Changes in biomass structure and trophic status of the plankton communities in a highly dynamic ecosystem (Gulf of Venice,Northern Adriatic Sea)

The changes in the plankton biomass structure in relation to nutrient inputs were studied in the Gulf of Venice (Northern Adriatic Sea), an area characterized by a very marked trophic state variability. The investigation was carried out at two stations, in March, May and July 2005 and 2006, considering the whole water column. The size structure (from picoplankton to mesozooplankton) of both autotrophs and heterotrophs was analysed. Signals of diluted waters and nutrient inputs were more marked in 2005 than in 2006. In 2005, the total plankton biomass was almost double (87 ± 37 μg·C·l^?1) that in 2006 (44 ± 26 μg·C·l^?1). The variations were determined mainly by phytoplankton, with a 70% decrease, and a shift from a community dominated by microphytoplankton (49 ± 12%) in 2005 to one dominated by bacteria (43 ± 11%) in 2006 was observed. The relationship between the heterotrophic (H) and autotrophic (A) biomass indicated a rapid decline of the H/A ratio with increasing phytoplankton biomass. This study, although temporally limited, is consistent with the results reported for other marine environments and it seems to confirm the importance of nutrient inputs in structuring the biomass of plankton community.     

长棘海星暴发对珊瑚礁区沉积物营养盐动力学的影响研究

长棘海星暴发对珊瑚礁生态系统产生了严重危害,而水体营养盐的补充可能是导致长棘海星暴发的一个关键因素。砂质沉积物对调控珊瑚礁区的营养盐浓度和结构起着关键作用,因此本研究通过流动式反应器对长棘海星和砂质沉积物进行模拟实验,分析长棘海星排泄活动及其死亡后有机体降解对水体营养盐的影响,并探究砂质沉积物的响应。实验结果表明:（1）长棘海星排泄的溶解无机氮（DIN）和溶解无机磷（DIP）通量分别为（83.55±4.74）μmol/(ind.·h)和（2.53±0.03）μmol/(ind.·h),这些营养盐可能给长棘海星的持续暴发提供营养条件;（2）砂质沉积物对长棘海星排泄导致的营养盐浓度升高具有缓冲作用,约70.7%的DIN和91.4%的DIP被截留在沉积物中,但沉积物界面营养盐交换导致的氮磷比升高可能不利于珊瑚生长;（3）长棘海星死后的有机体降解可促使沉积物–水界面释放营养盐,结合海星暴发密度估算,其释放的营养盐可导致上覆水中DIN和DIP浓度分别升高0.32 μmol/L和0.01 μmol/L,这可能会促使大型藻的快速生长而妨碍珊瑚的自我修复。     

Radium-traced nutrient outwelling from the Subei Shoal to the Yellow Sea: Fluxes and environmental implication

The Subei Shoal is the largest sandy ridge in the southern Yellow Sea and is important source for nutrient loading to the sea. Here, the nutrient fluxes in the Subei Shoal associated with eddy diffusion and submarine groundwater discharge（SGD） were assessed to understand their impacts on the nutrient budget in the Yellow Sea. Based on the analysis of 223 Ra and 224 Ra in the field observation, the offshore eddy diffusivity mixing coefficient and SGD were estimated to be 2.3×10⁸ cm     

渤海湾天津近岸海域初级生产力及网采浮游植物种类组成

于2012至2013年调查了渤海湾天津近岸海域的初级生产力和网采浮游植物种类组成。2012—2013年春季调查海域初级生产力为2.20～23.18 mgC/(m²·d),平均值为9.54 mgC/(m²·d),高值区主要分布在塘沽附近海域;夏季初级生产力为6.37～138.37 mgC/(m²·d),平均值为44.13 mgC/(m²·d),高值区主要分布在北塘和汉沽附近海域。与1982—1983年和1992—1993年同期调查结果相比,近30 a来渤海湾初级生产力呈下降趋势。网采浮游植物经初步分析发现2门59种(包括未定名种),其中硅藻49种,占种类组成的83.1%;甲藻10种,占种类组成的16.9%;优势种主要为柔弱根管藻Rhizosolenia delicatula、布氏双尾藻Ditylum brightwellii、中华盒形藻Bidduiphia sinensis、中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum、旋链角毛藻Chaetoceros curvisetus、尖刺菱形藻Nitzschia pungens、丹麦细柱藻Leptocylindrus danicus和浮动弯角藻Eucampia zoodiacus。调查海域春季浮游植物细胞丰度为3.32×10³～3.85×10⁷ cell/m³,夏季为2.48×10⁶～4.65×10⁹ cell/m³,夏季明显高于春季;从分布上看,北部和南部的浮游植物细胞丰度高于中部,主要是由天津近岸海域河流分布造成。浮游植物多样性指数在春季和夏季的均值分别为1.865和1.560。2012—2013年浮游植物细胞丰度及其分布主要与水深、化学需氧量、pH值、溶解氧和无机磷相关性较大。     

