南阿拉斯加地壳及上地幔结构成像研究

通过反演562891个纵波和156321个横波走时数据,第一次同时获得了阿拉斯加地区地壳及上地幔的纵波与横波速度以及泊松比图像,为更好地认识阿拉斯加地区的深部地震结构、太平洋板块与亚库塔特板块的俯冲几何形态提供了科学依据.成像结果表明P波和S波速度图像与泊松比结构具有很好的一致性,强的高速度和低泊松比异常沿着阿拉斯加俯冲带延伸至200 km深度,该高速度和低泊松比异常体与俯冲带的地震空间分布吻合,因此,我们认为该高速体为俯冲的太平洋板块和亚库塔特板块.从地震空间分布发现,大部分大地震（M>6.5）发生在高速度与低速度异常交界处,可能反映了俯冲板块之间强耦合作用.在俯冲带的地幔楔显示出广泛的低速度和高泊松比异常,并且这些异常与岛弧火山的位置相对应,这与大洋板块俯冲所形成的岩浆入侵作用有关.研究结果表明在南阿拉斯加俯冲带,俯冲板块的俯冲角度从兰格尔块体下方的平坦变成在布里斯托尔湾下方的陡峭,这与亚库塔特板块俯冲在兰格尔块体下方和太平洋板块俯冲在布里斯托尔湾下方有关.在基奈半岛和科迪亚克岛连接处的上地幔位置存在强烈的低速与高泊松比异常体,使该处的大洋俯冲板块变薄.这一现象可能与亚库塔特板块和太平洋板块相互碰撞作用以及软流圈强烈的上升流入侵有关.     

利用地方震、远震走时和面波数据联合反演日本俯冲带P波和S波层析成像

通过最新收集的大量高质量的地方震和远震事件的到时数据进行联合反演,我们确定了日本俯冲带约700km深度的P波和S波速度层析成像。我们还使用远震瑞利波的振幅和相速度,确定了日本及其附近海域下方20~150s周期基阶瑞利波的二维相速度图像。研究区精细三维S波层析成像可通过地方震和远震事件的S波到时,及瑞利波相速度数据进行联合反演得到。我们的反演结果揭示:一维原始速度模型中,俯冲太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块呈现明显的高速区。在板块上方的地幔楔和太平洋板块下方的地幔中存在显著的低速异常。俯冲板块和周围地幔之间速度有明显的差异,表明温度、水含量和/或部分熔融程度有显著的横向变化。地幔楔低速异常是由板块脱水作用和地幔楔拐角流造成。在日本东北太平洋板块下方显示片状的低速区,这可能反映了地幔深部热上涌以及地幔柱软流圈的俯冲作用。我们的结果表明不同的地震数据联合反演,对于得到地壳和地幔可靠的层析成像图像是非常有效和重要的。     

滇西地区壳幔解耦与腾冲火山区岩浆活动的深部构造研究

根据青藏东部边缘的深部地球物理资料,分析了滇西地区壳幔耦合和腾冲火山区岩浆活动的深部构造特征,确认了地幔各向异性与上地幔速度结构(包括P波速度和S波速度)的内在联系,指出产生这一结果的原因与以腾冲火山区为中心的地幔热物质上涌有关:上地幔顶部平均温度升高导致介质强度降低,在印支块体的侧向挤压或印缅块体的向东俯冲作用下发生韧性变形,造成滇西地区地幔各向异性的快波方向与青藏东部地壳块体的旋转方向不一致.此外,鉴于中下地壳低速层的横向非均匀性,估计韧性流动并非贯通青藏高原的东部边缘,而是被不同的构造块体和边界断裂限定在局部地区.总体而言,滇西地区下地壳的地震波速度和电阻率偏低,具备发生韧性变形的构造条件.作为地壳和上地幔之间的解耦层,它使得青藏东部地壳块体旋转产生的构造应力未能传输至上地幔.腾冲火山区的地壳结构与不同时期的岩浆活动有关,火山区东侧的高速结构代表了上新世时期火山通道内冷凝固结的岩浆侵入体或难以挥发的高密度残留物质,火山区西侧的低速结构反映了更新世以来持续至今的岩浆活动,壳内岩浆源主要分布在10～20km的深度范围内,横向尺度约为15～20km,有可能通过地壳深部的断裂与上地幔岩浆源区相连,估计腾冲火山区下方的岩浆活动将持续进行.     

