深水水库磷的生物地球化学循环

我国水能资源居世界第一。密集的水电开发形成数量庞大的梯级水库群,成为我国淡水资源最重要的存储形式之一。在这些水库中,磷的来源、生物地球化学循环过程与生态环境效应独具自身特点,但相关研究较为薄弱。本文以西南地区典型水库为例,系统地阐明了水库水体和沉积物中磷的赋存形态、时空变化特征、迁移转化规律及生物可利用性。随着国家水环境保护工作的有力推进,我国水库水体总磷(TP)浓度(0.02~0.21mg/L)呈持续降低趋势。统计结果表明,水库水体叶绿素a(Chl.a)与TP浓度呈显著正相关,表明水库藻类生长仍主要受TP浓度的影响。相较于中国东部浅水湖泊,西南地区水库沉积物中TP含量通常更高(均值>1300mg/kg),且活性磷组分(氧化还原敏感态磷：BD-P;Fe/Al结合态磷：NaOH-P;弱吸附态磷：NH₄Cl-P)占比超过50%。高分辨率观测发现,西南水库在夏季分层期显示出更高的内源磷释放速率(0.15~0.29mg/(m²·d)),远高于东部浅水湖泊(0.09~0.15mg/(m²·d))。季节性缺氧诱导的Fe/Mn结合态磷的还原溶解是水库沉积物内源磷释放的关键机制。此外,还论述了加强水库磷生物地球化学循环研究的重要意义,并提出了未来重点研究方向。

     

海湾水库沉积物对水体咸化影响的时间尺度

为预测海湾水库沉积物盐分释放对库水咸化影响的持续时间,建立了描述沉积物孔隙水盐分剖面分布的非稳态数学模型,并优化选取模型的边界条件与关键参数(沉积物孔隙水盐分的扩散系数)。稳态与非稳态条件下沉积物盐分释放的对比分析表明,在计算污染沉积物对其上覆水水质的影响时间时,按非稳态释放更符合实际情况。非稳态盐分释放的计算结果表明,拟建沐官岛海湾水库沉积物中盐分释放对库水咸化的影响时间将大于600年,该影响时间远长于水库的寿命;表明在水库的整个生命周期内,均需要定期监测海湾水库底层水的盐分浓度,并需采取有效措施预防水体的突然泛咸,而不能仅在建库初期关注咸化问题。     

河道潜流交换水动力过程现场监测研究进展

河道潜流带是河水与地下水交互作用的关键过渡区,具有高度的动态性和敏感性,频繁的水力交换易引发其内部的生物地球化学反应,并对河流生态安全产生重要影响。为提高河道潜流交换水动力监测结果的真实性和有效性,介绍渗流、水压、溶质、温度等监测方法及其适用性,归纳河床和河岸的监测点布设参数和不同监测手段的数据采集频率,系统总结河段、河床及河岸的潜流交换理论与计算方法,探讨导致潜流监测结果不确定的因素。针对现有监测方法的不足和未来研究的发展方向,提出今后需加强多方法联合监测和多技术集成的应用,开展河岸侧向潜流监测及不确定性分析等工作,为潜流带水文-生物地球化学过程耦合机制研究提供可靠数据。     

水库运行对漫湾库区洲滩水热交换影响

以澜沧江漫湾水库库区洲滩为研究对象,依据水库运行导致的水位波动特征,同步监测洲滩内部水位、水温变化过程,核算洲滩侧向潜流交换量,建立水温与水位之间的响应关系,分析潜流交换水流路径上溶解氧、溶解性碳素变化。结果表明:水库运行引起洲滩水位周期性波动,侧向潜流交换加强,洲滩水位最大变幅达2.2 m,水库一次蓄泄过程进出洲滩的水量达3 956 m^3,洲滩边缘区潜流交换量为中心区的4~5倍;在涨水过程中,洲滩水温下降,中底层温度梯度较大,而在落水过程中,洲滩水温上升,中表层温度梯度较大;溶解氧、溶解性有机碳和无机碳在河流至洲滩潜流交换路径上同步递减,分别从3.27 mg/L、7.3 mg/L和66.0 mg/L下降至0.17 mg/L、2.4mg/L和40.6 mg/L。水库运行导致的水位波动加强了库区洲滩潜流交换,对河流物质循环产生潜在影响。     

