设计暴雨雨型对城市内涝影响数值模拟

为分析设计暴雨雨型对城市内涝的影响,应用耦合了水文和水动力过程的数值模型,以陕西省西咸新区为研究区域,对不同重现期及峰值比例设计暴雨条件下的内涝过程进行模拟,并对内涝积水总量、不同积水深度内涝面积等量值进行对比分析。结果表明:设计暴雨重现期短于20年时,峰值比例较小的设计暴雨内涝积水总量较大,而重现期长于20年时,规律相反;除2年一遇设计暴雨外,峰值比例较大的设计暴雨致涝总面积较大,但其中影响严重的Ⅳ级致涝面积较小;设计暴雨峰值比例越小,重现期越长,积水总量峰值时刻相对于暴雨峰值时刻的迟滞时间越长。揭示了暴雨雨型与内涝积水程度的量化规律,对更合理地开展城市雨洪管理工作具有指导意义。     

变化环境下城市水文学的发展与挑战——Ⅱ.城市雨洪模拟与管理

全球气候变化和快速城市化改变了城市水循环过程,加剧了城市暴雨洪涝问题。从城市雨洪模型构建的角度,回顾了降雨观测与预报技术、城市雨洪产汇流计算方法以及城市雨洪模型的发展历程,总结了各种技术的特点、适用性和局限性,指出城市雨洪模型在机理认识和数据管理方面的不足,提出了城市雨洪模型的概念性框架与基本流程。从雨洪资源化的角度,介绍了城市雨洪管理基本理念和策略,分析了城市雨洪管理的主要技术方案。阐明了城市雨洪模拟与管理的发展趋势及前景,未来应该强化高精度降雨观测和临近定量降雨预报能力,探索城市化流域的产汇流机理和响应机制,开发有效的城市雨洪模型系统,发展多源信息耦合技术,开展城市雨洪模拟预报及资源化利用研究,实现城市可持续发展以及保障城市水安全。     

基于汇水区分级划分的城市洪涝模拟

为了有效提高城市暴雨洪涝模拟的精度, 针对城区复杂下垫面和雨水井数据缺失情况, 分别提出雨水井节点数据的确定方法和基于空间信息的汇水区分级划分方法。以武汉市青山区为研究区域, 选取2场典型降水过程, 开展SWMM模型的参数率定和验证工作, 并将基于不同方法划分的汇水区模拟结果与实际渍水数据进行对比。结果表明: ①提出的雨水井节点数据确定方法, 在雨水井实测数据缺失的城市洪涝模拟中具有一定的可靠性和适用性。②基于空间信息分级划分法、水文分析结合泰森多边形法和泰森多边形法所划分的汇水区, 模拟的最大积水深度中分别有100%、63%和75%的典型验证点与实际渍水程度相符, 模拟的溢流点中分别有80.0%、76.4%和77.4%的溢流点位置与5年一遇降雨渍水风险图相符。基于空间信息分级划分法所得的汇水区比较符合真实汇水情况, 且模拟结果比其他2种方法更加准确。③ 5年一遇降雨重现期下, 3种方法划分的汇水区所模拟的积水对研究区域影响程度相对较小, 但遇到高于此重现期的暴雨会出现不同程度的内涝。本研究可为城市暴雨洪涝模拟中雨水井节点数据确定与地表空间离散化提供新方法, 模拟结果可为城市防洪减灾提供参考。     

特大城市外洪内涝灾害链联防联控关键科学技术问题

近年来,特大城市极端暴雨内涝和流域洪水叠加导致的洪涝灾害风险呈增加趋势,造成了重大人员伤亡和财产损失,亟待开展流域洪水和城市内涝灾害链联防联控研究。融合气象科学、水文科学、信息科学、防灾减灾科学等多学科理论与方法,重点解决城市外洪内涝组合致灾机理与灾害链风险传递规律关键科学问题;突破流域-城市一体化协同监测与早期风险感知技术、城市外洪内涝链生灾害智能预警与定向发布技术、跨尺度洪涝耦合模拟与联合防控场景推演技术、城市洪涝联防联控应急预案编制与智能化决策技术等4项关键技术。构建以空天地气象水文协同观测、社会经济多源信息汇聚分析、灾害动力模型推演为基础的联防联控应急指挥决策业务系统,突出实时性、动态化、精准性和智能化,支撑特大城市外洪内涝全过程预报、预警、预演、预案“四预”业务实践。     

