东营凹陷细粒混积岩发育环境及其岩相组合:以沙四上亚段泥页岩细粒沉积为例

为了进行陆相断陷湖盆泥页岩细粒混积岩有利岩相预测,以指导页岩油气有利目标优选,综合运用岩心、薄片、全岩衍射、元素、古生物等资料,系统进行了东营凹陷沙四上亚段泥页岩细粒混积岩沉积环境恢复、岩相精细表征,揭示了沉积环境对岩相及其组合、分布的控制作用.研究表明,东营凹陷沙四上亚段泥页岩细粒混积岩沉积期整体上表现为气候由半湿润向湿润转化,自下而上显示碎屑物源输入量在增加、水体水深加大、盐度降低、还原性减弱的过程;有序复杂多变的沉积环境一定程度上控制了泥页岩细粒混积岩沉积组构复杂性,进而控制了细粒混积岩相的多样性、组合和分布规律性.建立基于“岩石组分、沉积构造、灰质结构和有机质丰度”四端元划分方案,将东营凹陷沙四上亚段泥页岩细粒混积岩划分为20类,实现了复杂细粒混积岩岩相划分;半湿润少物源条件下,浅湖强还原盐水环境主要发育膏盐、含有机质层状膏质泥岩和含有机质层状泥质灰（云）岩相组合,半深湖强还原咸水环境主要发育富有机质纹层状微晶泥质灰岩和富有机质纹层状灰质泥岩频繁互层岩相组合,半深湖强还原半咸水环境主要发育富有机质水平泥晶纹层泥质灰岩和富有机质纹层灰质泥岩频繁互层岩相组合,深湖还原半咸水环境主要发育富有机质层状泥质灰岩夹富有机质层状灰质泥岩相组合;湿润多物源条件下,深湖强还原半咸水环境主要发育富有机质层状泥质灰岩和富有机质层状灰质泥岩频繁互层岩相组合,深湖还原半咸水环境主要发育富有机质层状灰质泥岩夹富有机质层状泥质灰岩相组合.      

吉林省油页岩矿床成因类型及其成矿规律

根据勘查获得的大量实物岩芯、录井信息、样品分析测试数据及以往勘查资料,认为吉林省油页岩矿床成因总体属于内陆湖泊生物沉积型,依据矿床的特点及产出的构造位置,可进一步分为大型坳陷盆地型、山间坳陷盆地型和断陷盆地型3种不同的成因类型。对不同类型油页岩矿床进行了研究,各类矿床均严格受地层控制,矿层展布于各盆地灰—灰黑—黑色泥页岩中,成矿物质主要来源于陆相湖泊生物和少量的陆源植物体,成矿时代为中—新生代,主要分布于大型坳陷盆地和断陷盆地中。指出大型坳陷盆地型、山间坳陷盆地型矿床与中生代白垩纪深湖—半深湖沉积环境有关;断陷盆地型矿床与新生代古近纪深湖—半深湖沉积环境关系密切。     

东天山库姆塔格—沙泉子晚石炭世火山-沉积岩相学地质地球化学特征与构造环境

通过对本区晚石炭世沉积岩和火山岩的岩相学类型及其特征研究,划分出山前洪积相(河流相)、水下三角洲沉积相、海岸潮坪相、浅海相、火山沉积岩相、火山喷溢相、火山喷发岩相、热水沉积岩相、火山热水蚀变岩相和矽卡岩相等10种不同岩相和相应的亚相,这种特征属大陆挤压收缩体制下活动大陆边缘上的火山-沉积岩相学组合类型。垂向相序结构表明在热水沉积岩相上下均有较强的火山活动,为成矿提供所需的热能。在库姆塔格晚石炭世压陷盆地中,热水沉积岩相的纵向相序结构为热水角砾岩亚相→菱铁矿岩亚相/石膏岩亚相→铁白云石岩亚相→碧玉岩亚相→铁白云石岩亚相,这种组合是寻找“库姆塔格型”大型石膏菱铁矿矿床的岩相学标志。本区火山-沉积岩相总的沉积序列显示向上由浅变深→由深变浅趋势,沉积物源主要来源于华力西期岛弧带剥蚀区及其南侧(中天山)基底隆起带;火山喷发仍形成发生在浅海环境中,具有大陆挤压收缩体制下(中天山造山带)后陆盆地沉积特点;晚石炭世原型沉积盆地可能为后陆盆地,有利于大型石膏菱铁矿矿床保存。     

