厦门近岸210Po和210Pb的大气沉降通量

为揭示中国东南沿海地区210Po和210Pb的大气沉降时空变化特征,探讨该地区气溶胶的停留时间,于2013年1月至2014年12月对厦门地区210Po和210Pb的大气沉降通量进行了时间序列研究。结果发现,210Po和210Pb的平均日沉降通量分别为（65.38±4.79） mBq/（m2·d）（n=54）和（0.78±0.09） Bq/（m2·d）（n=54）,表现出明显的周年变化。东北季风期间,210Po和210Pb的沉降通量较高,而西南季风期间其通量较低。2013年和2014年,210Po的年沉降通量分别为19.29 Bq/（m2·a）和9.25 Bq/（m2·a）,210Pb的年沉降通量分别为159.2 Bq/（m2·a）和189.6 Bq/（m2·a）。两核素的年沉降通量表现出不同程度的年际差异。210Po与210Pb沉降通量之间存在显著的线性正相关关系,揭示了大气中210Po和210Pb具有相同的迁出机制,降雨和大气中核素含量是影响210Po和210Pb沉降通量的主要因素。该研究结果可以为探求台湾海峡海水中210Po与210Pb的收支平衡提供大气来源项。     

冲绳海槽海底热液喷出口附近海水中210Pb和210Po的行为

讨论了在冲绳海槽伊平屋海岭和南奄西海丘两处海底热液喷出口附近海水中的铀系子体放射性核素210Pb和210Po浓度的垂直分布剖面.在伊平屋海岭,甲烷及222Rn的数据表明海底热液活动不强,总210Pb和210Po放射性均低于它们各自母体的放射性,210Pb和210Po在海水中的平均停留时间分别为20和2～5a,而在以“黑色烟雾”为特征的海底热液活动强烈的南奄西海丘,在”烟雾”中的总210Pb含量(0.167×10-3～2.50×10-3Bq/kg)相对其母体226Ra贫乏,而总210Po含量(1.83×10-3～2.83×10-3Bq/kg)则相对其母体210Pb过剩.该处海水中的210Po的放射性高于东海陆架区及冲绳海槽其他海区,并且显示了210Po过剩.210Pb/226Ra以及210Po/210Pb放射性比值的范围分别为0.1～0.4和1.1～7.8.在热液扩散带中210Pb被优先从海水中清除.控制南奄西海丘海水中210Pb浓度的可能机制涉及到210Pb通过扩散作用的横向输送.在热液扩散带中高210Po/210Pb放射性比值表明210Pb的耗尽及210Po从海底热液喷出口的加入.     

冲绳海槽海底热液喷出口附近海水中~(210)Pb和~(210)Po的行为

讨论了在冲绳海槽伊平屋海岭和南奄西海丘两处海底热液喷出口附近海水中的铀系子体放射性核素2 10 Pb和2 10 Po浓度的垂直分布剖面 .在伊平屋海岭 ,甲烷及2 2 2 Rn的数据表明海底热液活动不强 ,总2 10 Pb和2 10 Po放射性均低于它们各自母体的放射性 ,2 10 Pb和2 10 Po在海水中的平均停留时间分别为 2 0和 2～ 5a ,而在以“黑色烟雾”为特征的海底热液活动强烈的南奄西海丘 ,在”烟雾”中的总2 10 Pb含量 ( 0 1 6 7× 1 0 -3～ 2 50× 1 0 -3Bq/kg)相对其母体2 2 6Ra贫乏 ,而总2 10 Po含量 ( 1 83× 1 0 -3～ 2 83×1 0 -3Bq/kg)则相对其母体2 10 Pb过剩 .该处海水中的2 10 Po的放射性高于东海陆架区及冲绳海槽其他海区 ,并且显示了2 10 Po过剩 .2 10 Pb/ 2 2 6Ra以及2 10 Po/ 2 10 Pb放射性比值的范围分别为 0 1～ 0 4和 1 1～ 7 8.在热液扩散带中2 10 Pb被优先从海水中清除 .控制南奄西海丘海水中2 10 Pb浓度的可能机制涉及到2 10 Pb通过扩散作用的横向输送 .在热液扩散带中高2 10 Po/ 2 10 Pb放射性比值表明2 10 Pb的耗尽及2 10 Po从海底热液喷出口的加入 .     