Responses of nutrient biogeochemistry and nitrogen cycle to seasonal upwelling in coastal waters of the eastern Hainan Island

The coastal upwelling has profound influence on the surrounding ecosystem by supplying the nutrient-replete water to the euphotic zone. Nutrient biogeochemistry was investigated in coastal waters of the eastern Hainan Island in summer 2015 and autumn 2016. From perspectives of nutrient dynamics and physical transport, the nutrient fluxes entered the upper 50 m water depth（between the mixed layer and the euphotic zone） arisen from the upwelling were estimated to be 2.5-5.4 mmol/（m²·d）,...     

夏季长江口不同粒级浮游植物碱性磷酸酶活性

碱性磷酸酶活性(alkaline phosphatase activity, APA)是海洋研究中用于反映浮游植物磷限制状态的重要指标。在长江口等“氮过剩”海域,磷是控制海域初级生产力水平的主要因子,然而,磷限制的范围常常难以界定,当前对不同粒级浮游植物的磷限制效应所知甚少。该文根据2020年夏季长江口航次资料,给出了海洋表层各粒级浮游植物(Net:≥20 μm;Nano:2~20 μm;Pico:0.8~2 μm)APA、浮游细菌APA(0.2~0.8 μm)和溶解态APA(<0.2 μm)的空间分布特征,并分析了APA与环境要素间的相关性。结果显示,各粒级浮游植物APA均与无机磷酸盐浓度(dissolved inorganic phosphate, DIP)呈显著负相关,这表明DIP浓度是影响浮游植物APA分布的主要因素。在平面分布上,各粒级浮游植物APA在近口门的光限制区均较低,且呈现自口门向外逐渐升高的趋势,与DIP的分布特征相反。Net和Nano级APA[平均值分别为 (40.28±32.35) nmol/(L·h)和(52.38±34.78) nmol/(L·h)]显著高于Pico级APA[平均值为(28.43±20.23) nmol/(L·h)],这表明大粒级浮游植物可能更易受DIP下降的影响。该研究中,诱导浮游植物APA快速升高的DIP浓度为0.159 μmol/L,与近岸区磷限制经验阈值相接近。该研究揭示了夏季不同粒级浮游植物对长江口磷分布的响应特征,有助于理解长江口初级生产过程的环境调控机制。     

渤海湾氮、磷营养盐在水体和沉积物中的分布特征及其相互关系

近岸海域水体和沉积物是营养盐迁移转化的重要场所。2016年8月对渤海湾水体和沉积物进行采样监测,分析了渤海湾水体和沉积物中不同形态氮、磷的含量,并研究了营养盐在水体和沉积物中的分布特征及其相互关系。结果表明:渤海湾水体中的营养盐在西部近岸地区含量较高,而在离海岸线较远的开阔海域含量较低,表现出一个明显的质量浓度梯度。说明人类活动对近岸海域水体中营养盐含量的贡献较为明显。水体中营养盐主要是以无机态为主,无机氮和无机磷分别占到总氮和总磷的76.65%和76.46%。沉积物中氮、磷营养盐表现出和水体中营养盐含量类似的空间分布特征,但形态主要以有机氮为主,无机磷的含量也仅占到30.42%。这说明夏季渤海湾水体中氮、磷营养盐主要由水中有机体通过同化作用将无机态营养盐合成为有机态营养盐进入沉积物,渤海湾西北海域的富营养化过程是水体中营养盐向沉积物迁移的一个主要驱动力。     

黄东海浮游生物群落呼吸率对碳平衡的重要性

黄东海接受长江冲淡水和黑潮带来的大量营养盐和有机物质,其碳循环对陆架海碳源汇格局至关重要.浮游生物群落呼吸是影响碳循环的重要过程.为揭示黄东海浮游生物群落呼吸率(PCR)对碳平衡的贡献,于2011年四季使用黑白瓶培养法测定黄海南部及东海北部浮游群落呼吸率和初级生产力,并同步测定温度、盐度、营养盐、叶绿素和细菌丰度等环境...     

