页岩气开发水力压裂技术综述

世界页岩气资源丰富,但由于页岩地层渗透率很低,目前还没有广泛开发。水力压裂技术是页岩气开发的核心技术之一,广泛用于页岩储层的改造。介绍了水力压裂作业的压裂设计、裂缝监测、压裂液配制和添加剂选择,以及常用的压裂技术,包括多级压裂、清水压裂、同步压裂、水力喷射压裂和重复压裂。结合国外页岩气开发的实例和国内压裂技术的应用情况,分析了各种压裂技术的适用性。研究认为,清水压裂是现阶段中国页岩气开发储层改造的适用技术,开采长度(厚度)大的页岩气井,可以使用多级分段清水压裂技术。同步压裂技术是规模化的页岩气开发的客观需要。     

页岩气开发水力压裂技术综述

世界页岩气资源丰富,但由于页岩地层渗透率很低,目前还没有广泛开发。水力压裂技术是页岩气开发的核心技术之一,广泛用于页岩储层的改造。介绍了水力压裂作业的压裂设计、裂缝监测、压裂液配制和添加剂选择,以及常用的压裂技术,包括多级压裂、清水压裂、同步压裂、水力喷射压裂和重复压裂。结合国外页岩气开发的实例和国内压裂技术的应用情况,分析了各种压裂技术的适用性。研究认为,清水压裂是现阶段中国页岩气开发储层改造的适用技术,开采长度(厚度)大的页岩气井,可以使用多级分段清水压裂技术。同步压裂技术是规模化的页岩气开发的客观需要。     

断层影响下的页岩气储层水力压裂模拟研究

断层对页岩气储层压裂改造有重要影响,甚至诱发深部地震事件和近地表环境问题.本文采用多物理场耦合方法,基于渗流和应力耦合理论,研究储层水力压裂过程中断层以及封闭顶板中水力破坏区域的产生与演化机理,并分析讨论流体沿高渗通道运移扩散机理,研究结果表明:(1)断层改变储层水力破坏区域形态并且扩展了水力压裂破坏空间.较高注水压力...     

页岩气水力压裂分布式微弱电场监测技术初探

页岩气水力压裂过程中,在远区开展人工源电磁场激励或在自身地电场的激励下,压裂液的注入、返排、滞留和吸收等过程将引起电场的改变,在压裂区上方通过监测微弱电场变化的方法可以反映压裂信息随时间的变化情况。为了满足压裂现场实时监测的需要,本文基于分布式微弱电场节点采集设备开展了监测技术初探。该监测系统仅采集水平正交的两路电场信号,监测一定范围内实时变化的电场信息,并将初步处理后的数据以无线的方式传回数据中心。测试结果表明,该监测系统工作性能稳定、待机时间10天以上、密封性能好、适用于复杂的野外环境,可为未来获取压裂液运移成像提供重要的技术支撑。     

不同尺度岩体结构面对页岩气储层水力压裂裂缝扩展的影响

储层岩体中的天然结构面对水力压裂缝网改造具有重要的影响。本文采用真实破裂过程分析软件RFPA2D-Flow,在考虑岩体非均质性和岩体渗流-应力-损伤破裂特性的基础上,对不同尺度天然结构面影响的水力压裂裂缝扩展与演化行为进行了模拟分析和讨论,研究结果表明:（1）当水力裂缝遇天然非闭合裂隙时,在水力裂缝靠近非闭合裂隙区间形成拉张应力区,水力裂缝与区间非闭合裂隙间微元体累进性张拉破坏是导致水力裂缝与非闭合裂隙贯通的主要机制;（2）层理等优势结构对水力压裂裂缝扩展及缝网形态影响十分显著,当最大主应力方向与层理面走向小角度相交时,层理结构面对水力裂隙的扩展起主要作用,当最大主应力方向与层理面走向大角度相交时,最大主压应力与层理面共同对缝网扩展起主导作用,随着优势结构面的增多和差应力的增大,水力压裂形成的缝网范围和复杂性程度随之增大;（3）储层水力压裂是一种局部范围内的短暂动力扰动过程,尽管断层的存在可以极大地影响水力裂缝的扩展模式,增大水力裂隙扩展高度,但相比于储层埋深,水力压裂对断层封闭性的破坏范围和断层活动性的扰动程度十分有限。     

