江苏小庙洪牡蛎礁生态评价与保护区建设

初步对小庙洪牡蛎礁滨海湿地生态系统评价,分析其多样性、代表性、稀有性、稳定性、自然性以及人类威胁程度等。为小庙洪牡蛎(礁)生态系统修复、保护和当地可持续发展提供科学依据,为江苏海岸带综合管理提供相应策略。     

Hydrodynamic control of the supply of reworked terrigenous sediment to coral reefs in the Bay of Banten (NW Java, Indonesia)

The Bay of Banten is an example of a shallow-water reef environment adjacent to an eroding delta system, where corals survive in turbid conditions. This study investigated the hydrodynamic controls over residual fluxes of terrigenous sediment in the bay. Observations of wind, waves, currents and suspended sediment concentrations in 1998 and 1999 revealed contrasting dynamic turbidity conditions influenced by tides, monsoon-driven flows and locally generated waves. The most sediment-rich suspensions originate from the shallow coastal margin of an inactive delta, where waves resuspend sediment and small creeks discharge freshwater and sediment. Because of coupling between monsoonal wind, throughflow in the bay and wave height, when wave-induced resuspension peaks seasonally during the northwest monsoon, an eastward throughflow prevents the nearshore reefs in the bay from being directly exposed to turbid water masses generated in the eroding delta. In inshore waters, tidal asymmetry and the spatial variation of current amplitudes cause residual sediment transport, largely depending on the availability of erodible sediment. In the center of the bay, where there is a patch reef complex, the tidal and subtidal currents are weak and therefore here there is a zone where sediment accumulates.     

江苏大丰潮滩悬沙级配特征及其动力响应

根据2002和2003年夏季在江苏大丰潮滩的现场观测资料,详细分析了悬沙级配的时空分布特征、影响因素及其对再悬浮、沉降和流速的响应.研究结果表明,悬沙颗粒较细,以粉砂为主,悬沙级配在潮周期内的变化模式有两种类型:一是稳定型,悬沙级配的时空(垂向和平面)变化很小;二是双峰型,悬沙级配的时空变化显著,粗细峰高度不断变化.再悬浮、沉降、涨潮时输入潮滩的悬沙和底质级配是影响悬沙级配的重要因子.再悬浮使粗颗粒悬沙的含量增加,悬沙与底质级配不断接近,沉降对悬沙级配的影响与再悬浮相反.再悬浮发生时悬沙级配对流速有明显响应.在没有再悬浮和沉降影响的情况下,潮滩不同部位、不同时间的悬沙级配趋于稳定和相同,对这种状态下的悬沙级配可称为背景悬沙级配,大丰潮滩背景悬沙级配的平均粒径为7μm.     

石浦港下湾门水道的水沙运移特征

根据2003年9月5~10日的实测水文泥沙测验资料,对石浦港的主航道——下湾门水道各测站的潮流和悬沙特征进行分析研究。结果表明,研究海域潮流流况主要受地形影响,悬沙运移涨潮大于落潮,泥沙进入石浦港内。对下湾门水道的水沙运移特征进行分析,有助于了解石浦港内水沙运移和冲淤状况。     

长江口北支悬沙浓度及输移的时空变化

本文基于4次洪枯季同步水文观测资料,着重分析了长江口北支悬沙浓度的潮周期变化、垂向分布、纵向分布和悬沙输移及其时空差异。研究结果显示,悬沙浓度的潮周期变化过程在大中潮期以M型(双峰型)为主,下段主槽内在大潮期多出现V型,上段在枯季可出现涨潮单峰型;小潮期可出现无峰、单峰或双峰型。涨、落潮悬沙浓度峰值及均值,在枯季多涨潮大于落潮,洪季中小潮特别是小潮期易出现落潮大于涨潮;下段主槽内在大潮期易出现落潮大于涨潮。悬沙浓度的垂向分布及其变化特点,在大中潮期与悬沙的潮周期变化型式有关,其中M型存在显著的洪枯季差异。纵向上,最高悬沙浓度在枯季出现于中段灵甸港至三和港之间及附近河段,洪季则在下段三条港附近。潮周期悬沙净输移,枯季大多向陆特别是大中潮期,洪季中上段大多向海,下段大潮期多向陆、中小潮易出现向海;下段主槽内在大潮期易出现向海。     

