基于GIS的四川省降水诱发型滑坡泥石流风险区划

通过分析四川省滑坡泥石流地质灾害的致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性和承灾体脆弱性,构建了四川省降水诱发型滑坡泥石流风险评估指标体系,并基于灾害系统学原理的风险评估模型,结合层次分析法和信息量法,利用GIS工具完成了四川省降水诱发型滑坡泥石流地质灾害风险区划。结果表明：（1）诱发滑坡泥石流前期15 d平均有效雨量较大的区域主要位于四川盆地北部、西南部、东南部分地区和攀西地区南部,较小的地区主要位于川西高原和盆地中部。（2）四川盆地北部、西南部和攀西地区东部是降水致灾因子危险性等级最高区域,盆周山区、攀西地区以及阿坝州东部地区孕灾环境敏感性等级在较高及以上,中等以上承灾体脆弱性等级基本位于盆地地区,盆周山区、川西高原及攀西地区脆弱性等级大多在中等以下。（3）风险区划显示高危险区主要分布在盆地北部、西南部和攀西地区,与四川省滑坡泥石流活动情况一致。     

中国降水型泥石流研究现状

在综合调研泥石流研究现状基础上,总结了降水型泥石流研究进展。从降水资料的使用、泥石流发生区域雨量的估算、分析降水与泥石流关系的模型、环境背景因子的考虑等四个方面分别进行了论述。目前加密雨量观测资料、卫星雷达资料的应用,提高了泥石流灾害所在小流域实况降水估算精度。由简单地考虑临界雨量发展到考虑前期间接有效雨量、前期直接有效雨量、激发雨强和历时,同时考虑降水类型对泥石流的影响。目前降水和泥石流的关系模型发展为确定性模型和概率性模型。环境因子的考虑向两个方向发展:一种倾向是针对环境背景数据开展更加精细的区划,针对每个区域单元所处的环境背景情况建立降水与泥石流关系模型;另一种发展趋势是利用信息量等模型将环境因子作为降水与泥石流关系模型中的变量。     

吉林省东南部山区地质灾害与降水关系分析及气象等级预报

泥石流、滑坡、崩塌是发生在吉林省东南部长白山区及半山区的主要地质灾害。这其中又以泥石流为首，滑坡次之。它们的发生除与地质地貌等因子有关外，降水是主要的诱发因子。经分析研究发现诱发吉林省的泥石流和滑坡不仅与当日降水有关，而且还与前期降水及前期累积雨量有关，在对其进行相关分析的基础上建立了地质灾害的气象等级预报系统。     

降水引发的西南地区公路损毁风险预报方法

降水引发公路沿线滑坡、泥石流及其他灾害频繁发生,已成为引发公路损毁的最重要因子之一。该文利用2007年1月—2013年7月区域 (云、贵、川、渝4个地区) 公路损毁灾害数据、基础地理信息数据及国家气象中心降水量历史资料,通过对灾害发生频次、降水量等资料的统计分析,初步探讨降水与公路损毁灾害的关系,并重点针对公路损毁的降水影响因子 (即前期有效降水和损毁灾害发生当日降水),开发具有普适性的公路损毁概率密度函数及其概率拟合方程,建立公路损毁灾害概率预报模型;综合公路损毁灾害风险区划信息 (即灾害危险性等级) 与降水的等级临界阈值 (即降水危险性等级),建立区域公路损毁的危险性分级预警方案,得出综合的西南地区公路损毁风险预报模型,以1～5级划分, 分别为灾害发生可能性极小、灾害发生可能性较小、灾害发生可能性中等 (注意)、灾害发生可能性较大 (预警)、灾害发生可能性极大 (警报)。该预报方法结合降水危险性等级及公路损毁灾害危险性等级,明显优于仅考虑阈值降水量的判别方法。     

泸定县泥石流灾害特征及降水因子分析

泸定县地质环境条件复杂,新构造运动活跃,是泥石流灾害高易发区.在对前期多次泥石流灾害发生后的灾后调查了解的基础上,分析泸定县泥石流灾害特征,并利用历史地质灾害记录与历史气象资料,研究泸定县泥石流灾害发生与降水的关系.结果表明：（1）泸定县境内泥石流灾害不仅具有分布广、发生频率高、危害重等特点,而且,具有群发性、夜发性、周期性特征.（2）泥石流发生与当日降雨量、短时强降雨、前期有效降雨量关系密切;对6天及以下累积有效降水量36mm、8～10天累积有效降水量49mm、11～14天累积有效降水量101.6mm以上等前期降水条件较为敏感,前期有效累计雨量、天数增加,当日激发雨量、雨强逐步缩小,随着激发雨量增大、小时雨强越强,泥石流灾害将发生质变.当前期有效降雨不明显,泥石流爆发需要较强的激发雨量。     