页岩气开采压裂液技术进展

页岩气是一种分布广泛且储量丰富的非常规能源,但由于其储层具有孔隙度小及渗透率低等特性,一直以来页岩气未得到大规模开采。直到近20年,页岩气开采技术才得到飞速发展,这主要得益于水力压裂技术的进步。压裂液是水力压裂的重要组成部分,其性能的优劣直接影响水力压裂施工的成败。通过调研国内外文献,结合国内外压裂液技术的发展历程,分析了页岩气开采中几种常用压裂液的优点、适应性及存在的问题,综述了两类新型的无水压裂技术。结合我国页岩气储层的特殊性及压裂技术发展的现状,提出了适于我国页岩气开采的压裂液技术发展的建议,并特别强调了在页岩气开发初期重视环保的重要性。     

排量对水力压裂网络扩展影响的试验研究

在页岩气水力压裂开发领域中,压裂液注入排量对裂缝网络的扩展形态具有显著影响。而页岩储层中的随机天然裂缝,会给水力压裂的参数敏感性分析带来不同程度的干扰。首先,根据页岩储层裂缝发育特征,制备了包含3组正交预制裂缝的混凝土试样;然后,采用真三轴压裂系统,对试样进行三向应力加载模拟地应力环境,并以恒定排量向其内部注入流体;最后,将单位体积裂缝面积P₃₂作为体积压裂指标,来定量描述排量对压裂缝网扩展形态的影响。试验结果表明:（1）在块体单元边长较小（即预制裂缝密度较大）的试样中,体积压裂的效果更加显著;（2）小排量压裂液所产生的裂缝一般是激活的预制裂缝,而中排量和高排量压裂液可以使已激活的预制裂缝发生偏转,在混凝土基质中重新开启水力裂缝,从而增加裂缝网络的复杂性;（3）随着排量的增加,试样压裂后的P₃₂值会升高;但排量增加到一定程度后,P₃₂值不再增长,甚至略微下降。     

页岩气勘探开发关键技术综述

在当前国际能源供需矛盾日益突出的形势下,页岩气资源勘探开发备受世界瞩目。页岩气是一种超低渗透非常规天然气,在页岩气勘探开发中有许多关键技术。介绍了页岩气勘探开发中的相关关键技术,包括密闭取心和保压密闭取心技术、水平井技术和压裂技术,并提出了发展我国页岩气勘探开发相关技术的建议。     

Effects of mechanical layering on hydraulic fracturing in shale gas reservoirs based on numerical models

Generally, induced hydraulic fractures are generated by fluid overpressure and are used to increase reservoir permeability through forming interconnected fracture systems. However, in heterogeneous and anisotropic rocks, many hydraulic fractures may become arrested or offset at layer contacts under certain conditions and do not form vertically connected fracture networks. Mechanical layering is an important factor causing anisotropy in sedimentary layers. Hence, in this study, with a shale gas reservoir case study in the Longmaxi Formation in the southeastern Chongqing region, Sichuan Basin, we present results from several numerical models to gain quantitative insights into the effects of mechanical layering on hydraulic fracturing. Results showed that the fractured area caused by hydraulic fracturing indicated a linear relationship with the neighboring layer’s Young’s modulus. An increase of the neighboring layer’s Young’s modulus resulted in better hydraulic fracturing effects. In addition, the contact between two neighboring layers is regarded as a zone with thickness and mechanical properties, which also influences the effects of hydraulic fracturing in reservoirs. The initial hydraulic fracture was unable to propagate into neighboring layers under a relatively low contact’s Young’s modulus. When associated local tensile stresses exceeded the rock strength, hydraulic fractures propagated into neighboring layers. Moreover, with the contact’s Young’s modulus becoming higher, the fractured area increased rapidly first, then slowly and finally became stable.     