腾冲火山起源的地球物理和地球化学研究进展

腾冲新生代火山位于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞边界上.该区域构造活动强烈,火山具有潜在的喷发性,研究腾冲火山起源对于认识板块俯冲过程、火山活动规律具有重要意义.本文总结了近年来腾冲火山起源的最新进展,包括地球物理和地球化学的新成果,探讨了火山岩浆来源和火山形成的深部动力学机制.这些研究发现腾冲火山的形成主要与板块俯冲有关,早期俯冲形成的残余大洋板片和现今俯冲的印度板块都可能是交代物质的来源,大洋板片在深部释放融流体形成富集软流圈地幔和岩石圈地幔.后期岩石圈的伸展作用可能诱导了富集软流圈地幔的部分熔融,导致岩浆物质喷出地表.根据⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr与SiO₂的相关性,得到腾冲玄武岩遭受到地壳混染作用不明显,而安山岩和英安岩遭受地壳混染作用明显.地球物理成像显示腾冲火山下方地壳中有不同尺度的岩浆囊,其中上地壳有若干小岩浆囊,在中下地壳有大岩浆囊.地震成像显示地壳中的低速体向下延伸至上地幔,很可能反映地壳中的岩浆囊有地幔热物质的持续供给.     

东北日本地震波速度、VP/VS和各向异性结构:对俯冲带水迁移过程的探讨

本文利用区域地震初至波到时数据,通过地震层析成像研究获得了东北日本俯冲带上地幔（深至约150 km）的P波速度（V_P）、S波速度（V_S）、V_P/V_S和P波各向异性结构.结果表明,低速及高V_P/V_S比异常体主要分布在火山下方的下地壳和地幔楔中,其与低频地震的分布吻合,该区域与俯冲板块脱水所释放的流体及其导致的部分熔融密切相关;俯冲的太平洋板块内可能由于脱水脆化导致的双层地震带区域则没有表现出整体的高V_P/V_S值,其可能与俯冲板块内部含水矿物含量有关;俯冲板块内双重地震带区域及上覆地幔楔薄层主要表现为与海沟平行的方位各向异性和正的径向各向异性,其可能是由于含水矿物的脱水使橄榄石晶格结构发生了从A型到B型的变化所引起的.我们研究表明,结合地震波速度和各向异性结构能够加深对俯冲带内水运移过程的认识.     

年青的九州俯冲带的地震结构和岩浆作用

地震层析成像表明，在九州北部深达俯冲的菲律宾海板块的地幔楔存在低速异常，且扩展到弧前区。我们还用岩石学资料采用数值模拟方法估计地幔楔的流体分布。地震学的数值模拟结果表明，年青的板块俯冲带的熔融和岩浆作用不同于老板块。脱水和熔融发生在年青（且热）板块如九州北部（≤26Ma）之上的板块弧和弧前底下，而流体（水溶液和熔融）主要发生在老板块区的弧后。     

日本地壳大地震的位置及成因的证据

1885－1999年的115年间日本地壳中的大地震（震级5．7－8．0，深度0－20km）发生在由地震层析成像揭示出的低速区及其周围，低速区可能代表孕震地壳的薄弱部分。地壳弱化被认为与该区内太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块的俯冲密切相关。沿火山前沿及弧后区的地壳弱化可能是由活火山及岩浆房造成的。在弧前区，在地震震源区探测到了流体，这种流体可能会促使地壳强化和破裂成核。流体可能与俯冲的菲律宾海板块的脱水作用有关，这些结果表明，地壳中的大地震并非在什么地方都会发生，而仅发生在用地球物理方法可能会探测到的异常区内。     