西昆仑库地混杂岩带中深海浊积岩的浊积相划分及其特征

西昆仑库地混杂岩带中发育一套深海浊积岩。本文在系统的沉积相分析基础上,识别并划分出本区浊积岩的7类浊积相及14种亚相,结合其成因分别对各浊积相(亚相)的沉积特征、垂向分布规律进行了总结与描述。此外,垂向上还识别出3种浊积相组合,文中对其沉积序列特征及其所代表的环境意义进行了阐述。结合其它资料,探讨了这套浊流沉积的沉积环境,认为它形成于位于消减带和海沟之间的弧前盆地环境。     

川东三叠系白云岩与蒸发岩差异组合测井相模式及勘探意义

川东三叠系蒸发岩与白云岩共生体系中,赋存了丰富的油气资源和大量富含稀有元素的深层卤水,开发潜力巨大。这里根据岩心、薄片、钻测井等资料,结合前人的研究,总结了白云岩与蒸发岩的岩性特征及差异组合序列,将其分为A、B、C、D四种常见组合序列类型：白云岩上覆蒸发岩、蒸发岩上覆白云岩、白云岩与蒸发岩互层、厚层白云岩,分别对应钟形、漏斗形、尖指形和箱形四种测井相模式,探讨了不同组合下的沉积环境,进一步厘定川东地区三叠系白云岩与蒸发岩差异组合的测井-沉积综合模式,并利用实例进行可靠性验证,同时通过分析研究区内井资料和镜下薄片资料,发现D型组合序列最有利于卤水发育,对川东地区下一步的“天然气、深层卤水”兼探具有重要意义。     

库车坳陷膏岩沉积特征及形成环境分析

库车坳陷是塔里木盆地的一个大型坳陷区,蒸发岩广泛分布,硫酸盐矿物是蒸发岩中最常见的矿物之一,其中石膏矿物是分布最为广泛的硫酸盐矿物。研究表明,不同蒸发岩岩相中产出的石膏矿物类型多样,产状、沉积构造复杂多变,不同的原生石膏矿物组合指示着不同的沉积相和沉积环境,利用岩矿鉴定方法分析石膏沉积特征与形成环境。     

西秦岭中泥盆世沉积环境及其与铅—锌矿的关系

西秦岭中泥盆世沉积环境可分为深海—次深海盆地相区、碳酸盐台地及浅海陆棚相区和浅海盆地相区三大部分,其中又可划出若干相、亚相及微相。对于铅—锌矿产至关重要的是断陷滞流盆地相及碳酸盐台地相。矿床的形成与沉积环境关系密切:热水沉积型铅—锌矿床生成于断陷滞流盆地环境中,受生长断裂、热水沉积作用及断陷滞流盆地的联合控制;热水沉积改造型铅—锌矿床生成于碳酸盐台地边缘生物礁亚相中,受碳酸盐台地、生物礁及热水沉积改造作用的控制。     

塔东南坳陷侏罗系杨叶组沉积相特征及古环境研究

沉积环境影响着烃源岩的发育情况,因而研究侏罗系杨叶组沉积时的古环境对塔东南坳陷的勘探开发及有利区块的优选有着重要意义。本文根据区内已有钻井的岩心观察结果、岩电组合特征、分析化验资料和野外露头及古生物特征,对区内侏罗系杨叶组的沉积相特征及古环境进行了分析研究,指出了该区沉积相主要发育有辫状河三角洲沉积和湖泊沉积。其沉积环境为陆相淡水环境,具有较强的还原性;古气候为温暖半潮湿亚热带气候。提出该区优质烃源岩形成的最有利相带的浅湖-半深湖湖湾环境。通过对沉积相和古环境的研究,总结了沉积相平面展布特征和四大控制因素。     

