Evaluation of the overflow failure scenario and hydrograph of an embankment dam with a concrete upstream slope protection

The standard procedure in Quebec, Canada, for evaluating the failure of an embankment dam, per the Loi sur la sécurité des barrages, specifies a 30-min-long failure scenario with a breach width equal to four times the maximal height of the dam. We demonstrate a new method for evaluating the flood overtopping failure scenario for embankment dams with concrete upstream slope protection, using Toulnustouc dam for example computations. Our new methodology computes safety factors for a range of potential failure mechanisms taking into account geotechnical, hydraulic, and structural factors. We compile the results of our investigations of the various dam failure mechanisms and compare the corresponding dam failure hydrographs to the current hydrograph specified in the standard analysis procedures. Our investigations tend to invalidate the current standard procedures for evaluating the failure of rock-fill dams with concrete upstream faces, by indicating that the current standard procedures underestimate the peak failure discharge and overestimate the time to the peak discharge.     

Probabilistic back analysis of slope failure – A case study in Taiwan

In this paper, the authors present a probabilistic back-analysis of a recent slope failure at a site on Freeway No. 3 in northern Taiwan. Post-event investigations of this failure found uncertain strength parameters and deteriorating anchor systems as the most likely causes for failure. Field measurement after the event indicated an average slip surface of inclination 15°. To account for the uncertainties in input parameters, the probabilistic back analysis approach was adopted. First, the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation was used to back-calculate the geotechnical strength parameters and the anchor force. These inverse analysis results, which agreed closely with the findings of the post-event investigations, were then used to validate the maximum likelihood (ML) method, a computationally more efficient back-analysis approach. The improved knowledge of the geotechnical strength parameters and the anchor force gained through the probabilistic inverse analysis better elucidated the slope failure mechanism, which provides a basis for a more rational selection of remedial measures.     

强震区岩体动力破坏机制研究

黄河黑山峡大柳树坝址区存在大范围的岩体破坏现象。在详细调查区域地质背景条件及区域地震动力作用基础之上,提出了地震动力作用与岩体破坏现象的内在联系,并通过动力模拟试验分析、证明了岩体破坏现象与历史上该地区发生的强烈地震有着密切关系。因此,在目前的工程地质条件下,一旦发生强度较大的地震活动,坝址区所遭受的破坏程度会更大,对拟建的水利工程设施将产生严重威胁。     

土质围岩开挖破坏模式研究

结合大量土质隧道围岩破坏调研资料和室内模型试验,研究土质围岩破坏的位置和形态,以破坏位置和特点探讨了土质围岩的破坏模式,并对各破坏模式进行了定义。研究表明,土质围岩破坏模式有未支护段破坏模式、掌子面破坏模式、未支护段和掌子面同时破坏模式及不发生破坏4种;未支护段破坏模式可分为自稳破坏、进尺破坏和不破坏;未支护段自稳破坏模式主要受洞形跨度和跨高、围岩条件控制,而进尺破坏模式主要受进尺和围岩条件控制;掌子面破坏模式的破坏面可近似为对数螺旋曲面或斜平面,未支护段破坏模式的破坏面可近似为抛物线曲面,未支护段和掌子面同时破坏模式的破坏面近似为数螺旋曲面或斜平面和抛物线曲面相交。     

类土质边坡研究初探

通过大量的现场调查及理论分析,完善了类土质边坡的概念,总结了类土质边坡的特性,并按构成介质的不同对类 土质边坡进行了分类,在此基础上,归纳出几种常见的边坡破坏形式,分析了各种破坏形式的破坏原因,分析了破坏机理,为 类土质边坡的进一步研究打下基础。     

Geotechnical characterization and analysis of rainfall—induced 2009 landslide at Marappalam area of Nilgiris district,Tamil Nadu state,India

Landslides are frequently occurring natural hazards in Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu, India, particularly during monsoon season. The present study describes the geotechnical characterization and analysis of rainfall-induced landslide that occurred at Marappalam location of Nilgiris district on November 10, 2009. The detailed investigation comprises mapping of landslide, topographical survey, field and laboratory investigations, characterization of soil and rock, and numerical analysis. Field study comprises borehole and geophysical investigations. Detailed laboratory investigation was performed to identify index and engineering properties of soil and rock. Based on the results obtained from field and laboratory investigations, the generalized subsoil profile of Marappalam slope has been plotted. The investigations revealed that loose and soft soil layer with low permeability and plasticity interspersed with boulders could be the main source of debris flow. Scanning electron microscopic analysis and x-ray diffraction analysis were performed to study the influence of weathering on slope failure. Failure mechanism of Marappalam 2009 landslide was identified from the numerical analysis performed using landslide simulation program LS-RAPID. The analysis revealed that the 5-day antecedent rainfall (303 mm) and intense rainfall on 10th November 2009 (405 mm) saturate the slope due to infiltration of rainwater. This leads to a decrease in the matric suction and subsequent development of positive pore water pressure, which in turn reduces the shear resistance of the soil along with shear displacement, and resulted in a progressive failure.     

