新发现的江河寄生性等足类——细角鳃虫的人工感染试验

珠江水系贺江段近年出现严重危害网箱养殖和江河鱼类资源的大型寄生虫病害．初步鉴定该虫隶属于甲壳纲．等足目．鳃虫科．细角鳃虫属．是国内新发现的淡水鱼类寄生虫。用该虫对草鱼、银鲫、麦鲮进行人工感染．结果表明：该虫具有很强的寄生能力．累积感染率为76．2％～100．0％；对寄生部位具有一定的选择性，以寄生在鳃部的比例（55．6％～72．0％）最大．胸鳍（11．7％～28．8％）次之；对试验鱼有较强的致死性；该虫吸血后体长（L）增长较大．体宽（W）基本不变；从寄主体上主动脱落的虫体，其L／W的增长率（16．32％～18．00％）较大，而一直寄生在寄主身上的虫体．其L／W的增长率则因各自摄食量的不同而存在较大的差异。     

高产池塘白鲢鱼苗鱼种生长的研究

本文对高产养鱼池塘中白鲢鱼苗鱼种阶段的生长特性和规律进行了研究。经统计分析表明:1、白鲢鱼苗鱼种阶段的生长过程中,全长和时间的关系均呈直线相关(L=a bt)。鱼种全长以7-8两月生长最快。日增长率、瞬时增长率以鱼苗阶段居高,鱼种阶段次之。2、白鲢鱼苗阶段体重和时间呈指数相关(W=ae~(bt)),体重生长之速度(dw/dt)和加速度(d~2w/dt~2)与时间成正比。3、鱼种阶段体重与时间呈“S”形曲线相关(W=K/1 ae~(-bt)),体重的生长则以7～9月间最快。生长曲线拐点在t=-1n(1/a)/b;W=k/2。体重生长之速度和加速度分别呈“正态”和“正弦”曲线形。日增重率、瞬时增重率和相对增重率亦以鱼苗阶段较大,鱼种阶段次之。     

环境因素对虎纹蛙胚胎发育的影响

就温度、盐度、pH值及水中溶氧四个环境因素对虎纹蛙胚胎发育的影响进行了系统研究.结果表明其适宜的孵化水温为20～30℃,在此温度范围内,随着温度的升高,胚胎发育速度加快,水温在(30±1)℃时,胚胎发育到鳃盖完成期需58.8h,孵化率为84.2%;水温(20±0.5)℃时,需203.9h,孵化率为89.0%;水温(25±1)℃时,需时84.0h,孵化率最高,达94.5%.盐度对虎纹蛙胚胎发育影响很大,盐度越高,胚胎畸形率越高,且发育经历时间越长,孵化水体的盐度应在1.9以下,最适宜用淡水孵化.pH过高或过低都对胚胎发育不利,孵化水体的pH值以6.5～8.5为宜.虎纹蛙胚胎发育的不同阶段对水中溶氧量要求不同,在肌肉效应期、鳃血循环期和鳃盖完成期,水中溶氧的半致死浓度分别为0.57mg/L、1.13mg/L和0.40mg/L.     

提高鳜鱼催产率受精率和苗种成活率的试验

在常规催产剂中加入适量的Ａ型添加剂，可使鳜鱼的催产率提高１０％以上，受精率提高５％以上。使用１５×１０－６的福尔马林，可有效地杀灭寄生于鳃及体表的寄生虫和细菌，从而大大提高苗种成活率。     

ICP-AES测定金属元素铜活动态及其初步应用

金属元素活动态是我国5种深穿透地球化学技术中应用最广的方法之一。此方法是通过提取地表土壤一定深度介质中元素活动态的微弱隐伏矿信息而找寻隐伏矿,属于通过直接信息找矿,目前该方法的标准化程度不高。为将铜元素活动态应用于地质找矿,该文对铜元素4个活动态的相态(水浸出态、粘土吸附态、有机链合态、铁锰氧化物态)循序提取的条件及ICP-AES测定技术进行了研究,包括采样深度、分析样品粒度、样品存放时间、提取条件、测定干扰等,通过对铜活动态提取液处理方法的改进,提高了分析速度和分析数据的精度。由实验数据计算出各相态方法的检出限和精密度RSD(n=10),水浸出态为0.079mg/L,13.90%~22.49%;粘土吸附态为0.275mg/L,11.99%~23.29%;有机链合态为0.362mg/L,10.70%~57.27%;铁锰氧化物态为0.230mg/L,17.83%~38.61%。该方法操作方便,精密度较好,应用于碑楼隐伏铜矿的野外探测实验,探测结果所圈定的综合异常与实际矿体的水平投影相符,取得了较满意的试验效果,该方法可应用于不同地质景观区。     

