LICOM Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project

The datasets of two Ocean Model Intercomparison Project(OMIP) simulation experiments from the LASG/IAP Climate Ocean Model, version 3(LICOM3), forced by two different sets of atmospheric surface data, are described in this paper. The experiment forced by CORE-II(Co-ordinated Ocean–Ice Reference Experiments, Phase II) data(1948–2009) is called OMIP1, and that forced by JRA55-do(surface dataset for driving ocean–sea-ice models based on Japanese 55-year atmospheric reanalysis) data(1958–2018) is ca...     

FGOALS-g3 Model Datasets for CMIP6 Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project

The Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project(FAFMIP) is an endorsed Model Intercomparison Project in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6). The goal of FAFMIP is to investigate the spread in the atmosphere–ocean general circulation model projections of ocean climate change forced by increased CO₂, including the uncertainties in the simulations of ocean heat uptake, global mean sea level rise due to ocean thermal expansion and dynamic sea level change due...     

CAS-ESM2.0 Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project Phase 1(OMIP1)

As a member of the Chinese modeling groups,the coupled ocean-ice component of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’Earth System Model,version 2.0(CAS-ESM2.0),is taking part in the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project Phase 1(OMIP1)experiment of phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6).The simulation was conducted,and monthly outputs have been published on the ESGF(Earth System Grid Federation)data server.In this paper,the experimental dataset is introduced,and the preliminary performances of the ocean model in simulating the global ocean temperature,salinity,sea surface temperature,sea surface salinity,sea surface height,sea ice,and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC)are evaluated.The results show that the model is at quasi-equilibrium during the integration of 372 years,and performances of the model are reasonable compared with observations.This dataset is ready to be downloaded and used by the community in related research,e.g.,multi-ocean-sea-ice model performance evaluation and interannual variation in oceans driven by prescribed atmospheric forcing.     

CAS-ESM2.0 Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project(FAFMIP)

The second version of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model(CAS-ESM2.0)is participating in the Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project(FAFMIP)experiments in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6).The purpose of FAFMIP is to understand and reduce the uncertainty of ocean climate changes in response to increased CO2 forcing in atmosphere-ocean general circulation models(AOGCMs),including the simulations of ocean heat content(OHC)change,ocean circulation change,and sea level rise due to thermal expansion.FAFMIP experiments(including faf-heat,faf-stress,faf-water,faf-all,faf-passiveheat,faf-heat-NA50pct and faf-heat-NA0pct)have been conducted.All of the experiments were integrated over a 70-year period and the corresponding data have been uploaded to the Earth System Grid Federation data server for CMIP6 users to download.This paper describes the experimental design and model datasets and evaluates the preliminary results of CAS-ESM2.0 simulations of ocean climate changes in the FAFMIP experiments.The simulations of the changes in global ocean temperature,Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC),OHC,and dynamic sea level(DSL),are all reasonably reproduced.     

BCC-ESM1 Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Aerosol Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project(AerChemMIP)

BCC-ESM1 is the first version of the Beijing Climate Center’s Earth System Model,and is participating in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6).The Aerosol Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project(AerChemMIP)is the only CMIP6-endorsed MIP in which BCC-ESM1 is involved.All AerChemMIP experiments in priority 1 and seven experiments in priorities 2 and 3 have been conducted.The DECK(Diagnostic,Evaluation and Characterization of Klima)and CMIP historical simulations have also been run as the entry card of CMIP6.The AerChemMIP outputs from BCC-ESM1 have been widely used in recent atmospheric chemistry studies.To facilitate the use of the BCC-ESM1 datasets,this study describes the experiment settings and summarizes the model outputs in detail.Preliminary evaluations of BCC-ESM1 are also presented,revealing that:the climate sensitivities of BCC-ESM1 are well within the likely ranges suggested by IPCC AR5;the spatial structures of annual mean surface air temperature and precipitation can be reasonably captured,despite some common precipitation biases as in CMIP5 and CMIP6 models;a spurious cooling bias from the 1960s to 1990s is evident in BCC-ESM1,as in most other ESMs;and the mean states of surface sulfate concentrations can also be reasonably reproduced,as well as their temporal evolution at regional scales.These datasets have been archived on the Earth System Grid Federation(ESGF)node for atmospheric chemistry studies.     

CAS FGOALS-f3-L Model Datasets for CMIP6 Historical Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project Simulation

The outputs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System(FGOALS-f3-L) model for the baseline experiment of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project simulation in the Diagnostic,Evaluation and Characterization of Klima common experiments of phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6) are described in this paper. The CAS FGOALS-f3-L model, experiment settings, and outputs are all given. In total,there are three ensemble experiments over the period 1979–2014, which are performed with different initial states. The model outputs contain a total of 37 variables and include the required three-hourly mean, six-hourly transient, daily and monthly mean datasets. The baseline performances of the model are validated at different time scales. The preliminary evaluation suggests that the CAS FGOALS-f3-L model can capture the basic patterns of atmospheric circulation and precipitation well, including the propagation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation, activities of tropical cyclones, and the characterization of extreme precipitation. These datasets contribute to the benchmark of current model behaviors for the desired continuity of CMIP.     