BEYOND FAILURE IN GRANULAR MATERIALS

Recent investigations on the hypoplastic constitutive model for granular materials show that the failure surface can be surpassed by some stress paths. This is contradictory to the conventional definition of failure surface in plasticity, according to which the stress is allowed to move on the failure surface but never across it. In the present paper, the interrelations among the different constitutive models are discussed with special reference to failure and stability. For the hypoplastic constitutive equation, the accessible stress states and the stable stress states are found to be enclosed by a bound surface and a stability surface in the stress space, respectively. Theoretical findings about the bound surface and the stability surface are verified qualitatively by presenting results of triaxial tests on dry sand. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

倾斜荷载作用下桶形基础承载力特性研究

针对吸力式桶形基础结构,借助大型通用有限元软件ABAQUS平台,建立了均质软黏土地基上倾斜荷载作用的三维弹塑性有限元计算模型。通过系统地计算分析,得到了单个倾斜荷载分量作用下桶形基础的承载力特性及其破坏机制。进一步研究了水平倾斜荷载与竖向倾斜荷载共同作用下的桶形基础承载性能,得到了该倾斜荷载加载方式作用下桶形基础在V-H平面内的破坏包络面,依此建立了倾斜荷载与偏心距e之间的三维破坏包络曲面。计算结果表明,偏心距e对竖向倾斜承载力的影响相对水平倾斜承载力较大;桶形基础承载性能随着偏心距e的增大而减小。     

适用于实验细观力学研究的小型剪切仪

为适应实验细观力学研究的要求，研制了一种可以配装在光学体视显微镜下的小型剪切仪，可以很直观地观察试样在受力过程中微结构变形破坏的全过程。初步试验研究结果表明，这是一项对各类土和软岩进行细观力学研究非常有用的新设备。     

结构性土的微观破损机理研究

在前人研究的基础上,针对凸多面体相互接触的性质,推导了三维状态下的微观接触力和宏观应力的关系,并应用于结构性土的研究中。对结构性土,采用以土颗粒之间的胶结和组构为基本研究对象的研究方法,在二元介质理论框架内推导出结构性土破损规律及迭代公式,提出3种破损方式（剪碎、压碎、混合型）,同时推导了宏观的柔度张量;对各向同性的结构性土,在球应力加载条件下的破损规律以及变形规律进行了研究,得到了解析解,简单分析的结果与实际相符。     

都江堰-汶川公路汶川地震次生地质灾害主要特征和形成机理

汶川特大地震发生后, 都江堰至汶川公路两旁次生地质灾害尤为严重, 先后多次完全中断震中交通生命线, 严重地影响了公路的安全运行和灾后重建。通过对汶川地震前后都江堰-汶川公路边坡现场调查资料对比分析, 研究了该地段边坡的主要次生地质灾害类型及其破坏模式、形成机制和时空分布特点。破坏类型主要为碎屑流式、碎裂滑移式崩塌和碎裂-俯冲式、振荡-高速滑移式泥石流等, 造成沿线边坡发生大面积浅表生改造破坏。此类灾害具有丛集性、相关性、分段性的明显特点。成因复杂的高陡岩土体是次生地质灾害的主要物质基础;强烈的场地地震效应和内外动力耦合作用是该地区地质灾害成生的主要因素。      

都江堰—汶川公路边坡地震破坏模式研究

汶川特大地震发生后,都江堰至汶川公路两侧地质灾害尤为发育,先后多次完全中断震中生命线的交通,严重影响了公路的安全运行和灾后重建的顺利进行。通过汶川地震前后都江堰-汶川公路边坡现场调查资料对比分析,研究了该地段边坡的主要地质灾害类型及其破坏模式、易发性分区和防治建议。研究表明破坏类型主要为碎屑流式、碎裂滑移崩塌,剪断-溃滑型、拉裂-溃滑型、顺层溃滑型滑坡和沟谷型泥石流。都汶公路两侧的边坡灾害以崩塌为主,滑坡、泥石流次之。地震使区内泥石流暴发的频率和规模增大,特大型泥石流主要发生在映秀-北川断裂带的地震烈度较高区域。防治此类地质灾害,应以治理为主,预防和避让相结合。     

黄土地区公路边坡降雨失稳预报研究

为了研究黄土地区公路边坡降雨失稳灾害的预测预警方法,通过现场调查和理论分析,研究了黄土地区公路边坡降雨灾害危险性初步判别的标准;在分析公路边坡稳定性主要影响因素(边坡结构、边坡形态和植被特征)的基础上,提出了黄土地区公路边坡标准坡型的模型;以标准边坡坡型为基准,根据边坡失稳资料和降雨数据,建立了公路边坡抗灾能力评分表和评分标准。由此提出了适合于陕北黄土地区(包括砂黄土地区和典型黄土地区)公路边坡降雨灾害预测预警的抗灾雨量法,可以针对某个具体的黄土地区公路边坡的降雨灾害进行工点失稳预报。工程应用表明抗灾雨量法可操作性较好。     

