三参数云微物理方案中气溶胶谱函数对云滴谱影响的数值模拟研究

观测和分档方案的数值模拟都证明气溶胶的谱分布特征对云滴谱的演变有直接影响继而作用于降水的发展。目前广泛使用的总体双参数云滴谱方案因为表征云滴谱的预报量不足,在凝结过程中云滴谱呈不正常的拓宽现象。因此在参数化方案中,气溶胶谱对云滴谱的影响未有明确结论。中科学院大气物理研究所(IAP)云降水物理与强风暴重点实验室(LACS)新研发的三参数方案(IAP-LACS)通过增加的预报量克服了云滴谱的拓宽问题,提高了云滴谱模拟的准确性。为了研究在参数化方案中气溶胶谱分布特征对云滴谱的影响,本文采用新方案进行WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting mode)大涡理想性试验,验证了新方案中气溶胶对数正态谱函数中数浓度、几何半径和标准差3个参量对云滴谱演变的影响。针对3个参量的敏感性试验表明新的气溶胶活化方案和三参数云滴凝结增长方案能够描述气溶胶谱对云滴谱演变的影响规律:气溶胶数浓度对云滴谱影响最显著,数浓度越高活化生成的云滴数量越多,云滴半径越小,云滴谱趋向窄谱,气溶胶数浓度低时,云滴数量少、半径大。较大的几何半径使气溶胶谱向大粒径移动,导致大云滴生成,标准差对云滴谱的影响最不显著。     

显式云物理方案的研究进展

回顾了近年来显式云物理方案的研究进展。显式云方案主要有体积水方法和详细微物理方法(分档法)。体积水方法有单参数和双参数两种谱描述方法,根据模式预报变量和物理过程的不同,可以分为暖云方案、简单冰相方案和复杂冰相方案。详细的微物理方法由于预报变量繁多、计算量巨大而一般多应用于研究工作。不同的模式,有不同的显式云方案,并不是粒子分类越复杂模拟效果就越好,需要根据研究的重点、计算资源的许可选择使用不同的物理方案。物理过程参数化需要建立在理论和实验研究的基础上,因此应加强这方面的理论和实验研究,使物理参数化具有更坚实的物理基础。     

A Modified Double-Moment Bulk Microphysics Scheme Geared toward the East Asian Monsoon Region

Representation of cloud microphysical processes is one of the key aspects of numerical models. An improved doublemoment bulk cloud microphysics scheme(named IMY) was created based on the standard Milbrandt-Yau(MY) scheme in the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model for the East Asian monsoon region(EAMR). In the IMY scheme, the shape parameters of raindrops, snow particles, and cloud droplet size distributions are variables instead of fixed constants.Specifically, the shape parameters of r...     

单双参云微物理方案对强降水过程中云宏微观特征模拟的对比分析

将WRF3.9模式的16种云微物理方案分为单参、双参两组,分别对2016年6月30日-7月4日江淮流域的一次强降水过程进行模拟.首先利用逐小时观测降水对各组模拟降水进行评估,在此基础上利用FY-2G和CALIPSO云产品数据分别评估不同方案对降水过程中总云量、云垂直结构云水含量等宏微观特征的模拟性能.结果 表明:选用不...     

CAMS复杂云微物理方案与GRAPES模式耦合的数值试验

CAMS复杂云微物理方案是混合相双参数方案, 包括11个云物理变量和31个云物理过程, 能够同时预报水成物的比质量和数浓度。通过在GRAPES非静力中尺度模式中增加预报量并修改相关程序后, 实现了二者的耦合, 耦合后模式运行稳定。选取2005年8月15—17日我国华北地区一次暴雨过程, 利用耦合后的模式进行48 h模拟试验, 同时还选取了GRAPES模式中其他3个比较复杂的微物理方案进行模拟, 着重分析了降水和水成物分布的模拟结果。研究结果表明: CAMS方案能够模拟出与实测相接近的雨带分布特征, 并且对降水演变的模拟结果与其他方案比较一致, 对暴雨中心位置的模拟有待改进。CAMS方案模拟的水成物垂直分布与其他方案相比具有相似的总体特征, 各相态粒子的量级和分布合理, 不同方案的结果在量值上有所差别。个例分析结果显示出CAMS方案对降水和水成物的分布能够合理描述。今后应通过更多个例进行更为精细的模拟试验, 对新方案进行检验。     

