基于气枪震源激发的陆地深层反射地震资料构造成像研究

为了研究气枪震源在深部构造地震勘探中的应用,通过大功率气枪震源在长江航道进行激发、江岸及外围陆地进行接收的二维非纵地震测线方式采集原始地震资料.受水体流动、深度范围、江河形状以及枪阵尺寸等因素的影响,野外采集的地震资料信噪比较低.为了提高深层反射地震的成像质量,针对研究区的构造特征以及资料采集特点选择最大覆盖次数连线剖面进行成像处理.成像结果表明,大容量气枪震源激发的地震资料能够反映研究区地壳结构特征,获得了较清晰的莫霍面反射图像,说明气枪震源可用于陆上流动水体的深层地震反射勘探.     

大容量气枪震源陆地反射地震探测技术

为了探索大容量气枪震源在探测区域结构以及在内陆水体进行水陆联测的可行性与有效性,2015年在安徽铜陵完成了长江航道走航激发、陆地接收反射波的“地学长江计划”铜陵段试验。本文从试验观测系统、共中心点分布、覆盖次数以及单炮数据属性等方面综合分析了大容量气枪震源陆地反射试验结果的影响因素。试验结果表明:① 大容量气枪震源在内陆水体激发能够用于地壳结构的探测;② 在水陆联测勘探中,根据目标层段合理设计反射角,能够有效地解决小炮检距反射角不足、大炮检距能量弱的问题;③ 在进行弯线数据采集时,需要对观测系统进行设计,以提高共中心面元的有效覆盖次数;④ 根据气枪震源容量的大小,进行最大、最小炮检距设计,是确保面元成像速度分析精度和面元炮检距属性分布合理的重要条件。      

大容量气枪震源陆地反射地震探测技术——以“地学长江计划”铜陵段试验为例

为了探索大容量气枪震源在探测区域结构以及在内陆水体进行水陆联测的可行性与有效性,2015年在安徽铜陵完成了长江航道走航激发、陆地接收反射波的"地学长江计划"铜陵段试验。本文从试验观测系统、共中心点分布、覆盖次数以及单炮数据属性等方面综合分析了大容量气枪震源陆地反射试验结果的影响因素。试验结果表明:①大容量气枪震源在内陆水体激发能够用于地壳结构的探测;②在水陆联测勘探中,根据目标层段合理设计反射角,能够有效地解决小炮检距反射角不足、大炮检距能量弱的问题;③在进行弯线数据采集时,需要对观测系统进行设计,以提高共中心面元的有效覆盖次数;④根据气枪震源容量的大小,进行最大、最小炮检距设计,是确保面元成像速度分析精度和面元炮检距属性分布合理的重要条件。     

大容量气枪震源陆地反射地震探测——以长江中下游铜陵地区为例

为了实验大容量气枪震源陆地水体流动激发反射地震探测效果,在长江中下游安徽省铜陵段,采用气枪船长江航道流动激发、沿江岸布设反射地震仪器接收的非纵弯线工作方式,得到了反映测线经过地区地壳深部结构和构造特征的反射地震数据。原始资料信噪比较低,但部分资料不同部位仍可辨认出来自地壳及莫霍面反射波组。就传播距离而言,地震波传播的水平距离最大可达21km,垂直深度可达30km以上。在数据处理中,根据原始资料特点,针对性采用了非纵弯线面元定义、三维层析静校正、叠前多域去噪及组合反褶积技术,最终得到的叠加时间剖面上具有丰富的壳内反射波组。结果显示,测线经过地区的地壳结构为双层结构,总厚度为30.0～36.0km。上地壳呈现隆坳相间的反射特征,下地壳存在多组叠层状弧型反射波组,莫霍面反射特征清晰,由2～3个反射同相轴组成,呈现SW端向NE段抬升的形态。剖面经过地区存在一个切穿下地壳和莫霍面的深部断裂,应该是长江深断裂的反映。研究结果充分说明,大容量气枪震源可应用于陆地流动水体地壳精细结构的深地震反射探测。     

浅层弯线地震勘探采集与处理技术

在浅层地震勘探中,测线常常由于场地的限制而不能沿直线布设.而弯线地震勘探施工过程中炮检中点比较分散,影响共面元道集的叠加和最终剖面的真实性.加之浅层地震资料又有其自身的特殊性,所以选择合理有效的浅层弯线采集与处理技术非常必要.本文以甘肃陇南山区新文县一中测线为例,结合弯线共中心点面元叠加的时间、空间条件,在采集和处理两个环节分析控制炮检中点分散范围的具体方法,获得了真实且高品质的地震剖面.剖面有效波的能量较好,同向轴连续清晰,各种干扰波得到了压制,说明浅层弯线地震勘探的方法在理论上和技术上都是可行的.     