密云水库沉积物中磷释放的环境因子影响实验

为了探讨密云水库沉积物中磷的释放条件,在实验室模拟了改变溶解氧浓度、调节pH、温度等因素对磷释放的影响实验。结果表明:厌氧条件下沉积物中释放磷的总量是好氧条件下的10倍;上覆水pH值升高有利于沉积物中磷的释放;温度升高,沉积物中磷的释放强度随之增大。同时说明了水库内源性磷对水库水质存在着潜在威胁,为研究水库内源性磷对水质的影响和对水库富营养化趋势的预测提供了可靠的依据。     

生物膜作用下沉积物-水界面溶液中pH和磷含量变化

采集城市排污水渠中的沉积物样品和底栖生物样品,应用微电极原位pH测量技术测量沉积物-水界面溶液的pH值,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定沉积物提取液中上覆水和空隙水中生物可利用磷的含量,研究了沉积物表面的生物膜对城市河流沉积物-水界面微环境中pH值和磷含量的影响。研究表明沉积物表面的生物膜由藻类(蓝藻门颤藻属Oscillatoria和硅藻门的菱形藻Nitzschia)和微生物组成,由于藻类的光合作用和微生物作用,沉积物空隙水中的溶解氧和CO2发生变化,因而改变了界面附近的pH值、氧化还原电位等物理化学条件,同时改变了界面附近溶液中磷的浓度和浓度梯度。在生物膜作用下,剖面中空隙水的pH和pH变化梯度、磷的浓度和浓度梯度高于非生物作用条件下。磷在生物藻垫的空隙水中高度富集。在生物膜存在情况下,在空隙水中形成了与非生物作用下相反的pH值和磷浓度的耦合关系。无生物作用的沉积物空隙水中pH越偏离中性,沉积物中磷的释放量增加,空隙水中磷含量增加;在生物膜作用下,pH由弱酸性向中性变化时,沉积物中磷的释放量增加,空隙水中磷含量增加。依据界面附近pH值和磷的变化规律,可以将沉积物-水界面附近的生物作用分为生物膜的固定作用区和攫取作用区。     

延安治沟造地小流域水库氨氮对降雨变化的响应

地球关键带是以小流域为单元的近地表开放系统。流域内坝库体系作为小流域物质迁移的重要汇集区,将坝库水体作为研究对象,监测其物质浓度变化,并与气候变化和人类活动等因素进行关联性分析,对于理解和预测小流域物质迁移过程、规律和变化趋势具有基础理论意义和现实指导意义。当前,流域水文过程与氮迁移的耦合研究较多关注硝态氮,而对氨氮关注较少,导致了关键带过程中水文和氮循环耦合过程的部分环节缺失。本研究以延安顾屯治沟（填沟）造地小流域为对象,研究小流域水库氨氮浓度周时间尺度的动态变化及其与降雨的联系,揭示强烈人类活动影响下黄土小流域氨氮迁移特征和可能的内在机制。通过对上游至下游5座水库氨氮浓度连续1年（2016年6月至2017年5月）的每周监测,结果表明：5座水库氨氮浓度变化均滞后于降雨事件1~2周,而与月降雨量和降雨前流域湿润指数的变化趋势相比,则滞后1个月;不同季节之间,5座水库夏季和秋季氨氮浓度远高于冬季和春季。水库与地下水的氨氮浓度变化趋势一致,且存在显著线性关系（p < 0.001）,表明降雨可能通过影响地下水氨氮浓度从而影响水库氨氮浓度。降雨入渗的影响因素,如降雨量、降雨强度、降雨持续时间和降雨前流域湿润程度,控制着水库氨氮浓度上升的幅度。从空间分布来看,小流域上游至下游水库氨氮浓度呈显著正相关（p < 0.001）,且相邻2座水库氨氮相关系数大于不相邻水库。降雨量较大的夏季、秋季和春季水库间氨氮浓度变化的相关性均大于降雨量较小的冬季。这些现象表明,降雨是延安治沟造地小流域水库氨氮的重要控制因素,其中水分在雨水-地下水-水库系统和上游水库-下游水库系统的迁移过程起到关键性作用。

     