热带北太平洋西部固氮速率及固氮微生物组成

In the present study, we report N_2 fixation rate(~(15)N isotope tracer assay) and the diazotroph community structure(using the molecular method) in the western tropical North Pacific Ocean(WTNP)(13°–20°N, 120°–160°E). Our independent evidence on the basis of both in situ N_2 fixation activity and diazotroph community structure showed the dominance of unicellular N_2 fixation over majority of the WTNP surface waters during the sampling periods.Moreover, a shift in the diazotrophic composition from unicellular cyanobacteria group B-dominated to Trichodesmium spp.-dominated toward the western boundary current(Kuroshio) was also observed in 2013. We hypothesize that nutrient availability may have played a major role in regulating the biogeography of N_2 fixation.In surface waters, volumetric N_2 fixation rate(calculated by nitrogen) ranged between 0.6 and 2.6 nmol/(L·d) and averaged(1.2±0.5) nmol/(L·d), with 10 μm size fraction contributed predominantly(88%±6%) to the total rate between 135°E and 160°E. Depth-integrated N_2 fixation rate over the upper 200 m ranged between 150 μmol/(m~2·d)and 480 μmol/(m~2·d)(average(225±105) μmol/(m~2·d). N_2 fixation can account for 6.2%±3.7% of the depthintegrated primary production, suggesting that N_2 fixation is a significant N source sustaining new and export production in the WTNP. The role of N_2 fixation in biogeochemical cycling in this climate change-vulnerable region calls for further investigations.     

夏季珠江口及近岸海域悬浮颗粒物生物硅分析

2017年6月在珠江口及近岸海域61个站位采集了悬浮颗粒物生物硅(BSi,biogenic silica)和叶绿素a(Chl a)。利用RAGUENEAU et al(2005)提出的碱提取法测定了悬浮颗粒物生物硅,探讨不同环境条件下BSi浓度以及碱性提取液中岩源硅(LSi,lithogenic silica)的干扰程度。结果显示,Chl a质量浓度范围为0.06~8.64 μg·L^-1,悬浮颗粒物BSi浓度从低于检测限到14.3 μmol·L^-1,LSi浓度范围为0.00~9.56 μmol·L^-1;LSi/(LSi+BSi)比均值为0.38 mol·mol^-1。提取液中测得的Si/Al比均值为2.42 mol·mol^-1,与RAGUENEAU et al(2005)报道值接近。研究区域内的表层BSi反映了硅藻的生物量,与Chl a存在显著线性相关。LSi对BSi测量的干扰程度存在明显的空间差异,总体上近岸BSi和LSi高,LSi/(LSi+BSi)比低;外海BSi和LSi低,LSi/(LSi+BSi)比高;河口内BSi低,LSi高,LSi/(LSi+BSi)比高;上升流区BSi和LSi高,LSi/(LSi+BSi)比高;底层较表层具有更高的LSi和LSi/(LSi+BSi)比。最后,对常用的几种碱提取法在应用时存在的问题作了探讨。     