西北地区油页岩形成条件及找矿方向

西北地区是我国油页岩资源最丰富的地区之一,不仅在鄂尔多斯、准噶尔、塔里木、柴达木、额济纳旗—银根等大型沉积盆地广泛分布,而且在大青山、阴山地区的海流图、固阳、石拐沟、卓资及乌兰花等陆相山间盆地,祁连—河西走廊地区的盆地群(西起敦煌盆地,东至六盘山盆地—巴音浩特盆地,南抵柴达木盆地包括了众多的以古生界为基底的中新生代中小型沉积盆地)的许多中小型盆地也广泛分布。通过对西北地区不同沉积盆地油页岩形成条件与成因类型分析,总结了西北地区油页岩的3种成因类型,即深湖-半深湖相成因;海陆交替相成因和沼泽相成因。认为大型内陆湖盆深湖-半深湖相沉积,由于沉积环境稳定,富含有机质,形成的油页岩矿床具有分布面积广、厚度大、含油率稳定的特点,往往形成大型油页岩矿床,为最有利勘探区。     

志留纪昆仑山地区构造古地理环境及其成矿意义

青藏高原北部基础地质调查与研究工作中,在昆仑山地区测得志留纪(S),奥陶纪—志留纪(O-S)剖面39条,剖面厚度从169m到8260m不等,地层的上下接触关系多为断层和角度不整合。从沉积环境、物质组成等方面,反映出昆仑地区从西向东古地理环境为滨浅海-深海-滨浅海-深海的分布特征。西昆仑温泉沟群(S1W)在英吉莎县西,以砂岩、板岩为主,沉积环境为浅海陆棚;在麻扎一带,主要为砂岩、粉砂岩、板岩及硅质岩等,麻扎附近的石英片岩、砂板岩及灰岩中,含拉斑玄武岩,为活动大陆边缘环境下,深海相(俯冲带海沟沉积环境,麻扎一带),斜坡相浊积岩沉积(麻扎东、西一带),在麻扎一带叠复厚度8260m,向北西、南东方向变薄;东昆仑在木孜塔格峰北,该群为一套深海-半深海复理石沉积,由灰色、浅灰色浅变质各种岩屑砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩组成。中晚志留世达坂沟群(S2-3D)在西昆仑为半深海到滨浅海沉积环境,在东昆仑沉积一套碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩地层,以浅海环境为主。在若羌南的白干湖组(S1b)发育深海浮游生物——笔石,为深海相浊积岩,从下到上浊积扇向海推进,水体逐渐变深,属拉张环境下的深海弧后盆地沉积环境。在格尔木西南志留系赛什腾组(Ss)自下而上由大陆斜坡至陆隆和深海沉积到浅海的沉积环境演化,具有非扇大陆斜坡沉积类型,以远源浊积岩、半远洋沉积为特征,代表古海盆收缩到残留海盆阶段的沉积。布咯达坂峰东,加里东晚期(S3)同碰撞型二长花岗岩体锆石的LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄(421±3)Ma、(423±16)Ma。在格尔木东南的纳赤台群(OSN)超镁铁岩-辉绿岩墙-玄武岩-深水硅质岩构成早古生代的洋壳组合,具有蛇绿岩套特征。基性变玄武岩显示为洋中脊或洋岛环境。硅质岩的地球化学指标也显示为洋中脊或大洋盆地的远洋深水环境,超镁铁岩是古洋壳残片的地幔岩部分,变碎屑岩属大陆斜坡相沉积,碳酸盐岩具近岸沉积特点。格尔木东南纳赤台群大洋中脊拉斑玄武岩(MORB)型,锆石SHRIMP206Pb/238U年龄的加权平均值为(419±5)Ma,为S4。总体上,志留纪昆仑地区应是加里东运动之后在逐渐消失的残留洋,表现出复杂的多岛洋盆体系。这一构造古地理环境的确定,为该地区已经发现的矿床形成机制的研究和下一步的找矿工作提供了重要的依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁—吉县地区山西组页岩岩相与沉积相特征

以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁—吉县地区二叠系山西组为研究对象,综合应用岩心、薄片及测井资料,开展山32亚段岩相类型、岩相组合和沉积相研究,研究结果表明:山32亚段包括粉砂质泥岩/页岩相、纹层状层理含粉砂泥岩/页岩相、透镜状层理粉砂质泥岩/页岩相、钙质页岩相、煤层、碳质页岩相、黑色页岩相、波状层理泥质粉砂岩相、交错层理中—细砂...     