“西南河流源区径流变化和适应性利用”重大研究计划进展综述

西南河流源区是中国的水资源战略储备区,但其未来水资源演变趋势不明,为厘清气候变化下的径流变化规律以开展适应性利用,国家自然科学基金委于2015年启动了“西南河流源区径流变化和适应性利用”重大研究计划,本文对重大研究计划的总体情况和主要进展进行综述。重大研究计划实施以来取得了一系列研究成果:构建了西南河流源区天空地一体化监测体系,有效提升了西南河流源区的监测能力;创新了高原寒区径流水源组成的多元综合解析方法,揭示了高原寒区典型径流水源的形成机理及气候驱动下流域下垫面与水文系统的协同变化机理;创建了综合冰雪冻土寒区水文过程和示踪过程的分布式同位素水文模型,揭示了雅鲁藏布江径流变化的历史规律和未来趋势;提出了河流全物质通量概念,开展了大量取样检测,揭示了高原河流生源物质循环及生物响应规律,量化了澜沧江梯级水库运行的环境累积效应;发展了多目标互馈系统理论,从水量、水能、水质3个方面创新了梯级水库适应性利用技术,为西南水电消纳、澜沧江-湄公河水资源合作等国家重大需求提供了支撑。     

变化环境下澜沧江-湄公河流域干旱趋势

为提升变化环境下澜沧江-湄公河(简称澜湄)流经国对干旱的抵御能力,亟需对流域未来干旱趋势进行科学研判。本研究选取了CMIP6的5个GCM模式,使用3种共享社会经济路径-典型浓度路径组合情景下的驱动数据,采用分布式水文模型CREST-Snow,预估了2020—2050年澜湄径流演变和气象、水文干旱发展趋势,量化了澜沧江梯级水库调度对未来径流的调节作用。结果表明：2020—2050年,澜湄流域整体呈湿润趋势,但极端干湿事件发生频率增加,其中2020—2029年干旱频发,2030—2050年更偏湿润,老挝、泰国2020—2050年干旱发生的频率和强度比流域内其他国家更高;澜沧江梯级水库可有效提升下游干季径流量,增幅从上游(99%)至下游(68%)递减,在缓解湄公河干季旱情方面具有重要作用。未来有待进一步加强澜湄水资源合作,优化水库调度方式,促进澜湄流经国水旱灾害防治。     

西南地区某岩溶水库渗漏分析

西南地区某水库位于云贵高原中北部,库区可溶盐岩分布较广且岩溶较发育,中部有一条近南北走向的区域性断裂（F1）穿过两岸,为论证此水库成库的可能性,通过地表调查及物探,结果表明:此水库向低邻谷渗漏的可能性小,沿F1断裂带向南部或向下游渗漏的可能性问题不大,存在沿灰岩溶蚀通道向下游和向库外渗漏的可能性,沿左岸大理岩与灰绿岩接触带或大理岩向坝下游绕坝渗漏的可能性不大;水库正常蓄水位在Kc1底板高程以下有成库的可能。      

The research of phosphorus of Xiangxi River nearby the Three Gorges, China

The Xiangxi River is the first middling tributary of the Changjiang River near the Three Gorges Dam. The River is subject to phosphorus pollution mainly from industrial wastewater. As the water quality of the Xiangxi River could directly influence the water quality of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the research on phosphorus levels and its change in the sediment profile of the Xiangxi River could provide useful information in the dynamic changes in the system, thereby offering options for mitigative measures. Water and sediment samples from lower reaches of Xiangxi River were collected and the different forms of phosphorus in sediments of the Xiangxi River were studied. The concentrations of total phosphorus in sediment ranged from 757.67 to 1438.54 mg/kg. Inorganic phosphorus concentrations ranged from 684.63 to 1055.58 mg/kg. Phosphorus contamination was serious in some parts of the Xiangxi River. With an average concentration of 635.17 mg/kg, calcium-bound phosphorus is the main form among different inorganic phosphorus forms. Labile phosphorus and iron/aluminum-bound phosphorus measured 3.40, 0.05and 35.28 mg/kg, respectively. The mobilization potential of phosphorus of sediments was studied through adsorption and release experiments. The equilibrium concentration of phosphorus adsorption and release was around 0.1 mg/L. The initial concentrations of phosphorus in the overlying water and the sediments have obvious effect on phosphorus mobilization potential. In addition, the release rate of phosphorus in sediment increased with water depth.     