龙游石窟1～3号洞室稳定性分析及安全通道路线的选择

龙游石窟是一个大型古地下洞室群,具有重要文物价值。但龙游石窟正面临着风化速度加快,围岩变形破坏越来越严重等问题。在洞室群内部设置安全通道的方法是保证旅游安全和实现洞室群长期保护的一个重要措施。为制定设计安全通道的合理方案,对洞室群分布区的变形破坏现象进行了现场地质调查,并根据调查结果重点分析了洞室群洞口区域、顶板、公共边墙和岩柱的变形破坏特征。并利用有限差分程序FLAC3D进行了数值计算分析,对安全通道所经过区域的洞室围岩稳定性进行了评价。在计算过程中,利用网格单元的安全系数计算方法对比分析了安全通道的不同设计方案,初步确定了龙游地下洞室群1～3号洞室安全通道的设计路线。     

永吉高速公路黑潭坪边坡三维稳定性研究

通过对永吉高速公路黑潭坪边坡的野外调查,详细地了解了研究区工程地质条件,探讨了边坡变形破坏机理,结合室内试验和计算反演获取岩土体强度参数,在此基础上建立三维地质模型,运用FLAC3D数值分析软件采用强度折减法对不同工况下的坡体稳定性进行详细分析并提出治理建议。研究表明:(1)边坡变形破坏是内外因素综合作用的结果,岩土体性质不良是边坡变形破坏的内在因素,坡脚便道开挖和地表水下渗是边坡变形破坏的诱导因素;(2)强度折减法应用于边坡三位稳定性分析具有较好的适用性;(3)数值模拟显示采用削坡结合锚固的综合治理措施具有明显的效果。     

液化地基中桩的破坏机理研究进展

地震诱发的地基液化对桩基础的破坏极大,液化地基中桩的破坏机理是岩土地震工程中的一个重要研究课题。目前地基液化时桩土结构系统的地震性态尚没有认识充分,已有的研究内容较多局限于桩身材料的强度破坏方面,难以考虑液化土体侧向流动、基桩屈曲失稳、以及土与结构动力相互作用等复杂因素的影响。本文重点加强以下3个方面的深入探讨和研究:(1)液化地基中桩的屈曲失稳;(2)液化地基中桩基破坏的数值模拟新方法;(3)液化地基中桩-土-结构的动力相互作用分析。     

Kita-Uebaru natural rock slope failure and its back analysis

A large landslide occurred in Kita-Uebaru (or Asato) area of Nakagusuku village in Okinawa Island (Japan) on 10 June 2006 after a rainy period of about 9 days. The total rainfall was 126 mm from June 8 till the time of the landslide this period. This landslide destroyed several buildings and roads, and the total travel distance of the landslide was about 110 m. In this article, the authors were concerned with the initiation conditions of Kita-Uebaru landslide and post-failure motions of the landslide body. The observations made in the landslide area, structural geology analyses and outcomes of geotechnical investigations are described first. Then, possible causes of the landslide are investigated through back analyses using as inputs the geological structure and the strength properties of planes of discontinuities involved in the sliding processes. The final part of the article is concerned with the simulation of post-failure motions of the landslide body. The results of the investigations and back analyses indicate that the failure plane was bi-planar and the heavy torrential rainy period for about 3 days was the main cause of initiation of the landslide. The mechanical model presented in this article was capable of capturing the overall features of the landslide body following the initiation of the failure.     

施工期岩锚梁岩台破坏模式及稳定性分析

针对西南某大型水电站地下厂房岩锚梁岩台区节理发育的特点,并考虑辉绿岩脉等软弱带的影响因素,结合现场调查,利用关键块体理论方法分析得出开挖过程中岩台主要破坏模式为滑动、滑移—拉裂、弯曲—拉裂以及辉绿岩脉松动溃散4种,其中,上、下直墙的陡倾角结构面组合特征及辉绿岩脉的发育直接影响岩台的成型与稳定,开挖过程中针对各发育特征采...     

泥页岩储层岩石力学特性及脆性评价

泥页岩储层的岩石力学特性对油气开发影响极大,进行泥页岩力学特性和脆性评价方面的研究,可以为泥页岩油钻井和压裂设计工作提供技术支撑。实验研究表明,泥页岩抗压强度与围压、杨氏模量成正相关;体积应变量随杨氏模量减小而增大,随泊松比增加而增加;泥页岩破坏在低围压下以劈裂式破坏为主,高围压时多出现剪切式破坏。泥页岩的脆性与其弹性参数和矿物组成关系密切,通过数值模拟和实验测量,综合弹性参数和矿物组分两种方法提出了一种新的脆性评价方法-弹性参数与矿物成分组合法(EP&MC Method),并实现了单井脆性评价,效果较好。脆性评价既是储层岩石力学特性分析的重要内容,也是压裂选层的重要依据。