We suggest that the large increase in melt fraction in the tonalite is mainly a result of increased activity of Al₂O₃ in the melt, which lowers the temperature of the biotite dehydration-melting reaction. In the pelite, the increase in the abundance of melt is caused by transport of plagioclase component in the melt from the tonalite-layer to the pelite-layer. This has the effect of changing the bulk composition of this layer in the direction of minimum-temperature granitic liquids. Our results show that rocks which are poor melt-producers on their own can become very fertile if they occur in contact with rocks that contain components that destabilize the hydrous phase(s) and facilitate dehydration-melting. Because of this effect, the continental crust may have an even greater potential for granitoid melt production than previously thought. Our results also suggest that many anatectic granites most likely contain contributions from two or more different source rocks, which will be reflected in their isotopic and geochemical compositions.     

断层对压裂液运移影响的数值模拟研究

水力压裂必然会带来相关环境问题,压裂液对浅层含水层的影响不容忽视。为了查明压裂液潜在的向上运移通道及不同地质条件下压裂液的运移情况,对压裂液潜在的运移通道进行了分类,基于变密度数值模拟软件SEAWAT,考虑不同渗漏点与断层底部距离、不同断层倾角对压裂液运移的影响,设计了6种情景开展了数值模拟。结果表明:压裂液潜在向上运移通道主要有对流传输、裂隙传输以及井管泄露。密度差异产生的浮力是压裂液上升的主要动力。压裂液渗漏点距离断层底部越近,影响范围越大,监测点水位和浓度均最先降低。在存在微弱水力梯度条件下,断层倾角α为20°时,断层对局部水流水位及浓度影响较大;α为90°时,对压裂液运移产生影响较小;α为70°时,断层对压裂液运移影响最大,压裂液会扩散至较大范围。     

采动影响下逆断层活化规律的数值模拟

煤矿开采过程中断层活化时有发生,是矿井灾害防治研究的热点问题。为了揭示不同断层倾角条件下煤层开采对断层活化的影响,以淮南新集二矿地质采矿条件为例,采用FLAC^3D进行数值模拟,系统研究逆断层下煤层开采过程中断层的动态活化规律,阐明了断层活化位置与工作面推进距离、断层倾角之间的关系。研究表明,断层活化可分为累积期、形成期、破坏期3个发育阶段;当工作面回采至工作面推进距离的一半时,断层开始活化,至开采结束,断层滑移量最大;倾角越小的断层面越早开始活化,倾角越大的断层面滑移量越大。研究成果为断层发育区煤炭资源安全开采提供了理论依据和技术参考。     

断层面摩擦强度对工作面开采影响数值模拟分析

断层面摩擦强度是评价煤炭开采中应力扰动诱发断层滑动危险性的依据。依托晋城矿区成庄井田,采用理论分析和数值模拟计算方法,分析了断层面摩擦强度对深部地应力的约束机制,研究了成庄井田F13断层及其在不同摩擦强度条件下对回采工作面顶板稳定性、超前支承压力分布和断层滑动的影响规律。研究结果表明：地壳深部最大与最小主应力比值受断层面摩擦强度的限制,当其达到临界方向断层的摩擦强度极限时,断层就会发生滑动;断层破碎带的存在导致初始应力场扰动,形成断层带低应力区及高应力集中区,在回采过程中将直接影响煤层顶板移动变形和采动应力分布;断层面摩擦强度较小时,工作面开采至断层附近顶板下沉量及断层上下盘错动位移较大,支承压力峰值由大变小明显,断层面上剪应力与正应力的比值易达到断层面的摩擦系数,断层滑动的危险性较大。     

Numerical simulation of the effect of interface friction of a bounding structure on shear deformation in a granular soil

Recently, the shear behavior of a cohesionless granular strip that is in contact with a very rough surface of a moving bounding structure has been numerically investigated by several authors by using a micropolar hypoplastic continuum model. It was shown that the micropolar boundary conditions assumed along the interface have a strong influence on the deformations within the granular layer. In previous investigations, only interface friction angles for very rough bounding structures were assumed. In contrast, the focus of the present paper is on the influence of the interface roughness on the deformation behavior of the granular strip when the interface friction angle is lower than the peak friction angle of the granular material. In addition to the interface friction angle, particular attention is also paid to the influence of the mean grain diameter, the solid hardness, the initial void ratio, and the vertical stress on the maximum horizontal shear displacement within the granular layer before sliding is started. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The random coin method: Solution of the problem of the simulation of a random function in the plane

This paper presents a new geostatistical method to obtain realizations of stationary random functions in the plane.     

敦-密断裂左行走滑三维有限元模拟

敦-密断布列亚裂带是郯庐断裂北段的重要分支之一, 具有左行走滑剪切性质, 其走滑位移量的大小一直存在很大争议。应用ANSYS三维有限元模拟软件, 对研究区地质体建立理想模型, 并采用分段施力和连续施力两种方法进行构造几何学错移的数值模拟, 探讨敦22密断裂带的走滑位移量。模拟结果表明: 采用分段施力方式得到的累计走滑位移量为273.8 km, 连续施力方式得到的位移量为406.8 km, 说明在不考虑外界阻力影响及地质体内部形变吸收的位移量时, 郯庐断裂由南到北具有整体统一的走滑位移量。综合考虑布列亚-佳木斯地块的阻挡及地质体内部的韧性变形和逆冲推覆构造对走滑位移量的吸收等地质因素, 认为敦-密断裂带实际位移量应比模拟数值小, 也证实了郯庐断裂走滑位移量可能存在由南至北逐渐递减的规律。     

Tsunami hydrodynamic force on a building using a SPH real-scale numerical simulation

Natural Hazards - One of the most important aspects in tsunami studies is the behaviour of the wave when it approaches the coast. Information on physical parameters that characterize waves is often...