Bacterial diversity and distribution in seven different estuarine sediments of Poyang Lake,China

In this study, bacterial community compositions in seven different estuarine sediments of Poyang Lake were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene-targeted metagenomic approach. Remarkable differences in the bacterial diversity were observed in these different estuarine sediments. Le, Chang and Rao river samples exhibited the higher bacterial diversity; the Fu river sample showed the less diversity. Bacterial richness and diversity were positively regulated by sediment inorganic phosphorus, and nitrite nitrogen, total phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus were found to be important drivers for bacterial community compositions. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria, Nitrospirae, and Verrucomicrobia were the major components of sediment bacterial communities. Among them, Proteobacteria was the most dominant phylum, followed by Acidobacteria and Firmicutes. Our study gives a comprehensive insight into the structure of bacterial community of the different estuarine sediments of Poyang Lake, indicating that the environmental factors played a key role in influencing the bacterial community composition in the freshwater ecosystem.     

辽河大伙房水库汇水区农业非点源污染入库模拟

利用输出系数法和SWAT模型,对大伙房水库汇水区农业非点源污染(ANSP)进行了入库模拟研究,并用2006—2009年的水文和水质监测数据对模型进行了校准和验证。研究结果表明:汇水区年均输入到水库的泥沙量、总氮和总磷负荷分别为82.65×103 t、1 873.49t和81.97t;月入库泥沙量、总氮和总磷负荷与径流量有着较强的相关性,ANSP的产生和迁移受降水、径流过程影响很大,每年7、8月份的氮、磷和泥沙流失量达到年内最大值,分别占全年流失总量的42.64%、44.42%和67.91%。水库汇水区各流域对水库氮、磷污染的贡献率由大到小依次为:浑河流域(清原段)、苏子河流域、社河流域和水库周边小流域。     

海湾水库蓄水初期的单次往复密度流

为了探讨海湾水库蓄水初期单次往复水平密度流的产生与效应,进行砂质斜坡沉积物与水体之间盐分交换的水槽实验。通过沉积物孔隙水与其上覆水的多剖面电导率动态监测,分析盐分的时空分布特征,并计算深水区、浅水区和中心区的边界层单位面积含盐总量。实验结果显示,进水在浅水区沉积物表面产生明显的渗入-溢出现象,浅水区沉积物孔隙水盐分浓度显著低于中心区与深水区同一高度的盐分浓度,深水区初始底边界层含盐量与初始边界层下边界盐分浓度均为最高;这表明进水过程在倾斜沉积物表面产生了前进密度流,水流携带的盐分在坡底累积。水槽进满水后深水区边界层含盐总量与边界层下边界盐分浓度快速降低,并且浅水区表层沉积物孔隙水与深水区同一深度水体之间的盐分快速达到平衡;这表明蓄水初期在两者之间形成了返回密度流,从浅水区表层沉积物冲刷出的盐分在密度流作用下再次进入沉积物。为避免再次进入沉积物的盐分在后期继续影响水库泛咸,建议在蓄水结束后尽快实施坡底咸水排除方案。     

The distribution and source of organic matter in reservoir sediments

The bottom sediments of two reservoirs, one with significant river sediment input and one without, were analyzed for organic matter content. Lake Texoma sediments average 1.0% organic carbon, of which 0.26% organic carbon is deposited by the river sediments of the Red and Washita River deltas. In Fort Gibson reservoir, where there is minimal river sediment input, the organic carbon averages 1.2% and is deposited with a strong correlation to water depth (+0.9). There is a significant difference between the C/N ratio of Lake Texoma sediments (11.5) and Fort Gibson sediments (9.6). The higher C/N ratio is suggested to be a result of the larger input of terrestrial plant debris (with a high original C/N ratio) by the rivers draining into Lake Texoma and the relatively high resistance of the lignin material in the plant debris to decomposition in the reservoir sediments.     