Apports de nutriments et développement phytoplanctonique en baie de Seine

As part of the Programme National d'Océanographie Côtière, the nutrient dynamics of the Bay of Seine were studied between 1992 and 1994 in order to complement work on ecological modelling. Firstly, the River Seine's nutrient fluxes were established: 80 000–130 000 t a⁻¹ of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, 6 400–8 4001 a⁻¹ of dissolved phosphorus and 20 000–77 000 t a⁻¹ of dissolved silicium. Estuarine processes were taken into account. Consequences of nutrient loading for the bay were then evaluated at the pelagic level (nutrient and chlorophyll enrichments) and the benthic level (distribution of various phosphorus fractions in superficial sediments). The large continental inputs always induce concentration gradients in the water from the mouth of the river to the northwest of the bay. The northward spreading of fine particulate matter controls the distribution of adsorbed phosphate and iron-aluminium bound phosphate in sediments. In contrast, calcium bound phosphate, the main fraction in sediments, is not affected by river inputs. Organic phosphorus in sediments is related to phytoplankton blooms, with increasing concentrations during productive periods; afterwards the fast recycling prevents sedimentary accumulation. The nutrient depletions observed beyond the turbid plume during spring 1992 enabled the calculation of nutrient uptake rates, and the comparison of these rates with phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a + phaeopigments). Ratios of nutrient consumption to pigment concentration were estimated at 1 μmol μg⁻¹ for nitrogen, 0.05 for phosphorus and 0.5 for silicate. These values, as N/P and Si/N uptake ratios (respectively 17.5 and 0.4), were similar to usual values.     

Factors influencing nutrient dynamics in the eutrophic Jiaozhou Bay, North China

We conducted studies of nutrients and water mass movements in a semi-enclosed bay in northern China to understand nutrient dynamics under varying tidal regimes. Four cruises were conducted under varying tidal regimes in Jiaozhou Bay, two at neap tide and one at spring tide in August and one at spring tide in October 2001. In addition to transect surveys, drift experiments and an anchor station were employed to show current and tidal effects. Samples for nutrient evaluation were taken from the five major tributary rivers in March (dry season) and August (flood season) of 2002 to estimate nutrient transport by rivers, and wastewater samples were collected to evaluate nutrients in wastewater discharge. Benthic nutrient fluxes were determined by (1) incubation of sediments with overlying seawater on board the boat and (2) calculated by Fick’s First Law from nutrient pore water profiles. Nutrient concentrations were high in the north, especially the northeast and northwest sectors, reflecting human activities. Jiaozhou Bay was characterized by high nitrogen, but low phosphorus and silica concentrations compared to Chinese coastal seas. Based on nutrient atomic ratios, the limiting elements for phytoplankton growth in Jiaozhou Bay were silica and phosphorus. The fluxes of nutrients between sediment and overlying water varied depending on the specific nutrient, the site and redox conditions. Benthic nutrient fluxes based on sediment incubations were all lower than the estimated diffusive fluxes, implying that the nutrients released from sediment pore waters were probably utilized by benthic microalgal and bottom-water primary production. A preliminary estimate of nutrient budgets demonstrated that riverine and wastewater inputs were greater than atmospheric deposition into Jiaozhou Bay, except that nitrate from wastewater inputs was less than atmospheric deposition. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus increased while silica decreased in the last four decades, similar to other eutrophicated estuaries. The resulting shift in nutrient composition in Jiaozhou Bay affects phytoplankton composition, trophic interactions, and sustainability of living resources.     

2018年南黄海浒苔绿潮发展规律及氮组分的作用探究

根据2018年南黄海漂浮态浒苔(Ulva prolifera)绿潮规模卫星监测数据以及春、夏季(4月和7月,绿潮前后)水文环境要素和氮营养盐等数据,对2018年绿潮发展规律及不同氮组分在其中的作用进行分析。结果表明:浒苔于4月25日在江苏南通近海首次发现,随后其向北漂移增殖扩展在6月29日达到最大规模,8月中旬消失。绿潮漂移区域集中在122°E以西近海并呈现两个明显的发展阶段:35°N以南江苏近海绿潮快速增殖阶段和35°N以北山东半岛外海域绿潮聚积衰退阶段。各氮营养盐组分受径流输入、冷水团以及生物活动等因素影响,呈现明显的区域和季节特征。不同绿潮阶段受氮营养盐影响不同,绿潮快速增殖阶段,丰富的氮营养盐(总溶解氮(TDN)>20 μmol/L和溶解无机氮(DIN)>20 μmol/L)是浒苔藻快速繁殖生长的物质基础,此阶段为整个绿潮发展提供了主要的氮支撑且以DIN为主要形态。绿潮聚积衰退阶段,较低的可利用氮(DIN<2 μmol/L和尿素(urea-N)<1.5 μmol/L)不利于浒苔藻持续繁殖生长,此阶段内有机氮(如urea-N)在绿潮后期的氮支撑中起到重要作用。     