基于SWMM-CCHE2D耦合模型的海绵城市内涝管控效果评价

为了解决暴雨导致的城市内涝,为应急管理提供技术支撑,考虑城市暴雨过程及海绵地表特性,结合城市水文学及水力学原理和芝加哥雨型,建立了SWMM-CCHE2D耦合模型。结合高精度地形数据和降雨、径流实时监测数据,采用SWMM雨洪模型模拟暴雨条件下海绵城市的产流,耦合高精度的二维水动力模型CCHE2D模拟相应的内涝情况。结果表明：暴雨条件下通州海绵区的产汇流具有缓慢下渗和汇流的特性,主要海绵措施的加入对径流削减率会有9.0%~40.6%不同程度的提高,从而减缓内涝,其中,对5年一遇暴雨的效果最显著;在100年一遇暴雨下设计的各种海绵措施中,生物滞留带对径流削减率的提高程度最明显,高达28.4%,透水铺装和绿地也具有较好的效果。     

考虑有效不透水下垫面的城市雨洪模拟模型——Ⅰ.模型原理与模型构建

为满足新形势下雨洪管理实践的需求,揭示有效不透水下垫面对城市水文过程的影响,需研发考虑有效不透水下垫面的城市雨洪模拟模型。将不透水下垫面分为道路和屋顶,综合运用地理信息系统、城市雨洪模型等技术手段,基于不同分类属性分步确定有效不透水面积;考虑模型复杂性、建模数据可用性和模型预测能力,确定模型结构。区分有效不透水下垫面和非有效不透水下垫面产汇流过程,将具有高度异质性的城市下垫面离散成具有均匀或准均匀特性的子汇水区,考虑不同下垫面各子汇水区内部及子汇水区之间汇流路径,采用不同的产汇流计算方法,构建了精细模拟模型,可为城市洪涝防治及海绵城市建设提供技术支撑。     

极端降水下的城市地表-地下空间洪涝过程模拟

极端降水引起的城市内涝问题日益严峻,大量地表积水甚至衍生出部分地下空间的淹没受灾。针对目前水文水动力模型地下空间研究应用不足的现状,以郑州市某片区2021年“7·20”特大暴雨下的内涝过程为例,构建基于InfoWorks ICM的区域地表-地下空间联合模拟模型,对地下空间采用概化蓄水池法和水力连通法2种方式建模,分析局地内涝的成因、发展和影响。结果表明：地下空间内涝对地表积水的削减作用有限;概化蓄水池法简洁易行,水力连通法详细还原地下淹没过程;累积雨量和强降水时段对地下空间洪涝均有重要影响。地表-地下空间洪涝模拟丰富了城市暴雨洪水预警预报的内容,为防灾减灾提供支撑依据和参考。     

城市雨洪模拟技术研究进展

从对水文过程描述的角度对城市雨洪模拟技术进行了回顾,认为管网汇流阶段算法较为成熟,而产流和坡面汇流阶段还有待深入研究.从模型构建思想的角度回顾其发展历程,阐明了经验性模型和分布式概念性模型的局限性以及分布式物理模型的良好发展前景.通过总结国内外几个具代表性城市雨洪模型的特点,从特定模型的角度进一步分析城市雨洪模型的现状,并指出中国与国外模型研究的差距.对与城市雨洪模拟精度密切相关的基础数据收集与管理技术进行了讨论,并提出了城市雨洪模拟技术的发展方向.     