腾冲火山及周边地区双差层析成像

利用云南腾冲火山地区15个固定台站记录到的7923次地震的P波到时资料,采用双差层析成像方法,反演得到腾冲火山及周边地区地壳及上地幔顶部三维P波速度结构和地震重定位结果.研究发现,腾冲火山区域地壳内存在明显的地震波低速区,P波速度低于整个区域地壳速度平均值超过15%,上地幔顶部存在规模较大的低速异常区.推测腾冲火山地区存在较大规模的地幔热物质上涌以及向地壳的侵入,热物质在地壳内以岩浆囊形式存储,并且壳内岩浆囊之间可能存在岩浆通道.通过联合反演获得的地震重定位结果显示,丛集地震位置更加集中,其展布特征与断裂构造具有显著的对应关系,表明研究区域断裂构造比较活跃.获得的高分辨率三维P波层析成像结果,为进一步认识火山地区岩浆存储特征以及地震分布与区域构造之间的关系提供了新的地震学依据.     

西北太平洋板块边缘俯冲特征：来自堪察加壳幔速度成像的约束

堪察加半岛位于太平洋板块的西北边缘处。太平洋板块沿堪察加海沟俯冲进入地幔,而在板块边缘处,其俯冲特征是否有不同？本研究从IRIS网站下载76个固定台站记录到的来自2 239个近震事件和75个远震事件的77 141条P波到时数据,利用近震-远震联合层析成像方法（TOMOG3D）获得堪察加地区壳幔内的三维P波速度结构。成像结果显示,研究区域下方上地幔内存在非常明显的高速异常块体,且与深源地震的空间分布高度一致。分析认为,该高速异常体为俯冲的西太平洋板块,俯冲角度和深度沿堪察加海沟由北向南均逐渐增加。地幔过渡带和下地幔顶部存在明显的高速异常块体,可能是因为堪察加半岛下方的太平洋俯冲板块在边缘或深部发生岩石圈熔融或拆沉现象,该高速异常块体即为拆沉的岩石圈。本文的成像结果中还可清晰地观察到2个板块窗口。堪察加地区浅部火山前线下方出现大范围的低速异常,可能是由于俯冲板块脱水或流经板块窗口的地幔流热物质导致。     

巽他大陆及其邻区的地壳结构及其构造意义:来自远震接收函数的约束

巽他大陆位于欧亚板块、印度—澳大利亚板块和太平洋板块俯冲汇聚区域,其地壳结构特征是揭示洋陆过渡带演化及物质能量交换机制的重要依据.本文对巽他大陆及其周缘 19 个宽频带地震台站记录的远震波形进行 P波接收函数分析和H-κ叠加处理,获取了每个台站下方的地壳厚度和平均地壳波速比信息.为了减少参数的主观选择对结果带来的不确定性,研究采用了多种参数组合、综合约束策略.将本文结果与前人 146 个宽频带台站接收函数的研究结果进行整合,我们获得了巽他大陆地区地壳厚度和平均地壳波速比分布,并统计分析了两者的相关性.结果显示:巽他大陆地壳总体较薄,平均地壳厚度约为32 km,远低于全球造山带平均值,而与全球拉张型地壳平均厚度较为接近,可能反映研究区地壳整体处于拉张应力状态;而呵叻高原盆地地区地壳相对较厚,平均约38 km,与周缘地区明显不同.火山弧地区平均地壳波速比普遍大于 1.81,甚至达 1.87以上,并且壳内广泛分布低速层,可能受到了火山弧地区熔融物质的影响;非火山弧地区平均地壳波速比则普遍小于 1.76,反映地壳组分以长英质成分为主;局部地区高于 1.81,甚至高达 1.99,表明地壳以铁镁质成分为主或存在部分熔融,可能与铁镁质岩浆底侵作用或地幔热物质上涌有关.中南半岛中西部、婆罗洲西北部和马来半岛中部莫霍面 Ps转换波和多次波不明显而且具有多峰特征,可能表明该区域经历了复杂的壳幔相互作用.巽他大陆地区地壳厚度和平均地壳波速比总体无明显相关性,说明上地壳和下地壳结构和成分横向变化复杂;但中南半岛内部呵叻高原附近和东南部火山区两者均呈负相关性,与周围地区明显不同.综合区域构造背景和其他多种地球物理观测,推测稳定的呵叻高原盆地阻挡了印支地块的侧向挤出,处于挤压应力环境并发生上地壳增厚;而东南部火山区则处于拉张应力环境并存在基性岩浆底侵,可能与地幔物质上涌有关.     