凿贝才女虫发育阶段的形态观察

对寄生在九孔鲍 (HaliotisdiversicoloraquatilisReeve)贝壳上的凿贝才女虫 (Polydoraciliata)进行了观察 ,将其发育过程分为卵、胚胎、幼虫和成虫 4个阶段 ,并对这 4个阶段的形态结构进行了描述和讨论。由于凿贝才女虫寄生 ,九孔鲍贝壳内侧形成弯曲的管道和隆起 ,其外套膜被破坏 ,严重影响了九孔鲍生长 ,甚至导致其死亡。     

凿贝才女虫发育阶段的形态观察

对寄生在九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor aquatilis Reeve)贝壳上的凿贝才女虫(Polydora ciliata)进行了观察，将其发育过程分为卵、胚胎、幼虫和成虫4个阶段，并对这4个阶段的形态结构进行了描述和讨论。由于凿贝才女虫寄生，九孔鲍贝壳内侧形成弯曲的管道和隆起，其外套膜被破坏，严重影响了九孔鲍生长，甚至导致其死亡。     

4种重金属离子及其混合液对壶状臂尾轮虫的急性毒性试验

研究了铜、锌、镉、铅离子及其混合液对壶状臂尾轮虫(Brachionusurceus)的急性毒性影响,实验结果表明,Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Pb2+对壶状臂尾轮虫的24hLC50分别为83 .18μg/L、4 .27mg/L、7. 60mg/L、23 44mg/L,将4种离子按照质量比120∶20∶6∶1的比例配成混合金属溶液,其混合液对壶状臂尾轮虫的24hLC50为0 42mg/L。     

新疆柯坪地区早二叠世玄武岩年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

新疆柯坪地区玄武岩是塔里木盆地早二叠世大火成岩省北部重要的组成部分。通过对柯坪盖孜力克乡南部下二叠统巴立克立克组(P₁b)中的玄武岩夹层进行锆石U-Pb定年及地球化学分析,获得年龄为(287.6±5.5)Ma,表明该玄武岩为塔里木盆地早二叠世岩浆活动的产物。地球化学特征表明,玄武岩w(SiO₂)为46.15%~48.64%,w(MgO)为2.87%~4.23%,w(Na₂O)-2%<w(K₂O),暗示其为钾质碱性玄武岩,岩石总体上亏损Rb、K、Sr等大离子亲石元素,而相对富集Th、U、Ti和LREE等高场强元素,但Nb-Ta显示弱的负异常,与峨眉山及区域上的四石厂、达木斯、其木干玄武岩具有相同或相近的图型特征。该玄武岩具有高的Ti和Nb含量及低的Zr/Nb比值,暗示其来自富集的地幔源区,Mg#和Cr、Ni等相容元素含量变化较大,表明其曾经历广泛的橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石的结晶分异作用,且Nb/U比值为19.27~21.44,指示成岩过程中受到一定程度的地壳混染。基于研究区玄武岩与区域上玄武岩相近的时代、地球化学特征及处于内陆稳定构造环境,认为该玄武岩与塔里木盆地广泛分布的玄武岩同属一个时代和构造背景下的产物。      

P波初动包络线增长率区域特征的初步讨论

使用B-Δ方法对日本东北地区265个地震事件进行分析,得到该地区P波初动包络线增长率,研究其区域差异特性。利用P波初动2～3 s的数据,通过经验公式预测地震震中距;通过对P波初动波形拟合公式Bt·exp(－At)得到拟合参数A和B;在确定公式斜率值后,得到经验系数c值。结果显示,该地区记录到的地震波P波包络线增长率存在一定的深度依赖性,深度较小的地震得到较小的c值,即表现出较为平缓的P波包络线增长率;深度较大的地震得到较大的c值,即表现出较为陡峭的P波包络线增长率。     

Spatial distribution of Dactylogyrus wunderi Bychowsky on gills of Abramis brama orientalis Berg (Leuciscinae) in Irtysh River, China

The spatial distribution of the monogenean Dactylogyrus wunderi Bychowsky,1931 on the gill filaments of the bream Abramis brama orientalis Berg(Leuciscinae) inhabiting the Irtysh River of Xinjiang,China was investigated from June to July 2012.D.wunderi was identified by sequencing a fragment of its ITS rDNA region.Sixty-five fish were examined,with 55% testing positive for monogenean infection.The prevalence of the parasite in the left and right gill arches was 46% and 48%,respectively.In fish with a large body length,the prevalence of the parasite and the infection intensity did not significantly differ between the right and left gill arches but both were slightly higher in the former.Among the three size groups of fish(small,medium and large) the prevalence and the intensity of infection were lowest in fish with small body lengths.The distribution of the monogenean population in the host gills showed an aggregate distribution,with little change in the degree of aggregation,suggesting that most hosts were either not or only slightly infected by D.wunderi and that the parasite infected only a few hosts.In addition,differences in D.wunderi infections between gill arches of A.brama orientalis were not significant(P>0.05).     