大亚湾浮游植物粒级结构和种类组成对淡澳河河口水加富的响应

人类活动引起的营养物质输入导致大亚湾出现海水富营养化、赤潮频发和生物多样性下降等生态问题。为探究陆源输入影响下大亚湾湾顶淡澳河输入对湾内浮游植物粒级结构和种类组成的影响, 2016年10月在大亚湾进行了原位观测和培养试验。原位观测结果显示, 淡澳河口的总溶解态氮、磷浓度分别达到85.3μmol·L^-1和1.5μmol·L^-1。加富培养试验结果表明, 淡澳河河口水加富对总叶绿素a (Chl a)和总浮游植物丰度有显著促进作用, 并导致浮游植物粒级结构由小粒级Chl a (0.7~20μm)占主导; 浮游植物丰度中甲藻比例升高, 主要种类为锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)和原甲藻(Prorocentrum spp.)。同样, 尿素加富也促进了浮游植物群落中小粒级Chl a和甲藻的比例增加, 且主要甲藻种类与河口水加富结果一致。无机氮、磷同时加富促进了总Chl a和浮游植物总丰度增加, 而对浮游植物粒级结构和甲藻丰度则没有明显影响。对照河口水和氮、磷营养盐加富试验结果, 说明河口水携带的溶解性有机氮源可能是导致大亚湾浮游植物群落小型化, 促进甲藻生长的关键营养盐形态, 其携带的无机氮、磷同时促进总浮游植物丰度增加。本研究结果表明有机形态营养组分对大亚湾富营养化和有害藻华可能产生重要影响。     

Coastal Mediterranean plankton stimulation dynamics through a dust storm event: An experimental simulation

An enhancement of aeolian inputs to the ocean due to a future increase in aridity in certain parts of the world is predicted from global change. We conducted an experimental simulation to assess the biological response of NW Mediterranean coastal surface waters to an episodic dust addition. On the assumption that planktonic growth was limited by phosphorus, dust effects were compared to those induced by equivalent enrichments of phosphate. The experiment analyzed the dynamics of several parameters during one week: inorganic nutrients, total and fractioned chlorophyll a, bacterial abundance, phytoplankton species composition, abundance of autotrophic and heterotrophic flagellates, particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen. The maximum addition of dust (0.5 g dust L⁻¹) initiated an increase in bacterial abundance. After 48 h, bacterial numbers decreased due to a peak in heterotrophic flagellates and a significant growth of autotrophic organisms, mainly nanoflagellates but also diatoms, was observed. Conversely, lower inputs of dust (0.05 g dust L⁻¹) and phosphate enrichments (0.5 μmol PO₄³⁻ L⁻¹) only produced increases in phototrophic nanoflagellates. In our experiment, dust triggered bacterial growth, changed phytoplankton dynamics and affected the ratio of autotrophic to heterotrophic biomass, adding to the variability in the sources that affect system dynamics, energy and carbon budgets and ultimately higher trophic levels of the coastal marine food web.     

模拟升温和营养盐加富对大亚湾浮游生物群落代谢的影响*

文章结合模拟升温和营养盐加富, 于2016年8月和2017年1月研究了夏季和冬季大亚湾海域浮游生物群落代谢特征, 以期深入了解浮游生物对升温和富营养化作用的响应机制。结果表明: 升温和营养盐输入均会影响浮游生物总初级生产力(GPP)和群落呼吸率(CR), 且GPP对环境的响应更敏感。夏季GPP除在培养前期(24h)极高温条件下受到显著抑制外, 营养盐输入的影响比温度的影响作用更显著; 而冬季GPP和CR受升温效应的影响显著(p<0.05)。总体看来, 升温效应和营养盐输入均能影响浮游生物群落碳代谢平衡, 导致海洋生态系统的稳定性降低, 进而影响海洋生物多样性以及渔业资源产出的数量和质量。     

桑沟湾溶存N2O的分布和海气交换通量的季节变化

于2006年4月至2007年1月对桑沟湾海域进行了4个航次的调查,采集表层海水样品,研究了该海域表层海水中溶解N_2O的分布特征及海气交换通量的季节变化,结果表明:桑沟湾表层海水中溶解N_2O浓度和饱和度存在一定的季节性变化,浓度表现为冬季最高而饱和度为夏季最高.利用Liss和Merlivat公式(LM86)以及Wanninkhof公式(W92)估算了该海湾海水中N_2O的年平均海-气交换通量,分别为0.2 μmol/(m~2·d)±0.1 μmol/(m~2·d)和1.5 μmol/(m~2·d)±1.0 μmol/(m~2·d).     