大容量气枪震源在陆内反射地震探测中的应用

为探索大容量气枪震源在陆内地壳结构反射地震探测中的应用前景,在安徽长江中下游池州一铜陵段完成气枪震源流动水体激发、岸上反射地震仪器接收的探测试验,获得测线下方反射地震数据剖面。结果显示：在研究区内大容量气枪震源激发的地震波信号具有传播距离远、穿透深度大等特点,在距炮点13km处获得清晰地震波初至起跳信号,纵向上双程走时...     

共反射面元叠加的实现途径及流程

共反射面元叠加的思路是借助于相近共反射点道集之间的相似性,在相应的相干区内依据相邻CMP数据所生成的超CMP道集,凭借其高覆盖次数自身所具有的压制噪音功能,可大幅度地提高地震资料信噪比和分辨率．近年来。这一思路已在国内外受到广泛重视,并被视为今后深层地震资料处理方法的重要发展途径;然而已有的共反射面元叠加方法需要通过相干优化以确定所必需的三个属性参数,致使计算量甚大,且仅局限于小炮检距．为了克服这些不足,本文提出了基于速度深度模型的CRS叠加方法及流程,理论模型验证表明,本文的方法能够提高剖面的信噪比,增加反射波同相轴的连续性．     

增强地震数据质量的非CMP叠加技术

阐述一种增强地震数据质量的非CMP叠加技术——零偏移距共反射面(ZO CRS)叠加.文章从分析目前模拟零偏移距(ZO)剖面常规方法存在的问题与ZO CRS叠加方法所具有的优势入手,介绍了ZO CRS叠加基本原理及其实现过程.利用2D人工合成理论模型数据对这种方法进行了验证并将其应用于低覆盖次数陆地实际资料.理论模型及实...     

共反射面元叠加的应用实践

共反射面元（Common Reflection Surface）叠加是一种不依赖于宏观速度模型的零炮检距剖面成像方法,实现共反射面元叠加依赖于3个波场属性参数的确定,它们分别是零偏移距射线的出射角α、Normal波和Normal Incident Point波出射到地表的波前曲率半径RN和RNIP. 在CRS叠加的理论基础上,本文阐述如何在实际数据上实现CRS叠加. 首先,通过简洁的一维相关性分析在常规叠加剖面上找到对应该共反射面元的一组初始波场属性参数(α,RN,RNIP),然后在对应的叠前数据上应用最优化算法对这组参数进行优化处理,相比初始属性参数,优化后的属性参数能够更好地聚集来自地下反射层的能量,最后应用优化后的属性参数实现最优CRS叠加.     

Influencing factors of seismic signals generated by un-tuned large volume airgun array in a land reservoir

Un-tuned large volume airgun array in a water reservoir is recently proposed as a new way to generate seismic waves on land. It can be used to explore the earth velocity structure and its temporal variations as well. However, the characteristics of seismic signals (especially far-field signals) from an airgun array in a reservoir and its affecting factors (firing pressure, airgun towing depth, water level of the reservoir, etc.) has not been adequately studied. We analyzed the seismic data collected from field experiments at Binchuan Transmitting Seismic Station in 2011 and 2013 and found that (1) The similarity of seismic signals decrease with distance, which is most likely induced by the decay of signal amplitude and signal to noise ratio (SNR); (2) The amplitudes of far-field airgun signals are almost linearly proportional to the firing pressure; (3) The towing depth of airgun has less effects on the far-field signals; (4) The amplitudes of far-field airgun signals are proportional to the water level of the reservoir.     