黔北—渝南地区中二叠世早期梁山组的岩相古地理特征和铝土矿成矿效应

研究区位于扬子陆块上扬子区,中二叠世早期地层梁山组产有丰富的沉积矿产,其中铝土矿具有良好的勘探开发前景。为了揭示区内中二叠世早期铝土矿的形成、分布与岩相古地理的关系,对区内梁山组的沉积特征、展布规律和含矿性进行了研究,编制了中二叠世早期梁山组岩相古地理图,提出了区内铝土矿障壁后泻湖成矿的模式。结果表明,区内古地理格局具有北高南低、南海北陆的特点,鲁甸—威宁—贵阳—都匀一线为障壁沉积体系,北部为障壁后泻湖沉积体系,南部为正常浅海沉积体系,大致可划分为隆起、滨湖、浅湖、半深湖—深湖、障壁砂坝、内陆棚和外陆棚7个沉积亚相,铝土矿矿床全部分布于北部泻湖半深湖—深湖相区内,岩相古地理控矿作用明显。     

Restricted shallow-water sedimentation of Early Archean stromatolitic and evaporitic strata of the Strelley Pool Chert,Pilbara Block,Western Australia

The 3.4 Ga-old Strelley Pool Chert is a 25-m thick sedimentary unit near the top of the predominantly volcanic Warrawoona Group in greenstone belts of the eastern Pilbara Block, Western Australia. It is here subdivided into 5 members containing 13 lithofacies. The basal Member, I, is composed of quartzose sandstone deposited in a high-energy wave- or tide-dominated shallow-water system. Overlying this are Members II and III, which make up the bulk of the formation and were deposited in a low-energy, partially restricted hypersaline basin. They record a predominantly regressive succesion of deposits including subaqueous laminite, stromatolite and evaporite; stromatolite, carbonaceous laminite, black-and-white banded chert, evaporite and intraformational detrital units deposited under intermittently to predominantly exposed conditions; and subaerially deposited windblown sand, evaporite and evaporite-solution layers. Members IV and V record the progradation of a volcaniclastic alluvial fringe.The Strelley Pool Chert represents an association of sedimentary environments directly comparable to that observed in modern, low-energy, shallow-marine carbonate-evaporite systems, such as along the Trucial Coast of the Persian Gulf, and abundantly developed in Phanerozoic carbonate platform deposits. There is no evidence, however, that uniquely identifies the environment as having been marine. Deposition may have taken place in either a large hypersaline lake or a restricted marine basin. Evidence of predominantly low energy depositional conditions and a paucity of terrigenous detritus indicate that sedimentation was dominated by orthochemical and biological processes. Silicified evaporites, including coarsely crystalline layers resembling Messinian selenite, are widespread and similar to younger evaporite deposits. They clearly indicate that evaporites were common within shallow-water Archean sequences. The presence of an assemblage of biogenic deposits, including organic laminite, stromatolites, encrusting carbonaceous mats, carbonaceous granules and oncolites, deposited under conditions ranging from fully subaqueous to nearly subaerial and locally evaporitic, points to the existence of an ecologically and probably biologically diverse microbial community 3.4 Ga ago.     

湖南石门中-下三叠统碳酸盐岩岩相组合及其沉积环境研究

首先将研究区中、下三叠统碳酸盐岩划分成２１种岩相，并分析了各种岩相的沉积条件．在此基础上，建立了９个岩相组合类型，讨论了每个岩相组合的沉积环境．最后概括总结了纵向上存在的４个沉积旋回的沉积演化特征及蒸发岩的主要沉积层位     