CAS FGOALS-g3 Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Scenario Model Intercomparison Project(ScenarioMIP)

This paper describes the datasets from the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project(ScenarioMIP) simulation experiments run with the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System Model,GridPoint version 3(CAS FGOALS-g3). FGOALS-g3 is driven by eight shared socioeconomic pathways(SSPs) with different sets of future emission, concentration, and land-use scenarios. All Tier 1 and 2 experiments were carried out and were initialized using historical runs. A branch run method ...     

CMIP6海洋模式比较计划（OMIP）概况与评述

海洋模式比较计划（OMIP）是第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）中的一个支撑子计划。OMIP致力于CMIP6中模式系统偏差来源及其影响这样一个重要科学问题。同时,OMIP也将在区域海平面变化和近期气候（未来10~30 a）或者年代际气候预测的相关科学问题上有重要贡献,这些问题被世界气候研究计划（WCRP）列为气候科学领域巨大挑战的科学问题。OMIP采用统一的大气外强迫数据集和通量计算方案,进行全球海洋-海冰耦合试验、示踪物试验以及生物地球化学循环试验。同时,OMIP提供了一套针对海洋变量的详细的诊断框架,这个框架既可以评估和改进模式模拟,也可以用于理解海洋-海冰过程在整个气候系统中的作用。     

Datasets for the CMIP6 Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) Simulations with the Coupled Model CAS FGOALS-f3-L

The datasets for the tier-1 Scenario Model Intercomparison Project(ScenarioMIP)experiments from the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model,finite-volume version 3(CAS FGOALS-f3-L)are described in this study.ScenarioMIP is one of the core MIP experiments in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6).Considering future CO2,CH4,N2O and other gases’concentrations,as well as land use,the design of ScenarioMIP involves eight pathways,including two tiers(tier-1 and tier-2)of priority.Tier-1 includes four combined Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSPs)with radiative forcing,i.e.,SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5,in which the globally averaged radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere around the year 2100 is approximately 2.6,4.5,7.0 and 8.5 W m?2,respectively.This study provides an introduction to the ScenarioMIP datasets of this model,such as their storage location,sizes,variables,etc.Preliminary analysis indicates that surface air temperatures will increase by about 1.89℃,3.07℃,4.06℃ and 5.17℃ by around 2100 under these four scenarios,respectively.Meanwhile,some other key climate variables,such as sea-ice extension,precipitation,heat content,and sea level rise,also show significant long-term trends associated with the radiative forcing increases.These datasets will help us understand how the climate will change under different anthropogenic and radiative forcings.     

第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）评述

世界气候研究计划（WCRP）发起了新一轮的国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6),目的是回答当前气候变化领域面临的新的科学问题,为实现WCRP“大挑战”计划所确立的科学目标提供数据支撑。文中回顾了CMIP的发展历程,介绍了CMIP6的组织思路,阐述了CMIP6核心试验及23个模式比较子计划（MIPs）的科学关注点,总结了参与CMIP6的全球模式概况以及中国的贡献。最后,从继承性和创新性等角度对CMIP6进行了评述,指出了CMIP6组织和实施中存在的问题,并对CMIP未来的发展进行了展望。     

FIO-ESM v2.0 Outputs for the CMIP6 Global Monsoons Model Intercomparison Project Experiments

Three tiers of experiments in the Global Monsoons Model Intercomparison Project(GMMIP), one of the endorsed model intercomparison projects of phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6), are implemented by the First Institute of Oceanography Earth System Model version 2(FIO-ESM v2.0), following the GMMIP protocols.Evaluation of global mean surface air temperature from 1870 to 2014 and climatological precipitation(1979–2014) in tier-1 shows that the atmosphere model of FIO-ESM v2....     