黄河口悬浮泥沙时空动态及其驱动机制

受径流输沙、风浪、潮汐等影响,河口近岸海域悬浮泥沙具有显著的时空变化。本文基于小时分辨率的GOCI遥感影像,利用最优遥感反演算法,结合空间分析和统计方法,深入研究黄河口及邻近海域悬沙时空动态特征及驱动机制。结果表明,径流输沙对悬沙浓度的影响以河口近岸区为主,高径流输沙对悬沙浓度分布影响可达距岸约20 km,并向孤东近岸方向扩散。大风可引起清水沟老河口区泥沙强烈再悬浮,形成高浓度悬沙区。涨落潮对小时尺度的悬沙浓度影响显著,并影响悬沙的南北扩散。大潮悬沙浓度变化和扩散范围均大于小潮,潮流流速不同是造成该差异的主要原因。水深与悬沙浓度之间存在较明显的负相关关系,根据不同驱动因素的差异,悬沙浓度随着水深的增加呈现出指数型、幂函数型、线性3种关系。     

Grain-size distribution patterns of suspended sediment in response to hydrodynamics on the Dafeng intertidal flat, Jiangsu, China

1Introduction The sediment dynamics of intertidal flats in-volves erosion, transport, and settling processes. A-mong these, the mechanisms of sediment transportare a key question. Progress has been made in awide range of associated areas, including sedime…     

杭州湾口南汇咀近岸水域水沙特征与通量

南汇咀近岸水域是长江口与杭州湾交汇以及近岸水沙交换的重要地带。根据杭州湾口北部南汇咀-崎岖列岛断面上6个测站1999年1～2月大、中、小潮海流与悬沙含量的现场同步观测资料,阐述了该断面上潮流和悬沙浓度的分布变化特征,并通过断面进出潮通量和悬沙通量的计算,得出该断面以出水出沙为主要特征,与余流方向一致。分析表明,长江口与杭州湾的水沙交换是复杂的,而间接交换是其主要的方式。     

渤海湾泥质区南部悬浮体夏季输运过程与机制

为了解渤海湾泥质区南部近岸及毗邻海域夏季悬浮体输运格局,分别在湾内、湾口、湾口外和黄河口外NE向剖面处设置站位,进行25 h海流、温盐连续观测及悬浮体浓度（SSC）测定。结果显示,高温淡水以羽状流的方式自近岸向渤海中部传输,高浊度悬浮体多出现在涨急和落急的流速较高时期,较高的SSC值多出现在距底5 m水深范围,其中湾内和湾口两站的底层SSC值最高,分别可达约130 和80 mg/L,黄河口外NE向剖面20 m以深海域SSC值最小,均低于40 mg/L。单宽输沙率具有潮周期性特点：湾内A1站涨潮和涨平期以向湾内近岸输沙为主,落潮和落平期以向湾外输沙为主,潮平均单宽输沙率为7.8 g·m−1·s−1,方向为280°;湾口A2站涨落潮流输沙方向相反,整体以SE向朝湾外近岸输沙为主,潮平均单宽输沙率为7.2 g·m−1·s−1,方向为328°。湾外A3站涨潮和涨平时期输沙方向基本相反,大小相当,落潮和落平时期输沙方向以偏E和偏NE向为主,潮平均单宽输沙率为4.7 g·m−1·s−1,方向为77°。黄河口SE向的两个站位涨潮时输沙偏SE向,涨平时输沙偏NW向,落潮时输沙偏NW向,落平时输沙偏N向和偏NE向,两站的潮平均单宽输沙率方向以偏N向为主,A4站的潮平均单宽输沙率为5.2 g·m−1·s−1,方向为94°,A5站潮平均单宽输沙率为7.7 g·m−1·s−1,方向为102°。潮平均单宽输沙率以拉格朗日输沙贡献最显著,在湾口泥质区南部和东南部水深15～25 m的海域,垂向净环流的影响较大,有抵消一部分拉格朗日输沙率的作用,且对潮平均单宽输沙率的影响比湾内和25 m以深海域的大,其他分量数量级较小,对潮平均单宽输沙率贡献较小。水体以混合为主,水体层化程度加强对各站位悬浮体输运均有一定的抑制作用。     

