永清井水温多次畸变的跟踪研究

针对2017年12月30日开始永清地震台水温固体潮多次发生突升突降,而同井水位没有发生明显变化的情况,经过对比试验、注冷水试验、断电试验等一系列验证,认为永清井水温异常变化不是受干扰影响所致;通过水温的异常变化与地震对应关系分析,认为永清井水温异常可能与地震有关。     

腾冲地震台井水位受环境影响实验分析

腾冲地震台井水位常年多次出现大幅快速升降异常变化,考虑周边环境因素,通过对闫家塘放水、蓄水过程中腾冲地震台井水位变化进行跟踪监测,并结合观测井井水与闫家塘水水化学组分、氢氧稳定同位素等特征进行分析。结果表明:腾冲地震台井水位大幅快速升降变化主要受闫家塘放水、蓄水影响。对腾冲地震台井水位在近震前出现的高水位异常与地震的相关性分析,认为过量降雨的加载对该地区构造活动具有调制作用,该井水位变化能够提供一定的地震前兆异常信息,对台站附近地区的地下构造活动有一定的反映能力。     

氢氧稳定同位素在地下水异常核实中的应用

在地震地下流体研究中,区别地下水是受浅层物质补给还是受深部介质活动的影响,是异常核实的主要任务。氢氧稳定同位素技术能够有效地识别地下水的来源与补给过程。文中概述了氢氧稳定同位素方法在地下水异常核实应用中的基本原理、水样采集和测试技术,列举了应用氢氧稳定同位素技术研究井水位升高和水质浑浊异常现象的实例,就氢氧稳定同位素用于核实地下水水位、水温、化学组分和宏观异常进行了简要讨论。该方法的广泛使用,有助于识别地下水异常的构造与非构造影响因素。     

依兰—舒兰断裂带延寿县区段水化学特征

1 研究背景 长期地震监测和研究表明,在中、强地震发生前数天至数月、地震发生时和地震发生以后数天到数月,常在震中区与远离震中的地区出现水化组分异常.随着质谱仪技术的不断完善,精确测定水样中稳定同位素含量成为可能,稳定同位素在现代水文学研究中得到广泛应用.应用氢氧稳定同位素示踪技术,开展有关地下水的补给来源、地下热水的循环深度、水岩反应等研究,对地震孕育、发生过程中地下水异常信息的科学评估、地震活动性强度判定及在地震前兆异常与孕震介质演化研究等方面具有广泛的应用价值.如钟俊等(2018)利用氢氧同位素组成及气体组分和碳同位素组成等地球化学数据,分析了河南太康县群井异常现象.     

江西九江2号井地震水文地球化学特征及成因

对江西省九江地震台2号观测井井水、大气降水、马尾水泉水及天花井水库水的常量化学组分、氢氧同位素及氚活度数据进行分析,讨论九江台地下水的水化学类型、成因及补给循环过程,揭示九江地震台2号井对构造活动响应灵敏的地球化学特征。研究发现九江台2号井水水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca·Mg型;氢氧同位素指示九江台2号井水属于大气降水成因型,补给高程为647 m;氚活度分析给出的地下水年龄显示九江台2号井既有老水补给又有近10年的新水补给。分析结果表明,九江台2号井既有浅表水特征又有深循环水的特征,暗示两个不同补给源的含水层通过不同循环路径上升至浅表,而深部含水层可能携带部分深部构造活动的氡,并在瑞昌—阳新M_S4.6地震前出现较显著的异常信息。     

基于氢氧同位素分析南昌地震台流体观测井水补给来源

在地震地下流体研究中,地下水补给及循环过程是重要的研究内容之一,氢氧同位素示踪技术是目前研究该过程的常用手段。南昌地震台流体观测井自2013年8月22日投入观测以来,其基础数据未进行有效分析,通过对南昌井水样数据进行氢氧同位素及水化学实验分析,结果表明：井水主要补给源为直接大气降雨,补给前经历了一定蒸发作用;水—岩反应不充分,属于未成熟水;水样中无明显优势阳离子,Ca²⁺、Na⁺占主体,优势阴离子为HCO₃^－,表明井水属重碳酸型水;水源补给高程约582 m。南昌地震台流体观测井总体受大气降水影响较大。     