反射地震数据的逐层波形反演

本文针对层状介质并结合梯度法波形反演,提出逐层波形反演的方法. 首先给出介质扰动响应的概念,并在此基础上分析了梯度法波形反演方法. 波形反演实质上是将实测地震记录和预测地震记录的波形残差信息转化为实际地质模型和预测地质模型的模型残差信息. 波形反演的优点是利用大量振幅相位信息得到高分辨率的反演结果, 其缺点是运行耗时大;当初始模型和实际模型相差较大时,迭代算法容易陷入局部极小点,这是因为目标函数和初始模型同实际模型间的差异是非线性的关系. 逐层波形反演方法是使自上而下每一层的目标函数最小,这样总的目标函数也是最小的. 利用二分法速度扫描确定每一层速度不仅提高了运算速度也避免了迭代算法陷入局部极小点的问题. 结合介质扰动响应和目标函数值变化可以更为准确迅速地确定每一层速度和该层界面位置.     

新疆呼图壁人工水体大容量气枪信号发射台性能研究

介绍了新疆呼图壁人工水体大容量气枪震源地震信号发射台的选址、建设过程及震源信号特征。从地质构造、历史地震的角度分析了地震信号发射台选址的合理性、必要性以及气枪激发池设计的合理性。利用激发池岸边的低灵敏地震仪记录到的气枪信号,阐述了气枪震源的高度重复性和人工水体气枪震源信号的稳定性,并对信号进行时频分析后得出,气枪信号的优势频率为2~6Hz。最后通过叠加的方法提高信噪比,得到呼图壁气枪震源信号的传播距离约为380km。     

High-speed photography of the bubble generated by an airgun1

High-speed photography has been used visually to study the shape, surface, turbulence and behaviour of an underwater oscillating bubble generated by an airgun. The source was a BOLT airgun with a chamber volume of 1.6cu.in., placed in a 0.85m³ tank at 0.5m depth. Near-field signatures were also recorded in order to compare the instant photographs of the oscillating bubble with the pressure field recorded about 25 cm from the gun. Estimations of the bubble-wall velocity and bubble radius estimated from high-speed film sequences are also presented, and are compared with modelled results. The deviation between the modelled and measured bubble radii was at most 9%. In order to check the capacity for transmission of light through the bubble, a concentrated laser beam was used as illumination. We found that the air bubble is a strong scattering medium of laser light, hence the bubble is opaque.     

Interpretation of shallow refraction seismic data by reflection/refraction tomography

A new algorithm for tomographic inversion of traveltimes of reflected and refracted seismic waves is developed. The inversion gives interface configurations and velocity distributions in layers. The important features of the algorithm are: (a) the inclusion of shot time delays in the list of unknown parameters; (b) the regularization is applied in such a way that the most probable model is characterized by the similarity of neighbouring interfaces. As the problem under consideration is non-linear, several iterations are necessary in order to obtain the final model. In the case of a very inexact initial model, a 'layer-by-layer' inversion strategy is recommended as a first inversion step. The inversion program is supplied with a user interface, thanks to which one can: (a) pick interactively and identify seismic traveltimes; (b) build and edit depth/velocity models; and (c) display calculated traveltime curves and compare them with picked traveltimes as well as with the original seismic sections. The efficiency of the inversion software developed is illustrated by a numerical example and a field example in which shallow seismic data are considered. Application to wide-aperture reflection/refraction profiling (WARRP) data is also possible.     

Using an airgun array in a land reservoir as the seismic source for seismotectonic studies in northern China: experiments and preliminary results

This paper reports the field setup and preliminary results of experiments utilizing an airgun array in a reservoir in north China for a seismotectonic study. Commonly used in offshore petroleum resource exploration, the airgun source was found to be more useful than a traditional explosive source for large‐scale and long offset land seismic surveys. The airgun array, formed by four 1,500 in³ airguns (a total of 6,000 in³ in volume) was placed at a depth of 6–9 m into the reservoir to generate the pressure impulse. No direct evidence was found that the airgun source adversely affected the fish in the reservoir. The peak ground acceleration recorded on the top of the reservoir dam 100 m away was 17.8 gal in the horizontal direction; this is much less than the designed earthquake‐resistance threshold of 125 gal for this dam. The energy for one shot of this airgun array is about 6.68 MJ, equivalent to firing a 1.7 kg explosive. The seismic waves generated by the airgun source were recorded by receivers of the regional seismic networks and a temporary wide‐angle reflection and refraction profile formed by 100 short‐period seismometers with the maximum source‐receiver offset of 206 km. The seismic wave signature at these long‐offset stations is equivalent to that generated by a traditional blast source in a borehole with a 1,000–2,000 kg explosive. Preliminary results showed clear seismic phases from refractions from the multi‐layer crustal structures in the north China region. Forward modelling using numerical simulation confirms that the seismic arrivals are indeed from lower crustal interfaces. The airgun source is efficient, economical, environmentally friendly and suitable for being used in urbanized areas. It has many advantages over an explosive source for seismotectonic studies such as the high repeatability that is supreme for stacking to improve signal qualities. The disadvantage is that the source is limited to existing lakes or reservoirs, which may restrict experimental geometry.     