Assessment of the distribution of sponge chips in the sediment of East Pacific Ocean reefs

Sponges are one of the principal agents of bioerosion and sediment production in coral reefs. They generate small carbonate chips that can be found in the sediments, and we investigated whether these could provide a means for assessment of bioerosion applicable to reef monitoring. We tested this hypothesis on samples from 12 Mexican coral reefs distributed along the Pacific coast, where boring sponges were particularly abundant, and quantified the amount of chips in samples of superficial sediment in three grain‐size fractions: fine (<44 μm), medium (44–210 μm) and coarse (>210 μm). The grain‐size distribution varied among reefs, with the majority of the sediment of most reefs being composed of coarse sands, and the medium and fine fractions dominating only at La Entrega and Playa Blanca. All the reefs presented clear evidence of bioerosion by sponges, with the characteristic chips present in the sediment, although at most sites the percentage of chips was very low (from 1% to 3% of the total sediment). Only at La Entrega and Playa Blanca did they constitute a significant fraction of the total sediment (18% and 16%, respectively). While not statistically significant, there was an interesting trend between sponge chips versus sponge abundance that suggests that quantification of the chips in the sediment could be used as a proxy for sponge erosion of the entire community, which cannot be estimated in by laboratory experiments. However, while this methodology could provide an integrated approach to monitor sponge bioerosion, more studies are necessary due to the influence of environmental factors on the transport and deposition of these chips.     

枯季长江口南槽悬沙输运过程和机制研究

开展枯季河口悬沙输运机理研究对于揭示弱径流条件下的陆海相互作用、河口季节性冲淤和水沙关系等具有重要的科学意义.本文根据2018年12月18-25日长江口南槽3个站位连续13个潮周期的同步流速、流向和悬沙浓度等观测资料,运用通量机制分解法研究了各输沙项的特征、贡献和输运机理.结果 表明,从小潮至大潮流速和悬沙浓度不断增加,由南槽上部至下部流速和悬沙浓度逐渐降低.观测期间平均流速与平均悬沙浓度存在明显的正线性关系,但受底质空间差异影响,悬沙浓度对流速的响应强度存在显著的空间变化.枯季期间南槽存在着中上部向陆净输沙、下部向海净输沙的空间输运格局.平流输沙和潮泵输沙是影响和控制净输沙的关键因素,二者的强度和贡献存在明显的潮周期变化和空间变化,垂向环流输沙的强度很弱,对净输沙贡献很小.南槽涨落潮输沙不对称现象明显,流速、悬沙浓度和历时都具有一定的涨落潮不对称性,这些不对称现象共同调节和控制着潮周期净输沙强度和方向的时空变化.     

水体悬沙浓度连续测量技术研究综述

水体悬沙浓度是水利、环境、河口海岸与海洋相关研究领域最为基础的数据需求之一。随着传感器技术的发展, 悬沙浓度连续测量技术在悬沙浓度测量领域表现出高时空分辨率、长期数据采集的成本和风险均较低的突出优点。本文综述了光学、声学、音叉谐振、压差和放射性射线衰减等原理用于悬沙浓度连续测量技术的相关研究进展, 探讨了各技术方法的优、缺点, 并提出了今后的研发重点和发展方向主要在以下几个方面: 1) 光后向散射原理是低成本、小型化和高时频测量悬沙浓度的最优技术路线, 需着力于开展量程扩增和粒径敏感度削弱研究; 2) 低不确定度悬沙浓度垂向剖面观测的实现依赖于超声后向散射原理技术路线的发展; 3) 音叉谐振原理技术路线尤为契合高含沙水流和浮泥工况下的超高量程应用场景; 4) 多技术路线传感器融合以及使用人工智能算法模型替代正向反演模型。     