河北何家庄流体观测井水文地球化学特征分析

应力、应变或地震活动会打破地壳中流体原有的水-岩平衡状态,引起地下流体化学组分和同位素的变化。根据河北何家庄流体观测井氢氧同位素和离子化学组分测试结果,分析了该井的地球化学特征及与构造活动的关系。由氢氧同位素结果及高程效应,判定井水来源主要为大气降水,大气降水沿断裂裂隙渗入,深循环后温度增加,经溶滤作用等形成热水;按照舒卡列夫分类法,何家庄井水为Cl-Na.Ca型。受2015年9月14日昌黎M4.2地震的影响,区域应力变化使井孔断裂岩石裂隙增大,深部热水上涌,引起何家庄井水离子组分和氢氧同位素组成等发生变化。研究结果表明,对何家庄井流体地球化学特征进行分析,可以为井孔附近断裂构造活动和地震前兆异常分析提供地球化学依据。     

2021年9月安徽巢湖井水温异常分析

基于安徽巢湖井2008—2022年水温观测数据,分析该井水温的变化特征及可能存在的影响因素;重点分析了2021年9月以来该井水温持续上升的异常变化。结果显示：在2021年12月22日江苏常州M_S4.2地震前,巢湖井水温于2021年9月26日出现快速上升变化,上升幅度约0.15℃,震后水温上升速率减缓;2套水温的比测结果也显示二者变化一致性较好,具有相同的变化趋势;调和分析及水化学分析显示异常变化可能与构造活动有关。通过分析认为,该井水温异常信度较高,具有一定的前兆意义。     

河北邢台水位抬升现象的水化学成因分析

2018年9月以来,河北省邢台市出现了地下水位大幅回升、多口干涸泉眼复涌等宏观异常现象。为判定异常现象是否与区域内构造活动和地下应力改变有关,2019年4～6月进行了3期现场调查,并对3口灌溉井和6处地表水进行水样采集,分析了水化学离子浓度和氢氧稳定同位素等水化学数据。结果表明,3口灌溉井具有地表水的特征,补给来源相似且与地下水存在一定的水力联系;受区域煤矿资源丰富及人类活动的影响,水体中富含SO_4~(2-)离子。结合异常出现前的生态补水资料,分析认为2018年9月以来河北省邢台市水位抬升现象可能是由邢台地区生态补水引起的,与区域内构造活动和地下应力改变没有直接联系,排除其是地震宏观前兆的可能。     

临夏水位高值异常分析及预报效能检验

针对临夏1号和2号井2018～2019年的高值异常,通过对观测干扰因素分析、地下水类型定量诊断及水化学组分和同位素分析,认为此次异常为2019年夏河5.7级地震前兆异常.通过震例分析和Molchan图表检验法检验分析给出其预报效能,结果表明其优势对应地震时间段为4个月左右,4～6个月的中短期的预报效能最佳,且其异常特征...     

永清MS 4.3地震前永清井水温异常分析

2017年12月永清井观测温度急剧下降,采用该井水温、水位多年观测数据,从仪器测量原理及精细温度梯度测量出发,结合井孔资料,认为该变化为永清M_S 4.3地震（井震距<30 km）发生前的异常信息。利用正弦累加模型计算温度异常持续时间和幅度,发现该异常变化存在2个周期：①周期42天,温度变化幅度为0.042 12℃;②周期16.77天,温度变化幅度为0.018 62℃。分析认为,区域应力状态发生变化,使含水层渗透性受到影响,从而间接影响到井下温度传感器安放处水温。地震发生后近距离观测到水温异常变化尚属首次,利用模型对变化时间与幅度进行量化提取,可为经验预报、统计预报提供经典震例。     