基于太湖流域模型的城市内涝过程高效模拟

城市内涝的高效模拟对于降低内涝灾害影响、制定防灾减灾措施具有极其重要的意义。本文提出了基于雨篦子耦合地表与管网的城市降雨-产汇流-内涝全过程高效模拟方法,结合常州市双桥浜城市产汇流与内涝试验基地监测数据,分别构建了基于高效模拟算法和二维水动力算法的城市内涝模型。根据监测数据对所构建的模型进行了率定与验证,并分析对比了2种算法在不同降雨事件中的精度与可靠性。结果表明：太湖流域模型中基于雨篦子的城市水文特征单元高效模拟方法能够较为真实地反映城市内涝的具体特征,且在模型参数一致的前提下,其计算效率约为二维水动力算法的780～1 275倍,能够对城市内涝情况进行快速模拟。     

基于GLUE方法的城市雨洪模型参数不确定性分析

以北京市大红门排水片为例,构建基于SWMM(Storm Water Management Model)的城市雨洪模型,并基于GLUE方法(Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation)对模型参数的不确定性进行了分析。结果表明,所建城市雨洪模型能够较好的模拟区域的雨洪过程。在模型参数中,管道曼宁系数、不透水区洼蓄量以及河道曼宁系数的不确定性对模型结果的影响较为显著。GLUE方法能够在分析模型结果不确定性的同时给出敏感性参数,为城市雨洪模型的参数率定和进一步研制提供了有效工具。     

Influence of hydrate exploitation on stability of submarine slopes

Urban pluvial flash floods have become a matter of widespread concern, as they severely impact people’s lives in urban areas. Hydrological and hydraulic models have been widely used for urban flood management and urban planning. Traditionally, to reduce the complexity of urban flood modelling and simulations, simplification or generalization methods have been used; for example, some models focus on the simulation of overland water flow, and some models focus on the simulation of the water flow in sewer systems. However, the water flow of urban floods includes both overland flow and sewer system flow. The overland flow processes are impacted by many different geographical features in what is an extremely spatially heterogeneous environment. Therefore, this article is based on two widely used models (SWMM and ANUGA) that are coupled to develop a bi-directional method of simulating water flow processes in urban areas. The open source overland flow model uses the unstructured triangular as the spatial discretization scheme. The unstructured triangular-based hydraulic model can be better used to capture the spatial heterogeneity of the urban surfaces. So, the unstructured triangular-based model is an essential condition for heterogeneous feature-based urban flood simulation. The experiments indicate that the proposed coupled model in this article can accurately depict surface waterlogged areas and that the heterogeneous feature-based urban flood model can be used to determine different types of urban flow processes.

     

The definition of urban stormwater tolerance threshold and its conceptual estimation: an example from Taiwan

The combination of climate change and urbanization is worsening urban flooding problems. Estimating the amount of rainfall that a city can tolerate without flooding is a fundamental task that is difficult to perform, although large amounts of resources are invested in urban flood control. The purpose of this study is to determine the tolerance threshold for stormwater in a city. Based on hydrometeorological characteristics and existing flood control facilities, the urban adaptive water capacity is analyzed to determine the critical rainfall loading. Different critical levels are defined. The low critical point represents the beginning of the water accumulation, while the intermediate and high critical points are defined as flooding with heights of 300 and 600 cm, respectively, in low-lying areas. This study adopts a simple conceptual method to illustrate the critical levels instead of applying complex hydrologic and hydraulic modeling, which require high-resolution spatial data. Three cities and one township in Taiwan are used as urban case studies and to verify the conceptual method. As the capital, Taipei City utilizes the highest flood control engineering technology of our case studies; it is also the site in which the lowest rainfall thresholds cause the accumulation of water to reach the intermediate and high critical points because its small ‘internal water areas’ increase the height of floods rapidly. Conversely, Taichung City has a large internal water area that can disperse accumulating waters without increasing flood height. The estimations of urban storm tolerance thresholds increase the understanding of the limitations of water protection facilities. These estimations may be combined with rainfall forecasts to increase early warning functions and provide a reference point for subsequent planning related to urban flood adaptation strategies.     