Three-dimensional Mapping of Magma Source and Transport Regions from Seismic Data: The Mantle Wedge beneath Northeastern Japan

—We investigate the distribution of partial melt in island arc using the seismic velocity structure of the mantle wedge beneath northeastern Japan. The comparison of the seismic tomography with laboratory velocity data on a partially-molten mantle rock yields estimates of melting zones in three dimensions. We employ experimental data on the degree of partial melt in hydrous peridotite to give constraints on the melt fraction and temperature. Melting and magma-rich zones derived from the velocity structure coincide with observed low Q zones. The results of the three-dimensional mapping indicate that the source of magma in island arc is diapir-like melting patches localized within the low velocity zones of the mantle wedge. Extensive volcanic activity along the volcanic front is due to the presence of vast magma-rich zones just beneath the Moho. Those melting zones in the uppermost mantle may, in turn, cause melting of lower crustal materials and produce felsic magma. Melt appears to stay at and beneath the Moho, where crystallization fractionation may proceed. Melt exists at greater depths in the back-arc region, which may correlate with across-arc variations of chemical compositions of the volcanic rocks observed in northeastern Japan. We suggest that magma migration in the ductile lower crust may cause low-frequency microearthquakes, and magma penetration into the brittle upper crust may produce mid-crustal S-wave reflectors.     

Crustal deformation due to Alaska–Yakutat collision

The region of Alaska and adjacent northwest Canada is tectonically active and is subjected to multiple tectonic processes including plate subduction and terrane accretion. These tectonic processes and the forces originating thereof are responsible for high seismicity in the region and deformation of the crust. In the present-day tectonic setting, the Yakutat terrane is obliquely colliding with Alaska along the Aleutian Trench. Also, flat subduction due to under thrusting of a thickened crust, probably of oceanic affinity, is contributing to the tectonic evolution of this region in a basal traction collision style. This study uses the 2D, planform, thin-viscous-sheet model to investigate the effect of the Yakutat terrane colliding with Alaska and adjacent northwest Canada. Along with the obliquity and velocity of convergence, the lateral strength heterogeneities in the crust are considered in this investigation. The results of the numerical model are constrained with the observed topography and stress orientation in Alaska. It is shown that the Alaska–Yakutat collision is producing asymmetric deformation of the crust with respect to the normal to the collision boundary and that lateral strength heterogeneities contribute significantly to the deformation of the crust. Also, the influence of this collision can be observed up to a distance of 700 km inland from the collision boundary.     

Dissecting large earthquakes in Japan: Role of arc magma and fluids

We synthesized information from recent high-resolution tomographic studies of large crustal earthquakes which occurred in the Japanese Islands during 1995–2008. Prominent anomalies of low-velocity and high Poisson's ratio are revealed in the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the mainshock hypocenters, which may reflect arc magma and fluids that are produced by a combination of subducting slab dehydration and corner flow in the mantle wedge. Distribution of 164 crustal earthquakes ( M 5.7–8.0) that occurred in Japan during 1885–2008 also shows a correlation with the distribution of low-velocity zones in the crust and uppermost mantle. A qualitative model is proposed to explain the geophysical observations recorded so far in Japan. We consider that the nucleation of a large earthquake is not entirely a mechanical process, but is closely related to the subduction dynamics and physical and chemical properties of materials in the crust and upper mantle; in particular, the arc magma and fluids.     