Occurrence of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Cestoda, Bothriocephallidea) in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella in the Changjiang River drainage

Bothriocephalus acheilognathi is a potentially serious pathogen in wild or cultured fish in worldwide distribution. We examined 58-farmed grass carp from Nanchang in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River drainage, from which 20.7% were found to harbor the parasite with an infection intensity of 36.9±54.7. The parasites were identified based on morphology and rDNA ITS sequence analysis. The present report represents the first record of the parasite in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella in the river drainage.     

MICROHABITAT DISTRIBUTION OF METAZOAN PARASITES ON GILLS OF SILURUS ASOTUS IN JIANGKOU RESERVOIR, JIANGXI PROVINCE, CHINA

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｎｔｅｓｔｉｎａｌｐａｒａｓｉｔｅｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｆｉｓｈａｒｅｆｏｕｎｄｎｏｒｍａｌｌｙｔｏｂｅｐｏｏｒｉｎｔｅｒｍｓｏｆｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｃｏｍｐｏ ｓｉｔｉｏｎｓｗｈｅｎｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｏｓｅｉｎｂｉｒｄｓａｎｄｓｏｍｅｏｔｈｅｒｈｉｇｈｅｒｖｅｒｔｅｂｒａｔｅｓ (Ｋｅｎｎｅｄｙｅｔａｌ.,1 986;Ｅｓｃｈｅｔａｌ.,1 990 ) .Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,ｅｃｔｏｐａｒａｓｉｔｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓｏｎｇｉｌｌｓｏｆｆｉｓｈａｒｅｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄａｓｓｐｅｃ…     

黑脊倒刺鲃仔稚鱼摄食的习性与生长

研究了养殖条件下黑脊倒刺仔稚鱼摄食习性与生长,结果表明:仔鱼4日龄开口摄食,全长9.0~9.99mm;仔稚鱼的摄食具有明显的昼夜节律性;仔稚鱼个体间生长速度具有一定的差异性;其体重与摄食量的关系为y=0.064 4X+1.433 1,全长与日龄的关系为L=8.861 4×exp(0.042 9T),体重与日龄的关系为W=3.736×exp(0.151 3T),全长与体重的关系为W=1.7×10-3×L3.531 4。     

Microhabitat distribution of metazoan parasites on gills ofSilurus asotus in Jiangkou Reservoir, Jiangxi Province, China

This paper deals with the proportional distribution, niche breadth and niche overlap of two metazoan parasites (copepods species,Ergasilus anchoratus Markewitsch, 1946 andPseudergasilus parasiluri Yamaguti, 1936) and monogeneans (in the genusSilurodiscoides Gussev, 1976) found on gills of the fish,Silurus asotus L. from Jiangkou Reservoir in Jiangxi Province, China.E. anchoratus was the common and dominant metazoan parasite on gills of the fish in this locality as indicated by the higher infection levels, and distributed almost evenly on gill arches without any observed gill-arch preference, as shown by the wide proportional distribution and broad niche breadth.P. parasiluri and monogeneans inSilurodiscoides were found also without any significant gill-arch preference although they had a rather narrow niche breadth. The observed significant overlap betweenP. parasiluri andSilurodiscoides spp. may be simply due to the lower infection levels of the parasites. The observed pattern of unrestricted distributions of the parasitic copepods on gills of the fish may be accounted for, at least in part, by the moving ability of the copepods, and may also indicate that the parasite does not exhibit any feature of gill-arch preference. However, further experimental research is needed to verify the microhabitat distribution of the parasites. Project 39370122 supported by NSFC.     