永清井水温仪观测数据异常核实的实例与分析

以永清地震观测井水温仪观测数据出现的异常为例,通过同层水温仪对比观测,断电实验以及注水实验等现场核实的方法,详细分析了水温观测数据的可靠性,提出了流体观测井异常核实工作的一般流程与解决办法,为地震台站观测数据异常的现场核实提供了可靠、有效的方法,并找到产生异常的真正原因。     

昌黎井数字化水温资料分析

昌黎井数字化水温具有比较规律的多年变化动态趋势,整理水温资料,分析水温前兆异常变化,得出水温变化机理和映震机理,为今后充分发掘地震前兆信息提供帮助。     

山西夏县中心地震台温泉水化学特征

采集夏县中心地震台温泉水及周边水点样品进行水化学组分特征分析。利用矩形图、Na-K-Mg三角图等方法,初步分析温泉水的水质类型、水-岩平衡状态、热储温度以及循环深度等,并结合氢氧同位素组成特征,初步分析温泉水补给来源。研究表明,夏县中心地震台温泉水化类型属于Na-Cl·SO₄型,水-岩反应属于部分成熟水,热储温度为148.8℃,循环深度为3.91 km,补给源主要为大气降水,温泉为断裂型温泉。以上结果可为该台流体异常分析提供基础研究资料,为夏县地区水化研究奠定基础。     

唐山马家沟矿井水位异常分析

地下水动态受水文因素影响较大,对地震和构造活动具有较灵敏的响应。判别并排除各种水文干扰,确认地下水在地震前的异常变化,对提高地震分析预报能力,具有重要作用。马家沟矿井水位动态观测层与地下水开采层为同一含水层,井水位于2010年出现破年变异常,加速持续上升,截至2015年,最大上升幅度约30 m。依据该井水文地质环境特征,根据唐山市区2001-2015年地下水位、降雨量、地下水开采量实测资料,建立合理多元回归模型和三维地下水流动模型,发现地下水开采量减少应为影响马家沟矿井水位动态的可能因素。文中采取的异常识别与分析方法,可为其他类似井孔的地下水动态异常识别及判定提供一定借鉴。     

Temporal variation of stable isotopes in a precipitation–groundwater system: implications for determining the mechanism of groundwater recharge in high mountain–hills of the Loess Plateau,China

The groundwater in shallow loess aquifers in high mountain–hills in the western Loess Plateau in China is almost the sole water resource for local residents. However, the question about how the loess groundwater naturally circulates in these high mountain–hills, characterized by low precipitation and high potential evaporation, remains unclear. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the application of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to (1) examine temporal variations of the isotopic composition of precipitation and shallow groundwater and (2) uncover the mechanism of groundwater recharge in high mountain–hills. Results from 2 years of monitoring data show a difference in the stable isotopes for groundwater and local precipitation between the winter and summer periods. Similar to precipitation, stable isotopes in groundwater are observed to be depleted in winter and enriched in summer, particularly in oxygen isotope. A prominent characteristic is that H and O isotopes of groundwater show a very clear response to strong precipitation in the rainy season in 2013. The results highlight that local precipitation is the likely recharge source for groundwater in shallow loess aquifers. Annual recharge from local precipitation maintains the groundwater resource in the shallower loess aquifer. The mechanisms governing shallow loess groundwater recharge in high mountain–hills were evaluated. In addition to possible vertical slow percolation of soil water through the unsaturated zone, rapid groundwater recharge mechanisms have been identified as temporal preferential infiltration through sinkholes, slip surface or landslide surface and through the interface of loess layer and palaeo‐soils. Most groundwater can be recharged after a heavy rainy season. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A study of interaction between surface water and groundwater using environmental isotope in Huaisha River basin