Crustal thickness beneath the Tanlu fault zone and its tectonic significance based on two-layer H-κ stacking

Tanlu fault zone(TLFZ)is the largest active fault zone in eastern China.It is characterized by complex tectonic evolution and multiple faults and marks the boundary between the North and South China blocks.An in-depth understanding of the distinct crustal structures of both parts of the TLFZ will provide valuable insights into the lithospheric and crustal thinning in eastern China,extensive magmatism since the Mesozoic,and formation mechanisms of metallogenic belts along the Yangtze River.In this study,a two-layer H-κ stacking approach was adopted to estimate the thicknesses of the sediment and crystalline crust as well as the corresponding vp/vs ratios based on high-quality teleseismic P-wave receiver functions recorded by permanent and temporary stations in and around the TLFZ.The geological units in the study region were delineated,especially the crustal structures beneath extensive sedimentary basins on both sides of the TLFZ.The following conclusions can be drawn:(1)The crustal thickness in and around the TLFZ greatly varies depending on the segment.In the northern segment,the crust is relatively thin beneath the eastern part of the Songliao Basin,a broad uplift of the Moho can be observed,and the Moho descends from south to north.The crust below the central and southern segments becomes thinner from west to east.The thickness of the crust is less than 30 km toward the eastern side of the boundary between the Jiangsu and Anhui provinces,that is,significantly thinner than in other areas.In terms of the vp/vs ratios,high anomalies were detected in the central-southern segments of the TLFZ,indicating the upwelling of deep mantle magma via deep faults.(2)Positive isostatic gravity anomalies were observed in the eastern part of the northern segment of the TLFZ and in the eastern part of the Suwan segment.The crustal thickness is smaller than that obtained from the Airy model of isostasy.This suggests that the lower crust in this area may have experienced intensive transformation processes,which may be related to crustal thinning(caused by crustal extension)and the strong uplift of the mantle in eastern China.The isostatic gravity anomalies between the eastern and western parts of the TLFZ indicate that the fault zone plays a dominant role in controlling the development of the deep crustal structure.(3)Significant crustal thinning was observed beneath the eastern part of the boundary between the Jiangsu and Anhui provinces in the southern segment of the TLFZ,suggesting that this area is prone to lithospheric thinning of the North China Craton.Due to the subduction,compression,and retreat of the Paleo-Pacific Plate during the Yanshanian Period as well as the dehydration of subducting oceanic crust(within subduction zones),the asthenosphere and oceanic crust in eastern China partially melted,resulting in mantle enrichment.The basic magma from the mantle is accumulated at the base of the crust,leading to magmatic underplating.In areas with weak topography toward the east of the TLFZ,magma rises to the upper crust and surface,resulting in the enrichment of multiple'metal deposits in this area.     

India-Eurasian collision <Emphasis Type="Italic">vs.</Emphasis> ocean-continent collision

Ample observational evidence shows that there is a northward crustal subduction zone underneath the Yarlung Zangbo suture between India and Eurasia. It penetrates Moho to a depth of about 100 km. There are probably multiple such crustal subductions under the Himalayas. They are different from lithosphere subduction during oceanic collisions. The detected slabs in the upper mantle north of the Yarlung Zangbo suture can be interpreted as remains of the Indian Plate’s mantle lithosphere. In contrary to ocean-continent subduction, the mantle lithosphere is delaminated from the crust as the Indian Plate subducts underneath Eurasia. Existing structural images of the crust and upper mantle of the Tibetan Plateau reveal that there were both northward and southward subductions over different geological periods, causing some seismic velocity anomalies around those subduction zones.     

Adakitic magmas in the Ecuadorian Volcanic Front: Petrogenesis of the Iliniza Volcanic Complex (Ecuador)