微地震监测技术在页岩气水平井重复压裂中的应用

随着美国页岩气的开发成功,页岩气在我国油气资源里占比越来越重。在实际开发过程中,由于分段射孔位置选择不当,或井筒出现套变异常段,或受限于工艺、材料、工具等作业多方的诸多因素影响,部分页岩气水平井改造效果欠佳。为促使这类页岩气水平井重获高产,实现良好的经济效益,行之有效的手段是采取重复压裂工艺。页岩气重复压裂主要面临水平段长、级数多、施工规模大、液体效率低等困难,工艺成功的关键在于精确封堵低压区、低产区,在未改造区域和未完全改造区域开启新的裂缝。通过微地震监测技术可以准确分析分析新开启裂缝的扩展区域,缝长、缝宽等参数,进而可以实时优化调整排量、砂量、暂堵材料投送时机、暂堵材料用量等施工参数。在重复压裂中应用微地震监测技术,可有效提高重复压裂的效率,增加整个水平段均匀改造程度,压后产量是重复压裂之前产量的4~5倍,这对页岩气水平井老井高效开发具有重要意义。     

基于流固耦合理论的页岩水力压裂数值分析

水力压裂是一个涉及多相材料相互作用的复杂问题。针对岩石固相提出岩石应力平衡有限元方程,建立液相流动方程和质量守恒微分方程,推导水力压裂岩石流固耦合系统有限元方程。阐述计算模型,对裂缝的发育和扩展过程进行分析,并与实际试验结果进行对比,证明了计算结果的合理性。分析弹性模量对裂缝的影响情况,计算结果表明,随着弹性模量的增加,裂缝高度越来越小。     

层理性页岩力学参数对水力压裂裂缝形态的影响分析

岩石力学性质及地应力等地质力学参数是进行储层压裂改造的基础数据,影响着整个压裂设计的准确性。由于页岩层理发育及矿物组成的复杂性、页岩力学性质的横观各向同性,所以基于传统力学模型获取的压裂参数设计将丧失意义。以横向各向同性模型体现层理发育页岩储层的力学性质,通过简化的横纵弹性模量和泊松比可以较好地表达出页岩的横观各向同性,并总结了横观各向同性地应力解释方法。基于上述理论,应用商业化水力压裂数模软件对四川盆地某层理页岩储层进行了压裂设计,比较了基于横观各向同性模型与传统模型解释力学参数差异,非常规储层动静态力学参数转换,同时通过改变射孔位置研究了起裂点对裂缝形态的影响。研究发现,横观各向同性解释的杨氏模量、地应力要略高于传统方法,同时横观各向同性解释的地层地应力差较小,所以受不同射孔位置的变化对裂缝几何的形态影响要远远高于各向同性模型模拟的结果,特别是缝高变化更为明显。同时数据表明,在高应力区射孔将形成更为狭窄缝宽的水力裂缝,这会严重影响后续支撑剂的进入,以上结论将为提高页岩储层的压裂设计精确性给予重要帮助。     