川东下三叠统嘉陵江组层序—岩相古地理特征

通过沉积相和高频层序地层分析,确定川东地区下三叠统嘉陵江组主要为蒸发台地和局限台地沉积环境,可划分出SQ1、SQ2二个三级层序及SSQ1-SSQ5五个四级层序,经历了从局限台地→蒸发台地→局限台地→蒸发台地的沉积演化过程,主力储、产层发育于SSQ1和SSQ2层序,此五个四级层序主要由TST和HST两个体系域组成。以四级层序为编图单元,编制了SSQ1-SSQ5各四级层序的岩相古地理图和探讨了有利储集相带展布规律,认为SSQ1和SSQ2二个四级层序叠置发育的局限台地—台内浅滩为最有利的储层发育相带,应成为今后的勘探重点。     

A process-sedimentary framework for characterizing recent and ancient sabkhas

The discovery of sabkha environments during the 1960's, marked the beginning of Recent evaporite sedimentological studies and their perception as models for facies analysis. However, variation among Recent sabkhas, though recognized by the geologic community, has not been duly addressed, which has resulted in overuse of the Trucial Coast model in comparative sedimentological studies. Knowledge of the dominant physical processes which determine sabkha morphology, and of the sedimentary response to those processes, can lead to a fundamental understanding of a sabkha's origin and of how it differs from other sabkhas.

Physical processes thought to be most important (besides evaporation) include those operative under: (1) marine-; (2) fluvial-lacustrine-; and (3) eolian-dominated conditions. Dominance of one or more of these in the proper settings give rise to marine coastal sabkhas, continental playas, and interdune sabkhas.

Sedimentary responses to dominant physical processes lead to the development of sabkhas consisting of a combination of either: (1) terrigenous clastics; (2) carbonate-sulfate (anhydrite-gypsum) minerals; or (3) soluble salts (halite, sylvite, polyhalite, etc.). Sediment characterization can also allow discrimination of the range or compositional variety in, for example, coastal sabkhas.

Where applied to the stratigraphic record, this classification system may help unravel the sedimentary history of an ancient sabkha system, and a determination of the dominant physical processes that ruled its development.     

中-新生代塔里木与中亚盐湖链蒸发岩沉积及其控制因素初探

全球性的构造运动末期一般伴着海退和干旱的气候环境,而蒸发岩沉积与大地构造条件紧密相关。中亚卡拉库姆盆地、阿富汗_塔吉克盆地、塔里木盆地自晚侏罗世至中新世以来至少发生了3次大规模海侵_海退旋回,每次海侵_海退均受特提斯构造事件控制。卡拉库姆盆地、阿富汗_塔吉克盆地为晚侏罗世—早白垩世蒸发岩沉积、塔里木盆地的莎车次级盆地为晚白垩世—古新世蒸发岩沉积,库车次级盆地为古新世—中新世蒸发岩沉积,形成特提斯构造域自西向东蒸发岩沉积时代逐渐变新的盐湖链。中亚及塔里木盐湖链在海侵_海退旋回的控制下,至少发生5次大规模的蒸发岩沉积,发育2种不同的蒸发岩沉积序列,分别对应3次海退期蒸发岩沉积序列及2次断续海侵期蒸发岩沉积序列,具体为晚侏罗世晚期(海退期)卡拉库姆盆地、阿富汗_塔吉克盆地蒸发岩沉积;早白垩世—晚白垩世早期(断续海侵期)阿富汗_塔吉克盆地蒸发岩沉积;晚白垩世晚期(海退期)莎车次级盆地蒸发岩沉积;古新世—中新世(断续海侵期)莎车次级盆地、库车次级盆地蒸发岩沉积;中新世晚期—上新世早期(海退期)库车次级盆地蒸发岩沉积。塔里木与中亚古盐湖发育受控于特提斯构造事件及海侵_海退旋回,而海侵_海退旋回又控制2种不同的蒸发岩沉积序列。蒸发岩沉积序列、古盐湖演化阶段、蒸发岩物质来源、沉积环境决定了盐类矿物沉积类型(单一化学岩型、陆缘碎屑岩_化学岩型),卡拉库姆盆地、阿富汗_塔吉克盆地盐类矿物与塔里木盆地相比,种类简单,反映了盆地化学岩与陆源碎屑_化学岩沉积的区别及后期构造运动对盐类矿物种类的主控作用。     

Sedimentology and paleoecology of middle and upper eocene carbonate shoreline sequences,Crystal River,Florida, U.S.A.