北太平洋亚热带环流区表层水的210Po/210Pb不平衡

对北太平洋亚热带环流区表层水中溶解态(＜0.2 μm)和颗粒态(≥0.2 μm)210 Po、210pb的含量、分布、停留时间及其在颗粒物清除迁出过程中的分馏效应开展了研究,结果表明,研究海域表层水中溶解态210Po、210Pb的比活度分别介于0.14 ～3.75和1.41 ～6.87 Bq/m3之间;颗粒态210Po、210Pb的比活度分别介于0.35 ～ 2.49和0.18 ～3.18 Bq/m3之间.溶解相和颗粒相中的210Po/210Pb不平衡状态呈现截然不同的特征,溶解相中210Po相对于210Pb呈亏损状态,而在颗粒相中则呈过剩状态,反映出210Po与210Pb生物地球化学行为的差异,210Po具有更强的颗粒(生物)活性.由稳态不可逆模型计算出溶解态和颗粒态210Po的平均停留时间分别为0.28、0.27 a;溶解态和颗粒态210Pb的平均停留时间分别为0.88、0.15 a.由清除速率常数法计算得到的溶解态210Po、210Pb在颗粒清除过程中的平均分馏因子为4.73,且该分馏因子随颗粒氮含量的增加呈增加的趋势.停留时间的差异以及明显大于1的分馏因子均表明,210Po、210Pb在颗粒清除过程中发生了明显的分馏,而分馏因子与颗粒氮(PN)之间存在的正相关关系则显示含氮组分对210 Po、210Pb的分馏起着一定的作用.     

楚科奇海、白令海表层沉积物210 Pb和137 Cs分布

通过分析第十次北极考察楚科奇海、白令海考察区表层沉积物样品中放射性核素210 Pb和137 Cs,获得表层沉积物(0～8 cm)中210 Pb和137 Cs在不同断面和不同层的比活度范围和分布.楚科奇海陆架区R断面表层沉积物(0～2 cm层)210Pb比活度范围为44.80～117.45 Bq·kg-1;137Cs检出...     

210Po-210Pb活度不平衡鉴年法测定北极冰区表层冰雪年龄

远离河流和大陆的北冰洋冰区,大气沉降是210Po、210Bi、210Pb和7Be核素等最重要的来源。降雪一旦形成即被标记具有特定的210Po/210Pb活度比值,并降落到海冰表面,进入封闭状态。在封闭体系的冰雪中,随着时间推移,210Po从相对于210Pb强烈亏损的状态逐渐达到210Po-210Pb平衡状态。因此可以通过分析北冰洋表层冰雪中210Po-210Pb活度不平衡特征,量化冰区表层冰雪的表观年龄。本文搜集整理了北极地区气溶胶的210Po/210Pb活度比值,结合2018年中国第9次北极科学考察航次和2015年美国GEOTRACES 北冰洋航次中若干冰站表层冰雪的210Po/210Pb活度比特征,估算了北冰洋表层冰雪的表观年龄。结果表明,2018年中国冰站采集的表层冰雪年龄变化范围为106～272 d,远大于2015年美国冰站采集的表层冰雪的年龄;而两国冰站表层冰雪的年龄都呈现一定的纬度效应,即随着采样站位越靠近北极点,总体上表层冰雪的年龄呈现越来越大的特点,表明北极冰区表层冰雪越靠近北极点,表层冰雪被保留的时间会越长。210Po-210Pb 活度不平衡定年法可以作为一种评估北冰洋冰雪年龄的方法并与遥感技术协同使用。     

青岛市7Be, 210Pb 和210Po大气沉降通量的测定

运用本实验室建立的大气沉降中7Be,210Pb的γ谱分析方法和210Po的α谱分析方法,测定了青岛大气沉降通量.结果表明,青岛市2002年4～11月大气沉降的7Be和210Pb通量平均为1.67和0.32 Bq/(m2·d);2004年5～9月7Be,210Pb和210Po通量平均值为2.15,0.51和0.083 Bq/(m2·d).     