The Iliniza Volcanic Complex (IVC) is a poorly known volcanic complex located 60 km SSW of Quito in the Western Cordillera of Ecuador. It comprises twin peaks, North Iliniza and South Iliniza, and two satellite domes, Pilongo and Tishigcuchi. The study of the IVC was undertaken in order to better constrain the role of adakitic magmas in the Ecuadorian arc evolution. The presence of volcanic rocks with an adakitic imprint or even pristine adakites in the Ecuadorian volcanic arc is known since the late 1990s. Adakitic magmas are produced by the partial melting of a basaltic source leaving a garnet rich residue. This process can be related to the melting of an overthickened crust or a subducting oceanic crust. For the last case a special geodynamic context is required, like the subduction of a young lithosphere or when the subduction angle is not very steep; both cases are possible in Ecuador. The products of the IVC, made up of medium-K basaltic andesites, andesites and dacites, have been divided in different geochemical series whose origin requires various interactions between the different magma sources involved in this subduction zone. North Iliniza is a classic calc-alkaline series that we interpret as resulting from the partial melting of the mantle wedge. For South Iliniza, a simple evolution with fractional crystallization of amphibole, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, magnetite, apatite and zircon from a parental magma, being itself the product of the mixing of 36% adakitic and 64% calc-alkaline magma, has been quantified. For the Santa Rosa rhyolites, a slab melting origin with little mantle interactions during the ascent of magmas has been established. The Pilongo series magma is the product of a moderate to high degree (26%) of partial melting of the subducting oceanic crust, which reached the surface without interaction with the mantle wedge. The Tishigcuchi series shows two stages of evolution: (1) metasomatism of the mantle wedge peridotite by slab melts, and (2) partial melting (10%) of this metasomatized source. Therefore, the relative ages of the edifices show a geochemical evolution from calc-alkaline to adakitic magmas, as is observed for several volcanoes of the Ecuadorian arc.     

An evaluation of the global variations in the major element chemistry of arc basalts

Arc volcanoes occur at convergent margins with a wide range in subduction parameters, and variations in these parameters might be expected to lead to variations in the chemistry of magmas parental to arcs. Major element analyses from approximately 100 volcanic centers within 30 arcs, normalized to 6% MgO to minimize the effects of crystal fractionation, display wide variations. Na₂O and CaO at 6% MgO (Na_6.0 and Ca_6.0) correlate remarkably well with the thickness of the overlying crust. These systematics are consistent with two possible models. In the first model, the crust behaves as a chemical filter; where the crust is thick, magmas crystallize at higher pressure and interact more extensively with the arc crust. Modeling of high-pressure crystallization and assimilation, however, does not reproduce the associated variations in Na_6.0 and Ca_6.0 without calling upon complicated combinations of fractionating phases and assimilants. In the second model, crustal thickness determines the height of the mantle column available for melting beneath arc volcanoes. If melting begins beneath arcs at similar depths, then the column of mantle that undergoes decompression melting is much shorter beneath the thickest arc crust. The shorter mantle column for arcs built on thick crust will lead to smaller extents of melting in the mantle, and hence higher Na_6.0 and lower Ca_6.0 in the parental magmas. Modeling shows that variations in the extent of melting in the mantle can easily account for the associated variations in Ca_6.0 and Na_6.0. The abundances of the other major elements at 6% MgO do not correlate well with crustal thickness, or any other subduction parameter. Co-variation of some of these other major elements (e.g., Si_6.0 and Fe_6.0) within individual arcs suggests that they are strongly influenced by local crustal level processes that obscure partial melting systematics. Correction for the crustal processes improves the relationship between Na_6.0 and Ca_6.0 that is so readily explained by partial melting. The extents of melting in the mantle beneath arc volcanoes estimated from the ranges in Na_6.0 and Ca_6.0 are remarkably similar to those estimated beneath mid-ocean ridges. This observation provides further evidence that the mantle wedge, and not the slab, melts beneath arc volcanic fronts.     

Crustal structure beneath Qiangtang and Lhasa terrane from receiver function

To determine the crustal structure in central Tibet, we used teleseismic waveform data recorded by 18 stations in the INDEPTH-Ⅲ seismic array across the central Tibet from the central Lhasa terrane to the central Qiangtang terrane. The S-wave velocity structures beneath stations are determined by inverting the stacked radial receiver function using the GA method. The first order features in the receiver function are modeled. Our results show that the Moho in Qiangtang is about 8 km shallower than that in Lhasa terrane along the INDEPTH-Ⅲ profile. It maybe suggests the northward subduction of the Lhasa mantle lid beneath the Qiangtang terrane is affected by the India-Asia collision. We conclude that there exist low velocity zone in the middle crust across the northern Lhasa and Qiangtang terrane, which can be related to the high temperature upper mantle beneath that.