基于小时雨量的泥石流滑坡降雨特征分析

利用2007～2010年6～9月四川加密自动气象站雨量监测资料,分析了小时雨量特征,并结合其间的泥石流、滑坡地质灾害个例,对泥石流、滑坡发生时的降雨特点进行了分析。结果表明,1500m以下小时平均雨强较大时段出现在1～7时,1500m以上小时雨强较大时段出现在夜间10时至次日8时,短历时强降雨是诱发泥石流的关键因素,而滑坡的发生受降水的累计和滞后效应影响。海拔1500m以下,发生泥石流、滑坡一般需要50mm的降水,1500～3500m海拔,6小时降水有15～20mm,就有可能引发泥石流、滑坡,而在3500m以上,6小时降水有10～15mm即可。     

人类活动和降水变化对滑坡泥石流中长期演变的影响

根据滑坡泥石流灾害资料、耕地面积和公路里程等反映人类活动的资料以及降水资料,在定义了低纬高原区滑坡泥石流指数、人类活动指数和降水指数的基础上,研究了人类活动和降水变化对低纬高原区滑坡泥石流中长期演变的影响规律。结果表明,滑坡泥石流发生频次的中长期演变呈现出每年增加0.9次的趋势,且其演变具有明显的阶段性,从少发期到多发期的突变点出现在1993年。在11～16年的尺度上,人类活动与滑坡泥石流之间存在密切的关系。人类活动指数与滑坡泥石流发生频次之间为极显著的同位相关系,且人类活动超前于滑坡泥石流发生为0.2～2.8年;人类活动所导致的地质环境恶化是使低纬高原区滑坡泥石流频次增加的主要原因;除去人类活动影响后,低纬高原区滑坡泥石流与主汛期降水关系密切;在准3年和准6年尺度上,低纬高原区滑坡泥石流与主汛期降水呈显著的同位相关系,且低纬高原区主汛期降水超前于滑坡泥石流发生为0～0.8年;主汛期降水是影响低纬高原区滑坡泥石流频次变化的另一原因。最后,建立了考虑人类活动和主汛期降水且具有良好模拟和预测能力的低纬高原区滑坡泥石流的中长期演变预测模型。     

山西省诱发地质灾害的气象因素特征分析

利用山西省地质环境中心提供的1956-2004年间32个区划县由气象因素诱发的354例地质灾害和山西省气候中心提供的与354例突发性地质灾害相对应的当天、前14天逐日24 h的降水量等资料,分析了地质灾害发生的时空分布特征及降水量、降水强度、降水持续时间、降水累积量与突发性地质灾害的关系,结果表明:气象因素诱发的地质灾害以滑坡为主.地质灾害东部多于西部、山区多于平川,集中发生在6-9月.日降水量＞50 mm时,发生滑坡的概率为65.5%;连续15天累积雨量＞100 mm时,发生滑坡的概率为81.3%.此外,分析地质灾害与影响天气系统关系发现:副高西进北抬往往导致单发性地质灾害,东退南压则往往导致群发性地质灾害;地质灾害发生在副高外围5840和5880 gpm线之间的区域.     

四川盆地泥石流、滑坡的时空分布特征及其气象成因分析

通过对1991-2001年四川盆地泥石流滑坡的时空分布特征与气象条件分析,得出了一些有益的认识,为泥石流滑坡预警预报提供了参考依据.(1)四川盆地泥石流滑坡主要发生在6～8月,以7月份为最多,多发区在四川盆地西南部,其次是四川盆地中、东部;岷江下游、沱江上中游是无泥石流滑坡区;在5～8月,有逐月从四川盆地东南部向西北推进到盆地西北部的趋势.(2)四川盆地泥石流、滑坡的气象成因是四川盆地多暴雨,为多发泥石流滑坡提供了充足的水源条件;四川盆地西北、西南部在大暴雨情况下,盆地西南、中东部在大雨、暴雨情况下发生泥石流滑坡的可能性大;在不同地质、地貌条件下,不同等级降水诱发泥石流滑坡的可能性还与前期的降水情况有关.反映了强降水对诱发泥石流滑坡的重要作用.     

基于GIS的重庆市山洪灾害区划

通过对山洪灾害形成的动力条件、孕灾环境、降水背景的分析,确定临界雨量、地表起伏形态、坡度、年降水量、年大雨日数为影响山洪灾害形成的主要因子,用主成分分析方法建立重庆市山洪灾害区划模型。在ArcGis软件的支持下,采用反距离权重法对各影响因子进行空间插值,并进行栅格图层计算、分割等操作,用自然断点分级法分为高发区、易发区、一般区、低发区,完成重庆市山洪灾害区划。区划结果表明：重庆市多山洪灾害,东北部为高发区,年发生频次多在10次以上;中部东南部为易发区,年发生频次多在8次到10次;西部偏西地区为低发区,年发生频次多在6次以下。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.