回填土场地强震动性质讨论

本文旨在讨论位于回填土场地上及回填土场地深挖基坑内的强震动观测仪所获得地震动是否是真实自由场地震动,若不是,其影响如何?结合回填土场地的强震动观测台站建设的实际情形,建立了回填土场地和回填土场地深挖基坑的有限元分析模型,基于集中质量显式动力有限元数值模拟方法,分析了回填土的波速和厚度、基坑尺寸对自由场地震动的影响.同时,提出了通过用重塑土置换回填土以降低回填土对自由场地震动影响的措施,并对重塑土置换回填土的效果进行了数值模拟分析.结果表明：回填土上和回填土深挖基坑内的地震动峰值和反应谱值与原始场地的均有明显的差异,随着回填土厚度和基坑深度的增加,其差异越大;通过重塑土置换回填土可以减小回填土对场地地震动的影响.本文所得关于回填土、基坑和重塑土的影响规律可为回填土场地上强震动观测结果的合理利用以及强震动观测台站建设提供依据.

     

北京盆地结构对长周期地震动反应谱的影响

建立了北京盆地含起伏地形的地下介质三维速度结构模型, 以有限差分方法对盆地内的3次地震动进行了数值模拟． 计算了地表加速度反应谱, 论证了反应谱的有效周期范围, 从而获得了盆地结构对长周期段反应谱的平均放大系数, 并对不同周期时反应谱的平均放大系数进行了分区, 为今后城市的合理规划和长周期建筑物的建设提供了抗震设防参考． 最后对反应谱平均放大系数与等效沉积物厚度之间的关系进行了回归, 得出了反应谱放大系数随沉积物厚度增大而增强, 以及随周期增大而减弱等结论．      

地震动不确定性及其影响因素的初步分析

选取欧洲强震记录数据库中,同一台站记录到的两次地震以及两个不同台站记录到的同一地震的强震记录,分析了它们的PGA比值、卓越频率和反应谱的不确定性以及不确定性对结构反应的影响,得出：影响地震动不确定性的因素主要有震源机制、地震波传播途径、场地类别等。在此基础上,进一步分析了地震动不确定性对结构反应的影响。     

坡地地形对竖向地震动反应谱特性的影响分析

为分析坡地地形对竖向地震动反应谱特性的影响规律,采用有限元数值分析方法,对黏弹性岩质坡地在白噪声输入下的响应进行计算。分析了坡地地形对场地竖向反应谱及谱比的影响,研究了随着坡高及坡角的增加,坡地斜坡段及平台段竖向反应谱及谱比的变化规律,给出了坡地斜坡段及平台段设计竖向地震动放大系数,有关的研究结论可为坡地上工程结构的抗震设计提供参考。     

地震动强度对场地地震反应的影响

通过对场地地震反应的研究发现,地震动强度不同,同样的场地对地震动的影响也不同,得到的反应谱形状也不同。目前我国抗震设计规范中不同烈度下的设计反应谱形状完全一致,没有考虑地震动强弱对相同场地反应谱形状的影响。     

相邻地形对地震动特性的影响分析

基于采用透射人工边界的显式动力有限元方法,研究了相邻凸起地形对地震动反应谱特性的影响,分析了相邻凸起之间距离的变化对地形效应的影响。研究结果表明：1）与单一凸起地形对地震动的放大效应相比,相邻地形的存在对地震动反应谱谱比曲线的形状影响不大,但是却对谱比的值具有较大影响,而且其影响程度的大小与地表观测点的位置有关;2）相邻凸起地形的存在对凸起平台段中点地震动高频成分的放大效应具有较大影响,随着相邻凸起之间距离的增大,该影响效应逐渐减弱,多个相邻凸起构成的组合地形对地震动的放大效应逐渐接近单一凸起地形。     

相邻地形对地震动特性的影响分析

基于采用透射人工边界的显式动力有限元方法,研究了相邻凸起地形对地震动反应谱特性的影响,分析了相邻凸起之间距离的变化对地形效应的影响。研究结果表明:1与单一凸起地形对地震动的放大效应相比,相邻地形的存在对地震动反应谱谱比曲线的形状影响不大,但对谱比的值具有较大影响,而且其影响程度的大小与地表观测点的位置有关;2相邻凸起地形的存在对凸起平台段中点地震动高频成分的放大效应影响较大,随着相邻凸起之间距离的增加,该影响逐渐减弱,多个相邻凸起构成的组合地形对地震动的放大效应逐渐接近单一凸起地形。     