Effect of Aerosol Particles on Orographic Clouds:Sensitivity to Autoconversion Schemes

Aerosol particles can serve as cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) to influence orographic clouds. Autoconversion,which describes the initial formation of raindrops from the collision of cloud droplets, is an important process for aerosol-cloud-precipitation systems. In this study, seven autoconversion schemes are used to investigate the impact of CCN on orographic warm-phase clouds. As the initial cloud droplet concentration is increased from 100 cm^-3 to 1000 cm^-3(to represent ...     

A two-moment parameterization of aerosol nucleation and impaction scavenging for a warm cloud microphysics: description and results from a two-dimensional simulation

A new two-moment warm bulk scheme has been developed including explicitly nucleation and impaction scavenging of aerosol particles as well as all other microphysical processes. The scheme is built upon a quasispectral representation of the aerosol particle, cloud droplet and raindrop distributions. It predicts mixing ratios and number concentrations for each category. Each process is treated explicitly and independently to establish an analytic expression for each contribution for the time-dependant microphysical equations. The scheme has been tested in the dynamical framework of a two-dimensional kinematic model, developed for the Hawaiian Rainband Project (HaRP, 1990). In this frame, the scheme has performed reasonably well compared to the observations as well as to other similar parameterization schemes, and to the spectral model DESCAM.Sensitivity tests demonstrate the great sensitivity of the scheme to the initial aerosol spectrum characteristics. Moreover, they have also shown its capability to calculate nucleation and impaction scavenging and to follow the taken up particle mass in the cloud and raindrop spectra until the deposition on the ground by the rain.Therefore, the parameterization offers a possibility of treating the evolution of the liquid phase of the cloud together with the aerosol particle scavenging. However, due to the severe limitations of a two-dimensional kinematic model, the scheme needs to be further validated in a three-dimensional dynamical model.     

The cloud processes of a simulated moderate snowfall event in North China

The understanding of the cloud processes of snowfall is essential to the artificial enhancement of snow and the numerical simulation of snowfall. The mesoscale model MM5 is used to simulate a moderate snowfall event in North China that occurred during 20–21 December 2002. Thirteen experiments are performed to test the sensitivity of the simulation to the cloud physics with different cumulus parameterization schemes and different options for the Goddard cloud microphysics parameterization schemes. It is shown that the cumulus parameterization scheme has little to do with the simulation result. The results also show that there are only four classes of water substances, namely the cloud water, cloud ice, snow, and vapor, in the simulation of the moderate snowfall event. The analysis of the cloud microphysics budgets in the explicit experiment shows that the condensation of supersaturated vapor, the depositional growth of cloud ice, the initiation of cloud ice, the accretion of cloud ice by snow, the accretion of cloud water by snow, the deposition growth of snow, and the Bergeron process of cloud ice are the dominant cloud microphysical processes in the simulation. The accretion of cloud water by snow and the deposition growth of the snow are equally important in the development of the snow.     

云滴数浓度影响混合型层状云降水的数值模拟

使用耦合了Morrison双参数微物理方案的中尺度WRF模式V2．2,对2008年1月25-29日发生在我国南方的冰雪天气过程进行了数值试验。在模式准确再现了此次天气过程形势演变特点的基础上,对模式微物理方案中云滴数浓度影响累积降水量的情况进行了敏感性试验,发现云滴数浓度对降水量的影响是复杂和非线性的。对此次天气过程中的微物理量进行了详细的分析,并从各种水成物粒子的发展演变上,讨论了云滴数浓度的增加在暖云和冷云两种降水机制上对降水产生的不同影响。结果表明,云滴数浓度越大,云水混合比就越大,云滴的尺度越小。雨滴对不同云滴数浓度的响应与云滴的情况相反,随着云滴数浓度的增加,雨滴数浓度减小,雨水也减少,暖云降水过程受到了抑制;冰晶和雪晶的数浓度的演变过程没有明显变化,而冰晶和雪晶的混合比是相应增加的,冷云降水过程得到了一定程度的增强。从本文模拟的个例来看,设置不同云滴数浓度所得到的总累计降水量的差异在1％以内。总的来说,增加云滴数浓度,降水量会减少。从比例上来看,增加云滴数浓度对暖云降水过程的抑制作用比对冷云降水过程的增强作用更为显著,但是在本文模拟的个例中,冷云降水过程占主导地位,减少的降水和增加的降水的绝对值在同一个量级上并且数值相近,它们相互抵消后得到的结果是降水量变化的绝对值大大减小了,这解释了增加云滴数浓度后模拟的总累积降水量变化不明显的原因。     