南海与厦门湾海水中210Po和210Pb的粒级分布

对南海和厦门湾表层水中210Po和210Pb的粒级分布特征进行了研究.结果表明,南海海水中210Po和210Pb在不同粒级颗粒物中的体积比活度高低顺序为:(＜0.4μm)＞(0.4～2.0 μm)＞(2.0～10 μm)＞(＞10μm).210Po、210Pb主要存在于＜2.0 μm粒级颗粒物中.厦门湾210Po体积比活度高低顺序为:(2.0～10 μm)＞(＜1.2μm)＞(＞10μm)＞(1.2～2.0 μm),210Po主要存在于＞2.0μm粒级颗粒物中.南海不同粒级颗粒物中210Pb的质量比活度差异不大,0.4～2.0 μm和2.0～10 μm粒级210Po质量比活度约为10μm粒级210Po比活度的3倍.厦门湾210Po的质量比活度比南海相应粒级210Po低约1个数量级,且各粒级间差异不大,表明不同粒径颗粒物在210Po和210Pb清除过程中的作用不同.210Po和210Pb的固-液分配系数(Kd)及分馏因子(α)进一步证实南海0.4～2.0 μm粒级颗粒物对210Po的清除能力比其它粒级颗粒物更强,而＞10μm粒级颗粒物对210Pb的清除能力比其它粒级颗粒物更强.不同粒级颗粒物中210Po与210Pb之间的不平衡状况揭示了不同粒级颗粒物不同的来源,为210Po/210Pb不平衡示踪颗粒物来源提供了依据.     

太湖THS孔现代沉积物137Cs和210Pb的分布及计年

太湖THS沉积物柱状岩心中存在3个明显的137Cs蓄积峰,高含水率和有机质含量是前苏联切尔诺贝利核电站核泄漏对应的137Cs蓄积峰向表层迁移的一个可能的原因。利用137Cs核素1963年和1975年对应的蓄积峰计算出沉积速率为0.34 cm/a。利用137Cs核素1963年对应的蓄积峰进行校正,采用210Pb计年的CRS模式获得不同时段的沉积速率,发现在80年代末沉积物堆积通量最高,达到0.6 g/(cm2.a)。两种计年方法的结合有助于认识沉积速率的变化情况。     

冬季台湾海峡210Po和210Pb的分布特征及颗粒物的输出

~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb are increasingly used to constrain particle dynamics in the open oceans, however they are less used in coastal waters. Here, distributions and partitions of ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb were examined in the Taiwan Strait, as well as their application to quantify particle sinking. Activity concentrations of dissolved ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb(0.6 μm)ranged from 1.21 to 7.63 dpm/(100 L) and from 1.07 to 6.33 dpm/(100 L), respectively. Activity concentrations of particulate ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb varied from 1.96 to 36.74 dpm/(100 L) and from 3.11 to 38.06 dpm/(100 L). Overall,particulate ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb accounted for the majority of the bulk ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb. 210 Po either in dissolved or particulate phases showed similar spatial patterns to 210 Pb, indicating similar mechanisms for controlling the distributions of ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb in the Taiwan Strait. The different fractionation coefficients indicated that particles in the Zhemin Coastal Current(ZCC) inclined to absorb 210 Po prior to 210 Pb while they showed an opposite effect in the Taiwan Warm Current(TWC). Based on the disequilibria between ~(210) Po and ~(210) Pb, the sinking fluxes of total particulate matter(TPM) were estimated to range from –0.22 to 3.84 g/(m2·d), showing an overall comparable spatial distribution to previous reported sediment accumulation rates. However, our sinking fluxes were lower than the sedimentation rates, indicating a sediment resuspension in winter and horizontal transport of particulate matter from the Taiwan Strait to the East China Sea.     

Behaviors of 210Pb and 210Po around hydrothermal vents in the Okinawa Trough

Vertical profiles for the uranium-series radioisotopes 210Pb and 210Po were obtained at thetwo hydrothermal vent sites, the Iheya Ridge and the Minami-Ensei Knoll, in the Mid-Okinawa Trough in 1993 and 1994, respectively. In 1995, both radioisotopes were measured at the Minami-Ensei Knoll a-gain. At the Iheya Ridge, where the hydrothermal activity is not active as reflected by the CH_4, and 222Rn data, both the total 210Pb and 210Po activities show deficiency relative to their parents, and the mean residence time of 210Pb and 210Po is approximately equal to 20 and 2-5 a, respectively. At the Minami-Ensei Knoll, which is characterized by black smokers, the total 210Pb(0.167 × 10~(-3)-2.5 × 10~(-3)_ Bq/kg) around the plumes is deficient relative to 226Ra but the total 210Po activities (1.83 × 10 ~(-3) - 2.83 × 10~(-3) Bq/kg) are in excess relative to 210Pb. The 210Po activities are higher than those in the East China Sea and the Okinawa Trough and excess 210Po has been found. The 210Pb/226Ra and 210Po/     