地形对地震动的影响规律研究

基于四川自贡西山公园台站实测的汶川地震波以及大型振动台试验数据,研究了地形对16种地震动强度参数和反应谱的影响规律,并详细分析了自贡西山公园场址内地表峰值加速度的变化规律。结果表明,在EW方向,高程仅对PGD、SMA、VSI、HI、V_RMS具有一定的影响;在NS方向,高程对PGD、V_RMS、SMA、SED、A_RMS、VSI、HI的作用可以忽略;在UD方向,SMV、PGD、V_RMS、SMV、ASI、VSI、HI的大小几乎不受高程的影响;斜坡场地反应谱幅值在短周期部分（T≤1 s）随着高程的增加而增加,长周期部分（T＞1 s）反应谱幅值几乎不发生变化,局部地形对加速度响应的影响程度大于高程。     

基于小田原试验场地数据的不同基岩输入模型对预测地震动特征的影响研究

随着强震台网的密布及观测记录的增加,为研究各类局部场地地震反应预测模型的合理性提供了有效的参考依据,也使利用强震记录及场地条件研究地震动特征成为可能。选取场地地质参数资料和地震记录数据齐全的日本小田原（Ashigara Valley）盲测试验场地,通过对比不同地震动输入方式及场地反应分析模型,研究地震动特征,分析现有模型的优劣。基于1990年8月5日M5.1强震事件的地表基岩记录和地下基岩地震记录,采用地下台强震记录直接输入、地表基岩台强震记录减半为基底地震动输入、地表基岩台强震记录反演为基底地震动输入作为3种基岩地震动输入。基于局部场地条件分别建立一维等效线性模型、二维黏弹性模型及二维时域等效线性化模型等工程中常用的场地数值分析模型,进行局部场地地震反应分析,预测该盲测场地的地表地震动特征,并与对应的实测强震记录结果进行对比,分析不同基岩地震动输入方式对预测地震动特征及地表土层反应谱特征的影响,重点分析地震动输入、土体非线性、场地横向不均匀性及几何与非线性特征共同作用等因素对地表地震动特征的影响,以期为地表地震动的合理预测提供参考。     

The effect of local irregular topography on seismic ground motion

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The effect of the earth's rotation on ground water motion

The average pore velocity of ground water according to Darcy's law is a function of the fluid pressure gradient and the gravitational force (per unit volume of ground water) and of aquifer properties. There is also an acceleration exerted on ground water that arises from the Earth's rotation. The magnitude and direction of this rotation-induced force are determined in exact mathematical form in this article. It is calculated that the gravitational force is at least 300 times larger than the largest rotation-induced force anywhere on Earth, the latter force being maximal along the equator and approximately equal to 34 N/m(3) there. This compares with a gravitational force of approximately 10(4) N/m(3).     

输入界面对地表加速度峰值的影响

为了研究输入界面对地表加速度峰值(Amax)的影响,在研究我国数百个工程场地钻孔资料的基础上,选取和构造了若干有代表性的场地剖面,利用目前工程上广泛应用的场地地震反应分析的一维等效线性化波动方法,计算了4类场地在6种不同强度的地震动输入下的Amax.分析了每类场地的输入界面的改变对Amax的影响,研究结果表明:一般强度...     

The effect of glaciation on the intensity of seismic ground motion

Seismicity is known to contribute to landscape denudation through its role in earthquake‐triggered slope failure; but little is known about how the intensity of seismic ground motions, and therefore triggering of slope failures, may change through time. Topography influences the intensity of seismic shaking – generally steep slopes amplify shaking more than flatter slopes – and because glacial erosion typically steepens and enlarges slopes, glaciation may increase the intensity of seismic shaking of some landforms. However, the effect of this may be limited until after glaciers retreat because valley ice or ice‐caps may damp seismic ground motions. Two‐dimensional numerical models (FLAC 6.0) were used to explore how edifice shape, rock stiffness and various levels of ice inundation affect edifice shaking intensity. The modelling confirmed that earthquake shaking is enhanced with steeper topography and at ridge crests but it showed for the first time that total inundation by ice may reduce shaking intensity at hill crests to about 20–50% of that experienced when no ice is present. The effect is diminished to about 80–95% if glacier ice level reduces to half of the mountain slope height. In general, ice cover reduced shaking most for the steepest‐sided edifices, for wave frequencies higher than 3 Hz, and when ice was thickest and the rock had shear stiffness well in excess of the stiffness of ice. If rock stiffness is low and shear‐wave velocity is similar to that of ice, the presence of ice may amplify the shaking of rock protruding above the ice surface. The modelling supports the idea that topographic amplification of earthquake shaking increases as a result of glacial erosion and deglaciation. It is possible that the effect of this is sufficient to have influenced the distribution of post‐glacial slope failures in glaciated seismically active areas. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同类型振动特征分析

根据波形形态和特性,分析爆破、压路机、夯锤造成的振动特征.结果显示,爆破波形显示瞬间脉冲形,具有较大幅值;压路机波形平稳,三分向主频范围区域较小;夯锤波形显示瞬间脉冲,但三分向主频基本相似.     