The influences of land use and sanitation infrastructure on flooding in Kumasi,Ghana

Each year during the rainy seasons, the Ghanaian media is dominated by banner headlines of flooded urban landscapes along with emergency response teams doling out relief items to the victims. However, when the rains subside and the floods are no longer newsworthy, the key stakeholders return to their normal duties only to await the next cycle of rains with bated breath. Based on the analyses of secondary and fieldwork data, the paper found no significant change in recent rainfall patterns that could account for the city’s flood problems. Rather, the impervious surfaces created through the removal of wetlands, riparian lands and urban vegetation, along with deposits of sediments and domestic wastes into streams and drains, have combined to slow down the velocity of stormwater flows and allowing it to disperse into the surrounding built up areas in lower terrains. The paper recommends the construction of modern city-wide sewerage systems to cope up with the current and predicted rainfall patterns, complemented by non-structural approaches including the protection of wetlands and urban vegetation to reduce the amount of storm water flows. Planners should anticipate and project future land use demands to cater emerging activities such as LPG stations which currently take sites in open space or flood ways and manage and direct physical development into low risk locations. Other measures would include the consideration of free domestic waste collection systems, mandatory flood insurance schemes on properties, with premiums assessed based on site risks, the development of early warning systems to minimize the effects of floods.     

Hydraulic and flood-loss modeling of levee,floodplain, and river management strategies,Middle Mississippi River,USA

In this investigation, four scenarios were used to quantify the balance between the benefits of levees for flood protection and their potential to increase flood risk using Hazards U.S. Multi-Hazard flood-loss software and hydraulic modeling of the Middle Mississippi River (MMR). The goals of this study were (1) to quantify the flood exposure under different flood-control configurations and (2) to assess the relative contributions of various engineered structures and flood-loss strategies to potential flood losses. Removing all the flood-control structures along the MMR, without buyouts or other mitigation, reduced the average flood stages between 2.3 m (100-year flood) and 2.5 m (500-year), but increased the potential flood losses by $4.3–6.7 billion. Removing the agricultural levees downstream of St. Louis decreased the flood stages through the metro region by ~1.0 m for the 100- and 500-year events; flood losses, without buyouts or other mitigation, were increased by $4.3–6.7 billion. Removing the agricultural levees downstream of St. Louis decreased the flood stages through the metro region by ~1.0 m for the 100- and 500-year events; flood losses, without buyouts or other mitigation, were increased by 155 million for the 100-year flood, but were decreased by $109 million for the 500-year flood. Thus, agricultural levees along the MMR protect against small- to medium-size floods (up to the ~100-year flood level) but cause more damage than they prevent during large floods such as the 500-year flood. Buyout costs for the all the buildings within the 500-year floodplain downstream of urban flood-control structures near St. Louis are ~40% less than the cost of repairing the buildings damaged by the 500-year flood. This suggests large-scale buyouts could be the most cost-effective option for flood loss mitigation for properties currently protected by agricultural levees.     

考虑有效不透水下垫面的城市雨洪模拟模型——Ⅱ.雨洪模拟及水文响应分析

为了分析有效不透水下垫面在城市雨洪模拟中的水文响应机理,以常州市双桥浜径流小区为研究区域,构建考虑有效不透水下垫面的城市雨洪模型。利用实测资料先确定屋顶中有效不透水面积的比例,再率定模型其余参数。采用不同的方法表征不透水性,设置不同的模拟方案,分析有效不透水面积及总不透水面积的水文响应。结果表明：与正确使用有效不透水面积的模拟结果相比,用总不透水面积表征模型不透水性且直接移用有效不透水面积模型参数,会高估洪峰流量及洪量;使用总不透水面积表征不透水性,进而率定模型,低重现期时洪峰流量偏大,高重现期时洪峰流量偏低,并且会低估洪量。