Contrasting behaviors of 210Po, 210Pb and 234Th in the East China Sea during a severe red tide: Enhanced scavenging and promoted fractionation

210Po, 210Pb, and 234Th were determined in water columns of the East China Sea (ECS) to investigate their biogeochemical behaviors during a severe red tide event. Dissolved 210Po, 210Pb, and 234Th accounted for large fractions of the total phases. The abnormally high concentrations of dissolved 210Pb were observed. Partition behaviors of these radionuclides were influenced by particle content effect and particle composition based on distribution coefficient (K_d) vs. total suspended matter (TSM) content and K_d vs. ratios of particulate organic carbon and total suspended matter contents (POC/TSM content ratios). The peaks of mass specific activities of 210Po, 210Pb, and 234Th indicated that degraded particles could have an intensified enrichment ability for radionuclides compared with the surficial suspended matters. Fractionation factor of 210Po and 210Pb (F_Po/Pb) (>1) and fractionation factor of 210Po and 234Th (F_Po/Th) (>1) were much higher at algal blooming regions than that at non-blooming stations, indicating that algal blooms promoted the fractionation of 210Po against 210Pb and 234Th, and proving that 210Po exhibited a stronger affinity for biogenic particles than 210Pb and 234Th when POC content increased in the sea. POC/210Po, POC/210Pb and POC/234Th ratios (content/activity ratios) sharply decreased with depth in both algal bloom and non-bloom stations. The outbreak of algal bloom promoted the complexity of suspended particles and increased the variability of POC/tracer ratios (content/activity ratios) in the different depth of the shallow seas. More considerations should be taken to the difficulty of the selection of export interface and the suitable tracers when algal blooming occurs.     

Radiocaesium and 210Pb in Clyde sea loch sediments

Analysis of ²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁶Ra, ¹³⁷Cs and ¹³⁴Cs in short sediment cores provide first estimates of deposition rates in some Clyde sea lochs. The radio-caesium nuclides originate mainly in the liquid effluent released at distance from the Clyde by the Windscale nuclear fuel reprocessing plant and their concentrations in Clyde sediments provide information on (a) enrichment factors onto particulate matter, (b) surficial mixing coefficients and (c) sedimentation rates. A radiocaesium residence time in coastal waters of ca. 10³ years reflects the importance of scavenging by the high nearshore particulate flux. ²¹⁰Pb levels in sediments are controlled, in the unsupported fraction, by a major input sorbed on catchment particulates and, in the supported component, by ²²⁶Ra activities occasionally perturbed by unusually high surface values probably of planktonic origin. In one loch, detectable levels of ¹³⁴Cs and ⁶⁰Co are attributed to their discharge by nuclear submarines.     

Concentrations of the elements Ag,Al, Ca,Cd, Cu,Fe, Mg,Mn, Pb and Zn,and the radionuclides 210Pb and 210Po in the digestive gland of the squid Nototodarus gouldi

Ag, Al, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb and Zn concentrations and ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb activities were measured in 26 specimens of the squid Nototodarus gouldi taken from the waters of Bass Strait in one jigging operation. All the elements show wide ranges in concentrations in specimens apparently subject to the same environmental conditions. Copper concentration was 27-1 200 μg/g, and ²¹⁰Po activity 4·8–24·2 Bq/g. The animal wet weights, the elements Ag, Al, Cd, Fe and Zn, and the radionuclide ²¹⁰Po have coefficients of variation in the range 40–60%; Ca, Mg and Mn show the smallest variability (CV = < 30%), and Cu the greatest (CV = 12%). Significant correlations (p < 0·001) were found between the following pairs of elements: Cd-Zn, Cd-Cu, Zn-Cu, Mg-Mn, Fe-Mn, Ca-Mg and Fe-²¹⁰Po.     

210Pb法在测定沉积速率中的应用

~(2l0)Pb是~(226)Ra衰变后的一个子体产物。~(210)Ra吸附到大气尘埃、气溶胶上,或吸附到兩、雪中,沉降下来,参与陆地水系的循环。海水中也有~(226)Ra,它同样也能衰变为~(210)Pb,因此,大气沉降、大陆径流和水体中~(226)Ra的衰变是海水中~(210)Pb的来源。~(210)Pb在海水中很容易被粘土和有机质悬浮颗粒吸附,或与铁