高淀粉水平下精氨酸对松浦镜鲤肠道形态与功能的影响

【目的】探讨高淀粉饲料中添加精氨酸对松浦镜鲤(CyprinuscarpioL.)肠道消化酶活性及肠道形态的影响。【方法】选用初始体质量(6.84±0.02)g的松浦镜鲤360尾,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复18尾鱼。实验饲料分为5组,分别在45%水平的高淀粉饲料中添加质量分数0%、0.6%、1.2%、1.8%、2.4%的精氨酸,实验周期为8周,进行肠道消化酶和形态的测定。【结果】前、中、后肠的淀粉酶活性,各组之间没有显著差异(P> 0.05);添加2.4%精氨酸组的前肠脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组(P <0.05),中肠和后肠的脂肪酶活性各组间没有显著差异(P>0.05);前、中、后肠蛋白酶活性随精氨酸添加量的增加而增加,添加1.8%和2.4%精氨酸组的前肠和中肠蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),添加2.4%精氨酸组后肠的蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。高淀粉饲料中添加Arg显著影响了肠道皱襞高度,但对肠绒毛宽度和肌层厚度没有显著影响。2.4%精氨酸组前肠皱襞高度显著高于其他各组(P <0.05),1.8%精氨酸组中肠和后肠皱襞高度显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。1.2%、1.8%和2.4%组肠体指数显著高于对照组(P <0.05),2.4%精氨酸组肠长指数显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。各组前、中、后肠肠绒毛密度没有显著差异,且排列较整齐。【结论】高淀粉饲料中添加1.8%~2.4%精氨酸可以增加松浦镜鲤肠道消化酶活性,同时改善了松浦镜鲤的肠道形态结构。     

Composition of fish communities in an intertidal salt marsh creek in the Changjiang River estuary,China

Fish communities in a (third-order) intertidal creek in Dongtan marsh in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary were investigated seasonally for one year. A total of 1 996 fish specimens (10 967.8 g) comprising 26 species and 15 families were collected. Abundances of fish communities in the intertidal salt marsh creek were primarily dominated by Boleophthalmus pectinirostris (19.8%), Collichthys lucidus (18.6%), Periophthalmus magnuspinnatus (18.2%), Liza haematocheilus (17.9%), and secondarily by Mugilogobius abei (8.5%), L. carinatus (7.2%), Odontamblyopus lacepedii (4.3%), and Acanthogobius ommaturus (3.9%); another 18 species were present only occasionally. Non-MDS ordination and SIMPER analysis indicated that there were two fish communities in the intertidal salt marsh creek. In spring, the communities were dominated by B. pectinirostris, P. magnuspinnatus, C. lucidus and M. abei; in summer, autumn, and winter by L. haematocheilus, L. carinatus, A. ommaturus and O. lacepedii. Some species showed strong habitat selection; L. carinatus and P. magnuspinnatus were distributed mainly in the upper and middle creek, while B. pectinirostris, M. abei and O. lacepedii inhabited the middle and lower creek. The study indicated that the salt marshes of the Changjiang River estuary are an important nursery and feeding habitat for many fishes and should be protected.     

Seasonal fluctuation of Myxobolus gibelioi (Myxosporea) plasmodia in the gills of the farmed allogynogenetic gibel carp in China

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＭｙｘｏｓｐｏｒｅａｎｓａｒｅｖｅｒｙｃｏｍｍｏｎｐａｒａｓｉｔｅｓｏｆｆｉｓｈ .Ｔｈｅｉｒｓｅａｓｏｎａｌｆｌｕｃｔｕａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｐｒｅｖａｌｅｎｃｅａｎｄｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｎｗｅｒｅｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄｂｙｓｏｍｅａｕｔｈｏｒｓ (Ｍｉｔｃｈｅｌｌ,1 989;Ｓｉｔｊａ ＢｏｂａｄｉｌｌａａｎｄＡｌｖａｒｅｚ Ｐｅｌｌｉｔｅｒｏ,1 990 ;Ｃｏｎｅ ,1 994 ) .Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,ａｌｍｏｓｔｎｏｒｅｌａｔｅｄｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｉｓａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅｉｎＣｈｉｎ…     

Effects of Dietary Stachyose on Growth Performance,Digestive Enzyme Activities and Intestinal Morphology of Juvenile Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L)

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary stachyose on the growth performance, digestive enzymes activities and intestinal structures of juvenile turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L). Five isonitrogenous(49.58% crude protein) and isolipidic(10.50% crude lipid) diets were formulated to contain 0(Control), 0.625%(S-0.625), 1.25%(S-1.25), 2.5%(S-2.5) and 5%(S-5) stachyose, respectively. With the increase of stachyose level, the growth performance and feed utilization of turbot, such as the specific growth rate, final mean body weight, weight gain rate and feed efficiency, increased significantly(P 0.05) and then stabilized. The feed intake of fish fed S-5 was significantly higher(P 0.05) than that of fish in other groups. The activities of trypsin, intestinal caseinolytic, stomach and intestinal amylase were significantly influenced by stachyose(P 0.05). The highest values of trypsin and intestinal caseinolytic activities were observed in group S-1.25, while the highest activity of stomach amylase and the lowest activity of intestine amylase were observed in group S-5. No lesion or damage was found on the distal intestine structures of fish from all treatments, while the height of simple folds in the distal intestine was significantly increased(P 0.05) when 1.25% or 2.5% stachyose was added in the diets. These results indicated that moderate level of stachyose(1.25%) improves the growth performance, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities and the distal intestine structures of juvenile turbot.