MIXED-PHASE STRATIFORM CLOUD SYSTEM MODEL AND CASE MODELING ON TWO LOW-LEVEL MESOSCALE VORTICES

We introduced the two-parameter stratiform cloud model of Hu and Yan (1986) into the mesoscale model of Anthes et al.(1987),and reprogramed the latter,then constructed a three-dimensional stratiform cloud system model which includes three phases of water and detailed cloud physical processes.For the stability and accuracy of calculation in a larger time step,we accepted a set of hybrid-schemes for all and the time split scheme for some of the cloud physical processes,and proposed a parameterized method which calculates different types of phase change processes simultaneously,and designed the falling schemes of particles following the Lagrangian method.We used a dry model,a cumulus parameterization model,a two-phase explicit scheme model,and the model presented here to simulate two low-level mesoscale vortices,compared and analysed the simulating capability of these models.The results show that in simulation of the circulation structure of meso-vortex,the structure of cloud system,and surface precipitation,the model presented here is more reasonable and closer to the observations than other models.     

Two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics in the grid-point atmospheric model of IAP LASG (GAMIL)

A two-moment bulk stratiform microphysics scheme, including recently developed physically-based droplet activation/ice nucleation parameterizations has been implemented into the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG (GAMIL) as an effort to enhance the model’s capability to simulate aerosol indirect effects. Unlike the previous one-moment cloud microphysics scheme, the new scheme produces a reasonable representation of cloud particle size and number concentration. This scheme captures the observed spatial variations in cloud droplet number concentrations. Simulated ice crystal number concentrations in cirrus clouds qualitatively agree with in situ observations. The longwave and shortwave cloud forcings are in better agreement with observations. Sensitivity tests show that the column cloud droplet number concentrations calculated from two different droplet activation parameterizations are similar. However, ice crystal number concentration in mixed-phased clouds is sensitive to different heterogeneous ice nucleation formulations. The simulation with high ice crystal number concentration in mixed-phase clouds has less liquid water path and weaker cloud forcing. Furthermore, ice crystal number concentration in cirrus clouds is sensitive to different ice nucleation parameterizations. Sensitivity tests also suggest that the impact of pre-existing ice crystals on homogeneous freezing in old clouds should be taken into account.     

沙尘冰核对积云起电过程影响的初步数值模拟试验

非感应起电是指云中冰相粒子间通过相互碰撞而发生的电荷转移现象,尤其以冰晶与霰粒子的碰撞过程为主,被证实是云中电荷产生的主要方式之一。沙尘作为大气冰核的重要组成成分,为了研究沙尘冰核对云中非感应起电过程的影响,本文将两种不同的非感应起电参数化方案(Takahashi方案,以下简称TAK方案;Saunders and Peck 1998方案,以下简称SP98方案)耦合至一维半云和气溶胶分档云模式中。该模式能够显性地追踪每个水成物粒子中云凝结核和冰核的质量大小,模拟每个冰核的核化过程,以及每个冰粒子的碰撞过程,从而确定霰粒子的数浓度和每个冰相粒子的电荷密度。对不同初始沙尘浓度的非感应起电过程进行了敏感性试验,模式模拟结果表明:随着沙尘粒子数浓度的增多,云中冰晶粒子与霰粒子的数浓度都分别增加,初始起电现象发生的时间提前,空间电荷密度大小增加;SP98方案和TAK方案都能模拟出1981年7月19日的一次积云观测个例的偶极型垂直分布,但SP98方案更接近实况。     