Reductive weathering of black shale and release of barium during hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing is an important technological advance in the extraction of natural gas and petroleum from black shales, but water injected into shale formations in the fracturing process returns with extraordinarily high total-dissolved-solids (TDS) and high concentrations of barium, Ba. It is generally assumed that high TDS comes from the mixing of surface water (injected fluid) with Na–Ca–Cl formation brines containing elevated Ba, but the mechanisms by which such mixing might occur are disputed. Here we show that Ba in water co-produced with gas could originate from water-rock reactions, with Ba levels observed in produced waters reached on a time scale relevant to hydraulic fracturing operations. We examined samples from three drill cores from the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania and New York to determine the possible water-rock reactions that release barium during hydraulic fracturing. Two samples, one containing microcrystalline barite (BaSO₄) and one without barite, contain elevated concentrations of Ba relative to the crustal average for shale rocks. A third sample is slightly depleted in Ba relative to the crustal average. Micro-XRF measurements and SEM/EDS analysis combined with chemical sequential extraction methods reveal that a majority of the Ba in all samples (55–77 wt.%) is present in clays and can only be leached from the rock by dissolution in hydrofluoric acid. Thus, a majority of barium in our samples is relatively inaccessible to leaching under hydraulic fracturing conditions. However, the balance of Ba in the rocks is contained in phases that are potentially leachable during hydraulic fracturing (e.g., soluble salts, exchangeable sites on clays, carbonates, barite, organics).We next studied how shale reacts with water at elevated temperatures (80 °C), low Eh (−100 to −200 mV), and a range of ionic strengths (IS = 0.85–6.4) that emulate conditions prevalent at depth during hydraulic fracturing. Our experimental results indicate that the amount of Ba released from the bulk rock has a positive correlation with the ionic strength of the reacting fluid. Between 5 and 25% of the total Ba in the rock can be leached from shale under ionic strength conditions and leachate compositions typical of produced waters over a contact time of just 7 days. We suggest that reductive weathering of black shale occurs during hydraulic fracturing due to: 1) Ba²⁺ in clays exchanging with Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions that are present in high concentrations in produced water, and 2) increased solubility and dissolution kinetics of barite under high ionic strength conditions. At the low Eh conditions prevalent during hydraulic fracturing the sulfate deficient water allows Ba to be dissolved into the produced water. Based on Ba yields determined from laboratory leaching experiments of Marcellus Shale and a reasonable estimate of the water/rock mass ratio during hydraulic fracturing, we suggest that all of the Ba in produced water can be reconciled with leaching directly from the fractured rock.     

煤矿井下长钻孔分段水力压裂技术研究进展及发展趋势

“十三五”以来,围绕“我国煤矿井下煤层区域增透瓦斯高效抽采和坚硬顶板岩层弱化区域治理”两大难题,将定向长钻孔与分段压裂技术结合,通过技术攻关与装备研发及工程试验,在煤矿井下定向长钻孔分段水力压裂技术和装备研发及工程示范应用等方面均取得了明显进展。主要表现在如下4个方面:(1)开发了适合于煤矿井下煤岩层裸眼定向长钻孔不动管柱和动管柱两种分段水力压裂工艺技术与工具,不动管柱分段压裂工程应用钻孔长度突破了500 m,单孔压裂实现了5段;动管柱分段压裂钻孔长度工程应用突破了800 m,单孔压裂实现了17段。(2)研发了煤矿井下低压端加砂压裂泵组和高压端加砂压裂装置,低压端加砂泵组压力达到了70 MPa,排量达到90 m3/h,携砂比达到20%;高压端加砂压裂装备耐压能力达到55 MPa,一次连续加砂压裂的砂量达到750 kg;低压端和高压端加砂装备均在现场进行了工程应用,应用结果表明装备均具有较好携砂压裂能力。(3)建立了碎软煤层围岩分段压裂和硬煤顺层钻孔分段压裂区域增透瓦斯高效抽采技术模式,前者在山西阳泉矿区和陕西韩城矿区应用钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量均值分别达到了2 811 m3/d和1 559 m3/d,后者在陕西彬长矿区应用钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量达到了2 491 m3/d。(4)探索出了坚硬顶板强矿压煤矿井下定向长钻孔分段水力压裂主动超前区域弱化治理的新模式,工程应用钻孔长度突破了800 m,坚硬顶板分段水力压裂治理后,顶板来压步距、动载系数和最高压力值较未压裂区分别下降了18.9%~70.6%,5.8%~7.9%,13.7%~19.4%,有效治理了工作面坚硬顶板引起的强矿压灾害。随着煤矿井下分段水力压裂技术改进和煤矿智能开采发展的实际需要,提出了煤矿井下大排量高压力智能压裂泵组、井下长钻孔裸眼分段压裂智能工具等装备和煤矿井?地联合分段水力压裂技术研发方向,以更好地推动煤矿井下水力压裂技术与装备发展,为煤矿安全高效绿色智能开采提供技术和装备支撑。