CMIP6情景模式比较计划（ScenarioMIP）概况与评述

情景模式比较计划（ScenarioMIP）是第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）最重要的子计划之一。该子计划基于不同共享社会经济路径可能发生的能源结构所产生的人为排放及土地利用变化,设计了一系列新的情景预估试验,为未来气候变化机理研究以及气候变化减缓和适应研究提供关键的数据支持。文中将重点介绍ScenarioMIP的试验设计及模式参与情况,并对其应用前景加以讨论和展望。     

CMIP6地球工程模式比较计划（GeoMIP）概况与评述

太阳辐射管理地球工程是应对气候变化的备用措施。地球工程模式比较计划（GeoMIP）是第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）的重要组成部分。GeoMIP设计了一系列理想化地球工程试验,包括直接减少太阳辐射强度、向平流层注入硫酸盐气溶胶、向海表上空云层注入气溶胶凝结核、增加海水反照率等。在GeoMIP的统一模拟框架下开展地球工程模拟试验,进一步揭示了不同地球工程措施对全球气候的影响和作用机理,从而帮助我们更好地认知气候系统对地球工程的响应过程。更多的中国气候模式参加GeoMIP将提升我国在地球工程研究和国际气候谈判中的国际影响力和话语权。     

CMIP6通量距平强迫模式比较计划（FAFMIP）概况与评述

通量距平强迫模式比较计划（FAFMIP）是第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）的子计划之一。FAFMIP共设计了5组试验,利用CMIP6中的大气-海洋耦合环流模式（AOGCM）对海表施加动量通量、热通量和淡水通量扰动,旨在研究在CO₂强迫下模式模拟的海洋热吸收,由热膨胀引起的全球平均海平面上升,及由海洋密度和环流导致的动力海平面变化等方面的不确定性。     

CAS FGOALS-f3-L Large-ensemble Simulations for the CMIP6 Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project

Large-ensemble simulations of the atmosphere-only time-slice experiments for the Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) were carried out by the model group of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (FGOALS-f3-L). Eight groups of experiments forced by different combinations of the sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice concentration (SIC) for pre-industrial, present-day, and future conditions were performed and published. The time-lag method was used to generate the 100 ensemble members, with each member integrating from 1 April 2000 to 30 June 2001 and the first two months as the spin-up period. The basic model responses of the surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation were documented. The results indicate that Arctic amplification is mainly caused by Arctic SIC forcing changes. The SAT responses to the Arctic SIC decrease alone show an obvious increase over high latitudes, which is similar to the results from the combined forcing of SST and SIC. However, the change in global precipitation is dominated by the changes in the global SST rather than SIC, partly because tropical precipitation is mainly driven by local SST changes. The uncertainty of the model responses was also investigated through the analysis of the large-ensemble members. The relative roles of SST and SIC, together with their combined influence on Arctic amplification, are also discussed. All of these model datasets will contribute to PAMIP multi-model analysis and improve the understanding of polar amplification.     

CMIP6云反馈模式比较计划（CFMIP）概况与评述

世界气候研究计划(WCRP)于2003年支持开展云反馈模式比较计划（CFMIP)。目前已经开展到第三阶段（CFMIP-3)。相比前两阶段的试验,CFMIP-3试验设计更加丰富、具体,除增加CMIP6 DECK和Historical试验的观测模拟器（COSP）输出外,还围绕着回答7个云反馈相关的科学问题,设计了Tier-1（必做）和Tier-2（可选）两类试验。CFMIP将气候模拟、观测研究和过程模拟等几个研究方向更紧密地联系在一起,并为理解和模拟云及其辐射反馈的气候贡献提供更深刻的认识和分析手段。     

CMIP6高分辨率模式比较计划（HighResMIP）概况与评述

高分辨率模式比较计划(HighResMIP)是第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)的新增计划,旨在研究水平分辨率提高后对气候模式模拟性能的改进,并借助多模式集合的方法降低模拟的不确定性。中国有5个模式团队在CMIP6 GitHub上注册参加HighResMIP。文中对HighResMIP的科学背景、试验设计和参与模式等方面进行了简要介绍,为需要了解该计划的科研人员提供参考。     

全球季风模式比较计划（GMMIP）概述

全球季风模式比较计划（GMMIP）是第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）的重要组成部分。文中首先介绍了GMMIP发起的科学背景,指出发起GMMIP的必要性和历史机遇。进一步扼要描述了GMMIP试验设计的总体思路和方案、试验的用途以及与CMIP6其他模式比较子计划的相关性。最后对GMMIP的科学意义进行了评述,指出其在提升和扩大中国季风模拟和研究领域国际影响力方面的重要作用。     

CMIP6冰盖模式比较计划(ISMIP)概况与评述

冰盖是大面积(超过50000 km^2)覆盖陆地表面的极厚冰体,在重力作用下的形变宏观上表现为由内陆向沿海流动[1],当前世界上仅存格陵兰和南极两大冰盖。广大的内陆区域冰雪终年不化,以极低的速率积累表面降雪继而密实化为冰川。受基岩性质和地热通量的影响,冰盖底部融化润滑在冰盖内部形成快速冰流通道。如果融水在下游积累到一定程度,则会进一步发育成为相互连通的冰下水文系统,并最终汇入海洋[2]。当固体冰川流向海洋时,受地形约束可能形成冰架,由冰水密度比值可知只有约1/10漂浮在海面以上,绝大部分冰架与海水直接接触。