Petrographic analyses of six cores penetrating the Inglis and Avon Park Formations, from Crystal River, Florida, U.S.A., reveal a general regressive—transgressive cycle, aerial exposure and diagenesis. Three distinct lithofacies are represented: (I) biomicrite—poorly washed biosparite; (II) dolomitized biopelmicrite—biosparite and algal dololithite; and (III) pellet- and intraclast-bearing biosparite. These lithofacies were deposited under shallow-marine conditions, at times even above the strand line.Lithofacies I was deposited in a shallow basin partly covered by marine grasses and dasyclad algae. Lithofacies II was deposited in the supratidal and intertidal zones and closely resembles the sedimentary characteristics of Holocene mud-flat deposits. Lithofacies III is the shallow-marine counterpart of the supratidal dolostone of lithofacies II and can be compared with a Holocene bank environment.This study illustrates the importance of Holocene analogues in determining and interpreting environments and demonstrates the need to consider sedimentary processes, both physical and biological, which operate in these zones.     

Lithofacies and cyclicity of Mohilla evaporite basins on the rifted margin of the Levant in the Late Triassic,Makhtesh Ramon,southern Israel

Marine‐connected basins with evaporites occur beneath most extensional continental margins that originated at low‐latitudes and often are of major economic significance. Cyclicity in the evaporite lithofacies reflects the degree of restriction of the basin, overprinted by sea‐level changes, and caused by structural movements in the barrier region, whether by fault‐block rotation, footwall uplift or hanging wall subsidence, in both extensional and compressional basins. The Upper Triassic evaporites of the Ramon section in southern Israel model cyclic sedimentation in such environments. The Mohilla Formation is a carbonate–evaporate–siliciclastic succession of Carnian age that fills a chain of basins extending along the Levant margin from southern Israel to Jordan and Syria. The basins developed in half‐grabens adjacent to normal faults that formed during a period of regional extension. Evaporites of this formation are well‐exposed in outcrops at Makhtesh Ramon, the southernmost of these basins. The M2 Member of the Mohilla Formation is composed of 42 sub‐metre cycles of alternating dolostone, gypsum and calcareous shales. Field and microfacies analysis showed these cycles to conform mostly to restricted shallow and marginal marine environments, spatially limited by the uplifted shoulders of the half‐graben systems. A total of 10 facies types belonging to six depositional environments have been identified. From stacking patterns and analysis of bed to bed change, cycles can be categorized into three groupings: (i) low frequency exposure to exposure cycles that developed under eustatic or climate control; (ii) high frequency deepening/shallowing‐upward cycles, characterized by gradual transitions due to short‐term sea‐level or runoff‐event oscillations possibly referable to orbital forcing; and (iii) high frequency shallowing‐upward cycles, characterized by abrupt transitions, attributable to sporadic tectonic events affecting accommodation space or barrier effectiveness. The way facies and cycling of the sedimentary environments was deciphered in the Mohilla evaporite basin can be used to unravel the genesis of many other evaporite basins with barriers of tectonic origin.     

柴达木盆地西部地区渐新世下干柴沟组上段盐湖沉积特征

利用大量地质及地球化学资料,开展了柴达木盆地西部地区渐新世下干柴沟组上段盐湖沉积特征研究,重点识别岩石类型,恢复古沉积环境,建立沉积模式,探讨控制因素。研究认为：盐湖环境主要发育两大类、五小类沉积相组合,盐湖边缘沉积相包括滨岸斜坡带相组合、缓坡带相组合、陡坡带相组合,盆内沉积相包括水下隆起带相组合和盐湖深水区相组合;盐湖可划分早、中、晚3个沉积演化阶段,分别对应半咸水湖泊、咸水湖泊和盐湖;形成碳酸盐岩与钙质砂岩、富含石膏的碳酸盐岩与泥岩、厚层石盐与薄层碳酸盐岩等主要岩石组合;盐湖沉积主控因素为气候、古地貌与构造运动。