悬浮泥沙浓度遥感反演模型研究

对实验室固定粒径的悬浮泥沙水体的反射率光谱特征进行了分析,选取反射率的敏感波段,建立了遥感反射率和悬浮泥沙浓度的遥感反演模型;同时,又利用野外现场实测的光谱反射率和悬浮泥沙中值粒径,建立受粒径影响的悬浮泥沙浓度反演模型。结果表明,主成分模型的反演效果最好,其次是幂指数模型,而线性模型的反演效果较差。     

Short-term variations and influencing factors of suspended sediment concentrations at the Heisha Beach,Guangdong, China

Knowledge of sediment variation processes is essential to understand the evolution mechanism of beach morphology changes. Thus, a field measurement was conducted at the Heisha Beach, located on the west coast of the Zhujiang River(Pearl River) Estuary, to investigate the short-term variation in suspended sediment concentrations(SSCs) and the relationship between the SSC and turbulent kinetic energy, bottom shear stress(BSS), and relative wave height. Based on extreme event analysis results, extr...     

Quantitative application study on remote sensing of suspended sediment

Quantitative application on remote sensing of suspended sediment is an important aspect of the engineering application of remote sensing study.In this paper,the Xiamen Bay is chosen as the study area.Eleven different phases of the remote sensing data are selected to establish a quantitative remote sensing model to map suspended sediment by using remote sensing images and the quasi-synchronous measured sediment data.Based on empirical statistics developed are the conversion models between instantaneous suspended sediment concentration and tidally-averaged suspended sediment concentration as well as the conversion models between surface layer suspended sediment concentration and the depth-averaged suspended sediment concentration.On this basis,the quantitative application integrated model on remote sensing of suspended sediment is developed.By using this model as well as multi-temporal remote sensing images,multi-year averaged suspended sediment concentration of the Xiamen Bay are predicted.The comparison between model prediction and observed data shows that the multi-year averaged suspended sediment concentration of studied sites as well as the concentration difference of neighboring sites can be well predicted by the remote sensing model with an error rate of 21.61% or less,which can satisfy the engineering requirements of channel deposition calculation.     

密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度变化过程研究

河流入海水体悬沙浓度的变化直接反映该流域人类活动和自然应力的影响。基于密西西比河塔伯特兰丁站长期水文资料,本文采用百分位法、Mann-Kendall法等统计方法对近40年密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度进行分析,探究密西西比河通过“鸟足状”三角洲进入墨西哥湾的水体悬沙浓度变化过程及其可能影响因素。结果表明：（1）在1976−2015年期间,密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度展现阶段性下降趋势,其中第一时期即1976−1987年期间,入海水体悬沙浓度相对较高,平均值为0.33 kg/m³;第二时期即1988−2015年期间,悬沙浓度较低且平均值为0.25 kg/m³。（2）密西西比河日径流量与悬沙浓度之间的关系符合高斯分布。与1976−1987年相比,1988−2015年期间水沙关系曲线较为扁平,日均超过0.60 kg/m³的高悬沙浓度事件明显减少。在低流量及起动流量阶段,悬沙浓度随着流量的增加而增加,在流量接近20 000 m³/s时,悬沙浓度达到最大值,流量高于20 000 m³/s后,悬沙浓度反而随着流量增加而减小。同时,密西西比河月均水沙关系在1976−1987年期间呈双绳套样,1988−2015年期间则呈现“先沙后水”的顺时针单一型绳套样。（3）分洪工程建设及土壤保持措施是影响密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度的主要原因。其中,工程建设减少了河道沿程沉积物物源,土壤保持措施使土地侵蚀减少,从而使得悬沙浓度保持较低水平。此外,极端水文事件对密西西比河入海悬沙浓度的影响较小。     