Negative bending in seismic reflection associated with time-advanced and time-retarded fields

We present an analysis of scattering diagrams (i.e., Feynman-like diagrams for wave scattering) of the correlation-type representation theorem for ordinary inhomogeneous media with both positive stiffnesses and positive Poisson's ratios. This analysis reveals scattering events whose scattering diagrams include “negative” bending (i.e., bending in the opposite direction of that of scattering diagrams in ordinary inhomogeneous media). Unlike common scattering events, these events are inconsistent with the current interpretation of some of the basic physical laws, such as Snell's law, just like the so-called “negative refraction” in optics. Yet we find them very useful, for instance, in suppressing some undesired events from scattering data.     

浅谈反射地震走时层析中的正则化

反射地震走时层析本质上是一个病态问题,而正则化是改善问题病态程度的有效手段.反射地震走时层析最终可归结为线性方程组的求解,本文讨论了在线性方程组求解过程中正则化的作用和方式.正则化的作用有:(1)用超定分量约束欠定分量和零空间分量;(2)用先验信息约束欠定分量和零空间分量;(3)对射线的不均匀覆盖进行阻尼;(4)对数据的不准确性进行阻尼.正则化的加入方式有:(1)加法型(将正则化矩阵补在层析矩阵后面,包括导数型正则化和零阶正则化,一阶导数型正则化对应最平坦解,二阶导数型正则化对应最光滑解,零阶正则化对应紧约束解);(2)乘法型(将正则化矩阵与层析矩阵相乘,主要包括阻尼型正则化).并利用简单的模型对正则化的效果进行了试验,发现经各种正则化约束后,与未加任何正则化约束得到的速度模型比较,尽管恢复的异常体的幅度不如后者大,但得到的速度剖面要平滑得多,更利于后续的射线追踪正演和层析反演.     

气枪震源地震动效应分析

迄今为止,人类关于地球内部结构、组成和演化的知识仍主要来源于人们从天然地震引起的地震波中获取的信息.尽管天然地震能量大、探测范围广,但其发生的频率低、位置不确定、定位精度差,因此利用天然地震探测地球内部精度相当低.与天然地震相比,人工震源的位置及激发时间可以精确控制且重复性好,因此具有很高的探测精度.但常用的人工震源(如爆破震源、电火花震源、锤击震源及列车震     

INDEPTH IV深反射地震揭示的东昆仑造山带隆升过程

INDEPTH IV深反射地震数据处理的重点和难点是近地表风化壳静校正和异常振幅噪音衰减,通过初至波剩余折射静校正技术、异常振幅噪声衰减技术和CRS优化叠加技术获得了信噪比较高的地震剖面.由INDEPTH IV深反射地震剖面揭示,东昆仑造山带上地壳地层具有挤压走滑、断展褶皱等动力学特点,岩石圈上、下地壳之间存在不连续的松潘-甘孜古洋壳反射特征,东昆仑山下偏南局部Moho面以上低频异常反射特征指示局部熔融、低速高导体存在.综合INDEPTH IV深反射地震剖面和其他地球物理数据分析认为,东昆仑造山带隆升过程非常复杂,隆升过程至少经过两次主期变形,一期是中生代三叠纪松潘-甘孜洋向北俯冲引发被动大陆边缘造山,另一期是新生代古近纪印度-欧亚板块碰撞致使羌塘地块北移造成的上地壳挤压隆升.利用INDEPTH IV深反射地震单炮、速度和叠加剖面等成果,综合解译数据,最终提出东昆仑造山带隆升过程的另一种模式,以有助于深化对东昆仑造山模式的认识.