云微物理参数化对东亚近海热带气旋活动模拟的影响

基于CWRF模式（Climate Extension of Weather Research and Forecast Model）结果,探讨了8种云微物理参数化方案对1986—2015年间东亚近海热带气旋的空间分布、频数及强度模拟的影响。结果发现：CWRF模式中各云微物理参数化方案模拟的热带气旋频数普遍较观测偏少,其模拟的强度相比观测也偏弱;热带气旋的空间分布和频数对云微物理参数化方案的选择较为敏感,而云微物理方案的选择对热带气旋强度的模拟影响不大;Morrison方案和Morrison-a方案模拟的热带气旋空间分布更接近于观测,但对热带气旋频数及强度的年际变化趋势模拟得较差,而GSFCGCE方案的TS评分及强度、频数的相关系数均较其他方案偏高。综合来看,采用GSFCGCE方案模拟热带气旋活动总体最优。进一步分析发现,相较于Morrison方案和Thompson方案,考虑气溶胶影响的Thompson-a和Morrison-a方案不仅可以有效提高对热带气旋频数及空间分布的模拟能力,还对热带气旋频数及强度年际变化趋势的模拟能力也有所提升。     

中尺度模式中各种湿物理过程的数值模拟

利用PSU／NCAR的MM5对1999年6月下旬发生在江淮流域的梅雨锋暴雨进行数值模拟试验，研究MM5中不同湿物理过程中对MM5模拟梅雨锋暴雨的影响。试验结果显示：中尺度模式MM5能一定程度再现一些观测的中尺度特征，对流参数化方案对网格格距的大小比较敏感；显式云物理方案考虑冰相后可明显改善模式对暴雨的模拟能力，尤其是采用Reisner包含霰的混合相双变参数谱方案的双重嵌套网格对降水量的模拟取得较好的效果。     

WRF单柱模式中单参数方法对热带对流模拟能力的影响

利用耦合Milbrandt 2-mon(MY)双参数微物理方案的WRF中的单柱模式,对TWP-ICE试验(Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment)期间的个例进行数值模拟和敏感性试验。通过与观测资料和云分辨率模式的模拟结果进行对比发现:MY方案默认的双参数版本和单参数版本均能够再现TWP-ICE期间的热带云系的总体宏观和微观特征。MY方案的双参数版本模拟的降水率的演变特征同观测十分吻合,冰相粒子的微观特征同观测事实较为一致。单参数默认版本的降水率、液态云的构成及冰相粒子微观特征方面同观测事实存在明显差距。然而实际业务应用中单参数方案由于计算量较小应用更为广泛,但模拟效果有待改善。为了使方案保持计算量较为合理的同时具有较好的模拟效果,参考双参数控制试验中的冰相物质的微观特征,尝试对单参数方案中冰相粒子的单参数方法进行改进。冰晶单参数改进试验中虽然对于冰晶数浓度采用两种不同的处理方法,但模拟效果均未明显改善。其中冰云总含量更加接近观测,且冰云构成发生显著变化,主要归因于冰晶有效半径的减小间接削弱了雪和霰的发展。云滴含量的异常增强导致液态水含量比观测偏高约一个量级,暖云异常增厚则与上升运动的增强直接相关。雨水含量明显增强及雨滴有效半径减小综合导致了降水率仅有微弱改善。雪的单参数改进试验中,雪的截距值增加及环境场过饱和条件改善促进了冰云的发展。通过适当调整雪的截距的经验诊断公式,雪的截距、液态水含量以及降水率均得到较好的改善;而指定雪截距为常数的处理方式使液态云更为偏厚,降水率演变细节同观测仍然差异显著。改进试验结果表明,单参数方案中采用适当的经验公式诊断雪的截距的处理方法对改善单参数方案的模拟能力具有一定的可行性。     

青藏高原那曲地区一次对流云降水的数值模拟

利用NCEP FNL再分析资料为初始场,通过WRF中尺度数值模式(V3.9.1版本)对2015年8月26~27日青藏高原那曲地区一次对流云降水过程进行了模拟,分析了不同积云对流参数化方案和云微物理参数化方案组合对本次降水过程中降水量、环流场、雷达反射率以及云微物理特征模拟效果的影响。结果表明:WRF模式能较好地模拟出本次降水的时空变化特征,但不同参数化方案组合各有优势,总体而言,Grell-Devenyi+SUB_YLIN和Grell-Freitas+SUB_YLIN组合模拟性能最优。本次对流云降水以冰相过程为主,雪粒子贡献最大,暖云粒子对降水的影响并不明显。从云微物理过程的时间演变可看出,性能最好的SUB_YLIN方案能合理模拟降水过程中雪粒子与冰晶粒子间的转换过程,雪粒子可在凝结过程中释放潜热促使对流运动发展,也可通过融化过程促进降水发生,对流层高层冰晶粒子凝华产生的潜热释放亦为深对流的发展创造了有利条件。      