The surface water and groundwater are important components of water cycle, and the interaction between surface water and groundwater is the important part in water cycle research. As the effective tracers in water cycle research, environmental isotope and hydrochemistry can reveal the interrelationships between surface water and groundwater effectively. The study area is the Huaisha River basin, which is located in Huairou district, Beijing. The field surveying and sampling for spring, river and well water were finished in 2002 and 2003. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and water quality were measured at the laboratory. The spatial characteristics in isotope and evolution of water quality along river lines at the different area were analyzed. The altitude effect of oxygen isotope in springs was revealed, and then using this equation, theory foundation for deducing recharge source of spring was estimated. By applying the mass balance method, the annual mean groundwater recharge rate at the catchment was estimated. Based on the groundwater recharge analysis, combining the hydrogeological condition analysis, and comparing the rainfall-runoff coefficients from the 1960s to 1990s in the Huaisha River basin and those in the Chaobai River basin, part of the runoff in the Huaisha River basin is recharged outside of this basin, in other words, this basin is an un-enclosed basin. On the basis of synthetically analyses, combining the compositions of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and hydrochemistry, geomorphology, geology, and watershed systems characteristics, the relative contributions between surface water and groundwater flow at the different areas at the catchments were evaluated, and the interaction between surface water and groundwater was re- vealed lastly.     

Spatio‐temporal heterogeneity in soil water stable isotopic composition and its ecohydrologic implications in semiarid ecosystems

Spatio‐temporal heterogeneity in soil water content is recognized as a common phenomenon, but heterogeneity in the hydrogen and oxygen isotope composition of soil water, which can reveal processes of water cycling within soils, has not been well studied. New advances are being driven by measurement approaches allowing sampling with high density in both space and time. Using in situ soil water vapour probe techniques, combined with conventional soil and plant water vacuum distillation extraction, we monitored the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopic composition of soil and plant waters at paired sites dominated by grasses and Gambel's oak (Quercus gambelii) within a semiarid montane ecosystem over the course of a growing season. We found that sites spaced only 20 m apart had profoundly different soil water isotopic and volumetric conditions. We document patterns of depth‐ and time‐explicit variation in soil water isotopic conditions at these sites and consider mechanisms for the observed heterogeneity. We found that soil water content and isotopic variability were damped under Q. gambelii, perhaps due in part to hydraulic redistribution of deep soil water or groundwater by Q. gambelii in these soils relative to the grass‐dominated site. We also found some support for H isotope discrimination effects during water uptake by Q. gambelii. In this ecosystem, the soil water content was higher than that at the neighbouring Grass site, and thus, 25% more water was available for transpiration by Q. gambelii compared with the Grass site. This work highlights the role of plants in governing soil water variation and demonstrates that they can also strongly influence the isotope ratios of soil water. The resulting fine‐scale heterogeneity has implications for the use of isotope tracers to study soil hydrology and evaporation and transpiration fluxes to improve understanding of water cycling through the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum.     

A study of soil water movement combining soil water potential with stable isotopes at two sites of shallow groundwater areas in the North China Plain

In the shallow groundwater areas of the North China Plain (NCP), precipitation infiltration and evapotranspiration in the vertical direction are the main processes of the water cycle, in which the unsaturated zone plays an important role in the transformation process between precipitation and groundwater. In this paper, two typical sites in Cangzhou (CZ) and Hengshui (HS) of Hebei province with shallow water tables were selected to analyse the relationship among precipitation, soil water and groundwater. At each site, precipitation, soil water at depths 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 100, 150, 200, 300 cm, and groundwater were sampled to analyse the stable isotope compositions of hydrogen and oxygen. The soil water potentials at the corresponding depths were observed. Although the climates at the two sites are similar, there are some differences in the infiltration process, soil water movement and groundwater recharge sources. Evaporation occurred at the upper depths, which led to the decrease of soil potential and the enrichment of heavy isotopes. At the CZ site, precipitation infiltrated with piston mode, and an obvious mixture effect existed during the infiltration process. Preferential flow may exist in the soil above 100 cm depth. However, at the HS site soil water moved in piston mode, and groundwater was mainly recharged by precipitation. When precipitation recharged the groundwater it experienced a strong evaporation effect. The results of the soil water movement mechanism provides the transformation relationship among precipitation, soil water and groundwater in the middle and eastern NCP. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.