台风“利奇马”对东中国海表层悬浮物浓度变化的影响

台风过程可使海洋悬浮物浓度的分布在短时间内发生极大变化,并影响海洋生态环境以及海洋资源的分布。受台风期间海洋观测数据的限制,台风过程对海洋悬浮物浓度的影响尚不明确。本文利用GOCI （Geostationary Ocean Color Imager,GOCI）卫星遥感数据,以2019年8月台风“利奇马”为例,对其过境前后东中国海表层悬浮物浓度的时空变化进行了定量研究。结果表明,台风“利奇马”对闽浙沿岸的影响程度最大,使悬浮物质量浓度中高值（≥5 mg/L）覆盖面积和浓度平均值分别增大92%和62%,影响持续时间为4 d;对长江口附近海域的影响程度次之,使悬浮物浓度中高值覆盖面积和浓度平均值分别增大19%和17%,影响持续时间为3 d;对苏北浅滩的影响程度最小,悬浮物质量浓度中高值覆盖面积变化不大,但浓度平均值增大了30%,影响持续时间为4 d。研究结果表明卫星遥感数据可以量化台风过程对东中国海表层悬浮物浓度的影响,弥补极端天气条件下无法进行现场观测的不足。     

桐花树红树林潮滩近底层悬沙浓度垂向剖面变化特征分析*

观测红树林潮滩在波浪和潮流作用下的近底层垂向剖面悬沙浓度变化过程, 对理解海岸带植被的消能促淤机制和滨海湿地生态修复工程有着重要作用。本文以北部湾七星岛岛尾桐花树红树林潮滩为例, 基于剖面流速仪HR、声学多普勒单点流速仪ADV、浪潮仪T-wave及剖面浊度仪ASM, 获取了研究区域2019年夏季大潮连续3天的水文数据, 同时结合桐花树典型植株实测参数, 分析了潮周期内红树林潮滩近底层垂向剖面悬沙响应波浪、潮流作用及桐花树空间结构的运动过程。结果表明: 1) 桐花树潮滩近底层悬沙浓度和悬沙通量具有涨潮明显大于落潮的潮汐不对称现象, 剖面垂向高悬沙浓度区域在涨潮初期—涨急由距底部0.1~0.37m转变为距底部0.5~0.67m, 落急—落潮末期则由上部转变为下部; 2) 潮周期内悬沙起动和再悬浮阶段发生在以波浪作用主导的涨潮初期和落潮末期, 平流和沉降发生在以潮流作用为主的涨急至落急整个阶段; 3) 涨潮阶段桐花树冠层的茂密枝叶通过减缓流速拦截多于冠层上部40%以上的悬沙, 落潮水体则挟沙自陆向海经过桐花树群落, 使得悬沙浓度下降超过71%。该不对称涨、落潮动力沉积机制有利于悬沙向岸输运, 促进潮滩扩张过程。     

The spatial arrangement of reefs alters the ecological patterns of fauna between interspersed algal habitats

Reef landscapes dominated by canopy-forming species are often irregular mosaics of habitats, with important influences on associated fauna. This study tested if differences in the ecological patterns of mobile fauna inhabiting interspersed (morphologically distinct) algal habitats were altered by the spatial arrangement of reefs of varying proximity to the shoreline. Specifically, prosobranch gastropods were used as models to test that: (1) there were differences in the ecological patterns (species composition and abundances) between three algal habitats (the kelp Ecklonia radiata, fucalean macroalgae, and erect red algae); (2) the magnitude of these differences depended on the position of reef lines (‘in-shore’ vs. ‘off-shore’); and (3) these effects were regionally consistent across a 4° latitudinal gradient (600 km of coastline) in Western Australia. The ecological patterns of algal-associated gastropods responded strongly to the presence of algal habitats with different physical structure at small spatial scales. Importantly, differences in assemblage structure (e.g. differences in total abundances) between habitats across the latitudinal gradient were especially accentuated on the in-shore reefs compared with the off-shore reefs, where a general amelioration of differences between habitats was observed, probably associated with a more widespread effect of stronger wave forces across habitats. Overall, red algae supported higher total abundances and species richness (per algal weight) compared to the other algal habitats, particularly on in-shore reefs. Patterns for individual species were considerably location-dependent, reflecting the natural variability of species across geographical gradients. In contrast, patterns at the assemblage-level were consistent, providing evidence for the existence of general rules underlying the assemblage-level organization of mobile invertebrates on subtidal reefs across this geographical gradient.