不同云滴数浓度参数化方案对硝酸盐气溶胶 第一间接效应影响的比较研究

在区域气候化学模式系统（RegCCMS）中,分别采用Hegg、Hansen、Ghan、Jones等4种云滴数浓度参数化方案,模拟研究了2003年10月硝酸盐气溶胶的浓度分布和第一间接气候效应,并对不同方案进行比较。结果表明,不同方案模拟的硝酸盐气溶胶分布大体上一致,主要集中在河南、山东、河北、四川等地,地面浓度最大值达18 μg/m3。Hegg、Hansen、Ghan、Jones等 4种云滴数浓度参数化方案计算得到的由硝酸盐气溶胶所造成的第一间接辐射强迫全国平均值分别为-148、-205、-161和-140 W/m2。4种方案模拟的硝酸盐气溶胶间接效应都表现为近地面气温下降,降水减少,其中Hansen方案的间接效应最强,Ghan、Hegg方案次之,Jones方案最弱。     

不同云微物理方案对青藏高原一次强降水的模拟影响分析

利用WRF模式中三种云微物理参数化方案(Lin、Eta和WSM6)对青藏高原一次强降水过程进行模拟试验,将模拟降水结果与实测资料进行对比,以评估不同云微物理参数化方案对该区域降水过程的模拟性能。结果表明:三种方案均能够模拟出此次降水天气过程的发生,但在主要降水区域和降水强度两方面仍与实测资料存在偏差;在水凝物方面,三种方案对冰粒子的模拟较接近,Lin和WSM6方案模拟的雪粒子差异较大,但霰粒子无明显差异。进一步对比分析了Lin和WSM6方案模拟的云微物理转化过程,结果表明:这两种方案都表现出了霰向雨水转化的特点。在Lin方案中,通过水汽向霰粒子凝华、霰碰并水汽凝华生成的雪粒子以及霰碰并云水这三种过程生成的霰粒子最终融化为雨水。而在WSM6方案中,一方面水汽凝结成云水,云水被雪和霰粒子碰并收集转化为霰,之后霰融化为雨水;另一方面水汽凝华为冰粒子,一部分冰转化为雪,雪直接融化为雨水或转化为霰融化为雨水,另一部分冰转化为霰,霰融化为雨水。      

Impact of the Assimilation Frequency of Radar Data with the ARPS 3DVar and Cloud Analysis System on Forecasts of a Squall Line in Southern China

Assimilation configurations have significant impacts on analysis results and subsequent forecasts. A squall line system that occurred on 23 April 2007 over southern China was used to investigate the impacts of the data assimilation frequency of radar data on analyses and forecasts. A three-dimensional variational system was used to assimilate radial velocity data,and a cloud analysis system was used for reflectivity assimilation with a 2-h assimilation window covering the initial stage of the squall line. Two operators of radar reflectivity for cloud analyses corresponding to single-and double-moment schemes were used. In this study, we examined the sensitivity of assimilation frequency using 10-, 20-, 30-, and 60-min assimilation intervals. The results showed that analysis fields were not consistent with model dynamics and microphysics in general;thus, model states, including dynamic and microphysical variables, required approximately 20 min to reach a new balance after data assimilation in all experiments. Moreover, a 20-min data assimilation interval generally produced better forecasts for both single-and double-moment schemes in terms of equitable threat and bias scores. We conclude that a higher data assimilation frequency can produce a more intense cold pool and rear inflow jets but does not necessarily lead to a better forecast.     

An evaluation of the effects of cloud parameterization in the R42L9 GCM

Cloud is one of the uncertainty factors influencing the performance of a general circulation model (GCM)．Recently,the State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics,Institute of Atmospheric Physics(LASG／IAP)has developed a new version of a GCM(R42L9)．In this