台湾地震对福建地区基岩地震动的影响

福建沿海城市长期受台湾地震影响,虽少有破坏发生,但震感明显,特别是高层建筑,经常有持续时间较长的摇晃.本文选取了福建省基岩台站记录到的252条宽频带水平向加速度记录,这些记录来自近年发生在台湾的35次不同震级的地震,震级范围Ms=4.0 ～6.8,震中距R=214～650 km,震源深度d=6～40 km,经回归统计得...     

The effect of amplitude scaling limits on conditional spectrum-based ground motion selection

Amplitude scaling is commonly used to select ground motions matching a target response spectrum. In this paper, the effect of scaling limits on ground motion selection, based on the conditional spectrum framework, is investigated. Target spectra are computed for four probabilistic seismic hazard cases in Western United States, and 16 ground motion suites are selected using different scaling limits (ie, 2, 5, 10, and 15). Comparison of spectral acceleration distributions of the selected ground motion suites demonstrates that the use of a scaling limit of 2 yields a relatively poor representation of the target spectra, because of the small limit leading to an insufficient number of available ground motions. It is also shown that increasing scaling limit results in selected ground motions with generally increased distributions of Arias intensity and significant duration Ds_5-75, implying that scaling limit consideration can significantly influence the cumulative and duration characteristics of selected ground motions. The ground motion suites selected are then used as input for slope displacement and structural dynamic analyses. Comparative results demonstrate that the consideration of scaling limits in ground motion selection has a notable influence on the distribution of the engineering demand parameters calculated (ie, slope displacement and interstory drift ratio). Finally, based on extensive analyses, a scaling limit range of 3 to 5 is recommended for general use when selecting ground motion records from the NGA-West2 database.     

凸起地形对地震动特性的影响

采用基于ABAQUS平台的显式有限元动力学分析方法,结合人工黏弹性边界理论,研究了局部凸起地形对地震动特性(包括反应谱、峰值加速度、峰值速度和峰值位移等)的影响,分析了台地宽度对地形放大效应的影响.结果表明:凸起地形平台段空间点地震动受地形效应影响较大,在零阻尼条件下,其谱比曲线呈双峰特点,.8—0.9s的中长周期段谱比达到一个较大值1.6,在0.08—0.09s的高频段谱比超过2.0,且最大值出现在平台中点;对于凸起地形斜坡段,在大部分周期点处,顶点的谱比高于其它斜坡点,而且在周期超过0.4s的频段,斜坡段观测点的谱比表现出较明显的规律性,即越靠近顶点的观测点,其谱比值越大;坡底段地表不同观测点的谱比基本在脚点与计算边界点(人工边界点)对应的谱比值之间变化,在不同的频段均表现出较明显的规律性.凸起地形平台段宽度对地震动高频成分的放大效应具有较大影响,但只局限在一定的宽度范围内,随着宽度的增大,其对地形放大效应的影响逐渐减弱. 此外,台地宽度的变化对地震动峰值加速度的放大效应有一定的影响,而对峰值速度、峰值位移的放大效应的影响则不明显.      

地动噪声功率谱及动态范围的一致性分析

在和田地震台阵中心子台安放9台CMG-40T型短周期地震计,采用EDAS-24IP数据采集器进行数据采集。对同一时段观测数据的地动噪声功率谱、动态范围等参数进行测定,并对测定结果进行对比,在使用者的角度分析该类型地震计的一致性。     

Review on the study of topographic effect on seismic ground motion

Topographic effect study is a very important research topic in seismology, seismic engineering,earthquake engineering, engineering earthquake construction and engineering seismology. This paper focuses on its present development status. Post-earthquake investigation has found that the existence of topography caused more serious earthquake damage. The actual seismographs also recorded the topographic amplification effect of 6 to 7 times and even more than 10 times. Numerical simulation is an important technique to study topographic effect, which complements the lack of observed records. However researches on 3-D topographic effect are not enough and need to be studied deeper. To find the main influence factors and the quantitative relationship between topography and ground motion are required very urgently. Obviously the achievements not only can be applied in the earthquake resistant design, but also can provide the quantitative pre-earthquake disaster prediction and quantitative post-earthquake disaster evaluation.