基于数学模型的陕西黑河水源区植被过滤带效果评估

为探讨运用数学模型进行植被过滤带效果评估的方法,以陕西黑河水源区为例,通过植被过滤带水文及泥沙输移模型,分析了植被过滤带的带宽及坡度对入流泥沙净化效果的影响,确定适宜的植被过滤带设置方法,并采用污染负荷~泥沙关系法对植被过滤带的流域非点源污染负荷削减效果进行估算。结果表明:草地植被过滤带带宽以3~5 m为宜,且应设置于坡度小于60°的河岸岸坡;在黑河水源区内的可设带区域全部设置植被过滤带后,将削减泥沙负荷的21.7%,TP负荷的12.4%和TN负荷的14.3%,植被过滤带能够在黑河水源区的水质保护中起到重要作用。     

Phosphorus distribution in sediments of the Delaware River estuary

In order to determine the primary factors related to the accumulation of phosphorus in estuarine sediments, a study of phosphorus fractions in sediments of the Delaware River Estuary was undertaken. A correlation matrix between the phosphorus fractions, determined by serial extraction, and 14 sediment variables was computed. Total phosphorus and total inorganic phosphorus in the sediment-phosphorus reservoir decreases with increasing salinity. This variation is correlated with decreasing iron oxyhydroxide content in the sediment. Neither clay content nor calcium carbonate content appear to be significantly correlated with variation in total inorganic phosphorus content in the fine-grained sediments of this estuary. Although calcium phosphate is concluded to be a major constituent of the sediment-phosphorus reservoir, there was no evidence found that it is authigenic in this environment.     

Ammonium release characteristics of the sediments from the shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River region,China

Ammonium release from sediments has significant effects on the water quality in eutrophic lakes. In this study, the ammonium release kinetics and adsorption–desorption processes were investigated in 13 sediments of 6 shallow lakes from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River region, China. The results show that First Order Model best described the ammonium release process, the maximal release capacity had a strong correlation with organic matter (OM), cationic exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). But it only had a weak correlation with Fe, Ca and Al. The ammonium release capacity in more polluted sediments was higher than that in less polluted sediments. The average release rate within 0–5 min was the highest among the experimental period, the amount released within 0–5 min accounted for approximately 50–70% of the total release capacity. The ammonium release rate had a significant and positive correlation with OM. But it did not have a strong correlation with TN, TP, Fe, Ca and Al. The ammonium potential release capacity (obtained when the water/sediment ratio was about 2,500) had strong and positive relation with OM and maximal release capacity, and it may provide useful information for the sediment release risk assessment. Henry Model best described the ammonium sorption isotherms, and ammonium adsorption–desorption equilibrium concentration can be considered as the ammonium release threshold to assess the release risk in the sediments.     

Seepage of groundwater nitrate from a riparian agroecosystem into the Wye River estuary

Intensive research in Chesapeake Bay has indicated that reductions in nitrogen inputs to the bay will be necessary to restore water quality to levels needed for resurgence of bay living resources. Fall-line water quality monitoring efferts have characterized diffuse-source nitrogen inputs from a large percentage of the bay drainage basin, but relatively little information exists regarding rates of nitrogen delivery to tidal waters from coastal plain regions. Extensive nitrate contamination of shallow groundwater due to agricultural activities, coupled with the dominant role of subsurface flow in discharge from Coastal Plain regions of the drainage basin, creates the potential for high rates of nitrogen delivery to tidal waters via groundwater seepage. This study utilized intensive hydrologic and water chemistry monitoring from April 1992 through September 1994 to determine the spatial characteristics of the groundwater-estuarine interface, as well as the rates of subsurface nitrogen transport from an agricultural field into nearshore waters of the Wye River, a subestuary of Chesapeake Bay. The hydrogeologic characteristics of the study site resulted in groundwater discharge to the Wye River occurring almost exclusively within 15 m of the shoreline. Calculated groundwater discharge rates were found to vary widely in the short term due to tidal fluctuations but in the long term were driven by seasonal changes in groundwater recharge rates. The zone of groundwater discharge contracted shoreward during summer months of low discharge, and expanded to a maximum width of approximately 15 m during high discharge periods in late winter. Average discharge rates were more than five times higher in winter versus summer months. Groundwater nitrate concentrations entering the discharge zone were relatively stable throughout the study period, with little evidence of denitrification or nitrate uptake by riparian vegetation. Consequently, nitrogen discharge patterns reflected the strong seasonality in groundwater discharge. Annual nitrate-N discharge was approximately 1.2 kg m^?1 of shoreline, indicating drainage basin rates of nitrogen delivery to tidal waters of approximately 60 kg ha^?1.