Denitrification in Qi'ao Island coastal zone, the Zhujiang Estuary in China

Samples of sediments and the overlying water were collected in the Qi'ao Island coastal zone, the Zhujiang (Pearl River) Estuary (ZE). Denitrification rates, sediment oxygen demand (SOD) , and fluxes of inorganic nitrogen compounds were investigated with N2 flux method, using a self-designed continuous flow through and auto-sampling system. The results indicate that the denitrification rates varied between 222 and 908 μmol/(m2·h) with an average of 499 μmol/(m2·h). During incubation, the sediments absorbed dissolved oxygen in the overlying water with SOD ranging from 300 to 2 363 μmol/(m2·h). The denitrification rates were highly correlated with the SOD (r2 =0.77) regardless of the NO3- + NO2- concentrations in the overlying water, organ- ic carbon contents in sediments and water temperature, suggesting that the SOD was probably the main environ-mental factor controlling the denitrification in the Qi'ao Island coastal zone. There was a net flux of NO3- + NO2-into the sediments from the overlying water. The NH4+ flux from sediments into water as the result of mineraliza-tion was between 12. 3 and 210. 3 μmol/(m2·h) ,which seems limited by both organic carbon content in sedi-ment and dissolved oxygen concentration in the overlying water.     

沙海蜇(Nemopilema nomurai)模拟消亡过程中氮与磷的释放

在实验室内模拟研究了沙海蜇消亡过程中氮与磷的释放特征。模拟结果表明:沙海蜇消亡过程中向水体释放氮、磷可分为两个阶段,且氮的释放速率比磷高一个数量级。在沙海蜇消亡的初期阶段,水体中溶解态氮、磷和总氮、总磷的浓度迅速增高,氮可以达到其消亡过程中的最高浓度;在后期阶段,水体中溶解态氮和总氮的浓度不断下降,但水体中的磷在这一阶段达到消亡过程中的最高浓度碱性条件有利于氮的释放,酸性条件有利于磷的释放;盐度越高氮与磷的释放速率越小;温度对氮、磷的释放影响不大;水体中氮与磷含量越高,沙海蜇消亡的速度越慢,而且氮的浓度越高,氮与磷释放到水体中的速率就越慢。     

南海北部冬、夏季浮游群落呼吸率

Plankton respiration is an important part of the carbon cycle and significantly affects the balance of autotrophic assimilation and heterotrophic production in oceanic ecosystems. In the present study, respiration rates of the euphotic zone plankton community(CR_(eu)), size fractionated chlorophyll a concentration(Chl a), bacterial abundance(BAC), and dissolved oxygen concentration(DO) were investigated during winter and summer in the northern South China Sea(n SCS). The results show that there were obvious spatial and temporal variations in CR_(eu) in the n SCS(ranging from 0.03 to 1.10 μmol/(L·h)), CR_(eu) in winter((0.53±0.27) μmol/(L·h)) was two times higher than that in summer((0.26±0.20) μmol/(L·h)), and decreased gradually from the coastal zone to the open sea. The distribution of CR_(eu) was affected by coupled physical-chemical-biological processes, driven by monsoon events. The results also show that CR_(eu) was positively correlated with Chl a, BAC, and DO, and that BAC contributed the highest CR_(eu) variability. Furthermore, the results of the stepwise multiple linear regression suggest that bacteria and phytoplankton were the dominant factors in determining CR_(eu)(R~2 = 0.82, p0.05) in the n SCS. Based on this relationship, we estimated the integrated water column respiration rate(CRint) within 100 m of the investigated area, and found that the relationship between the biomass of the plankton community and respiration may be nonlinear in the water column.