Interdecadal Variability of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and Associated Atmospheric Circulations

Based on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research （NCEP/NCAR） reanalysis data from 1950-1999, interdecadal variability of the East Asian Summer Monsoon （EASM） and its associated atmospheric circulations are investigated. The EASM exhibits a distinct interdecadal variation, with stronger （weaker） summer monsoon maintained from 1950-1964 （1976-1997）. In the former case, there is an enhanced Walker cell in the eastern Pacific and an anti-Walker cell in the western Pacific. The associated ascending motion resides in the central Pacific, which flows eastward and westward in the upper troposphere, descending in the eastern and western ends of the Pacific basin. At the same time, an anomalous East Asian Hadley Cell （EAHC） is found to connect the low-latitude and mid-latitude systems in East Asia, which strengthens the EASM. The descending branch of the EAHC lies in the west part of the anti-Walker cell, flowing northward in the lower troposphere and then ascending at the south of Lake Baikal （40°-50°N, 95°- 115°E） before returning to low latitudes in the upper troposphere, thus strengthening the EASM. The relationship between the EASM and SST in the eastern tropical Pacific is also discussed. A possible mechanism is proposed to link interdecadal variation of the EASM with the eastern tropical Pacific SST. A warmer sea surface temperature anomaly （SSTA） therein induces anomalous ascending motion in the eastern Pacific, resulting in a weaker Walker cell, and at the same time inducing an anomalous Walker cell in the western Pacific and an enhanced EAHC, leading to a weaker EASM. Furthermore, the interdecadal variation of summer precipitation over North China is found to be the south of Lake Baikal through enhancing and reducing strongly regulated by the velocity potential over the regional vertical motions.     

2013/2014年东亚冬季风异常偏弱的可能成因

2005年之后东亚冬季风连续7年强度偏强,而2013/2014年冬季,东亚冬季风强度突然由强转弱,原因可能与前期秋季北极海冰的异常有关,受2013年秋季北极海冰异常影响,冬季西伯利亚高压偏弱,进而导致东亚冬季风偏弱以及我国气温偏高。季内,东亚冬季风强度变化显著,前冬偏弱,后冬偏强。受冬季风季节内变化影响,我国前冬暖、后冬冷;此外,前冬暖、后冬冷还受到北太平洋上空阻塞高压的异常活动影响,北太平洋地区的阻塞高压加强西移至日界线以西,导致东亚地区经向型环流加强,改变了前冬以纬向型为主的环流,前冬高纬地区堆积的冷空气向东亚地区侵袭。加之,前冬我国气温偏高,导致后冬我国多地降温显著,气温由偏高转偏低。而阻塞高压的西移可能与平流层环流的异常活动有关。     

冬夏东亚季风环流对太平洋热状况的响应

冬夏隔季韵律关系一直是我国长期天气预报和短期气候预测的一个重要依据,然而迄今为止对它们之间的物理过程及成因机理并不十分清楚。利用NCEP/NCAR全球2.5°×2.5°网格月平均再分析资料,研究1951~2000年冬夏东亚季风环流异常变化与太平洋海面温度(SST)的关系及对关键海温区响应机理。研究指出:冬夏东亚季风环流隔季韵律关系及其年际变化与赤道东太平洋海面温度异常(SSTA)变化密切相关,冬季赤道东太平洋出现La Ni~na(El Ni~no)型的SST分布,有利冬、夏东亚季风环流加强(减弱),其影响过程通过赤道Walker环流强(弱)以及东亚地区Hadley环流强(弱)过程完成。冬季赤道东太平洋海温变化是冬、夏东亚环流季节以及年际变化的一个重要外强迫因子。     

Stationary Wave Activity Associated with the East Asian Winter Monsoon Pathway

The pathway of the East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM) that usually leads to the out-of-phase pattern of surface air temperature between northern and southern East Asia is an important feature in the variability of the EAWM besides its strength.Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 40-year(ERA40) reanalysis dataset,this study investigates the pathway-related stationary wave activity to explore the mechanism of the interannual variations in the EAWM pathway.It reveals that when the southern pathway of the EAWM is strong,the phase of the climatological stationary wave tends to be shifted westward significantly in both the horizontal and vertical directions by an anomalous wavenumber 2 pattern at mid-latitudes,whereas the changes are relatively small in the subtropics.The horizontal changes in the stationary wave phase facilitate a north-south-oriented East Asian trough in the middle troposphere that eventually produces the strong southern pathway of the EAWM.The vertical changes in the stationary wave,in contrast,feature a westward-tilted phase line with height over the North Pacific,indicating enhanced upward propagation of waves into the stratosphere.This result suggests that the phase of stationary waves at mid-latitudes dominate the interannual variations in the EAWM pathway.Moreover,it supports our previous interpretation of the possible role of the North Pacific sea surface temperature(SST) in the EAWM pathway variability.It also implies that the excitation of anomalous mid-latitude stationary waves may be the key in the response of the EAWM pathway to the North Pacific SST.     

Relationship Between East Asian Winter Monsoon and Summer Monsoon

Using National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Centre for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data and monthly Hadley Center sea surface temperature(SST) data,and selecting a representative East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM) index,this study investigated the relationship between EAWM and East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) using statistical analyses and numerical simulations.Some possible mechanisms regarding this relationship were also explored.Results indicate a close relationship between EAWM and EASM:a strong EAWM led to a strong EASM in the following summer,and a weak EAWM led to a weak EASM in the following summer.Anomalous EAWM has persistent impacts on the variation of SST in the tropical Indian Ocean and the South China Sea,and on the equatorial atmospheric thermal anomalies at both lower and upper levels.Through these impacts,the EAWM influences the land-sea thermal contrast in summer and the low-level atmospheric divergence and convergence over the Indo-Pacific region.It further affects the meridional monsoon circulation and other features of the EASM.Numerical simulations support the results of diagnostic analysis.The study provides useful information for predicting the EASM by analyzing the variations of preceding EAWM and tropical SST.     

秋季黑潮海温与东亚冬季风的相关联系

分析了秋季黑潮区域海表温度异常与东亚冬季风以及我国冬季气候的关系。结果表明：秋季黑潮区域海温与东亚冬季风指数有明显的正相关关系。当秋季黑潮区域海温偏高时，当年的东亚冬季风指数也偏高，即东亚冬季风偏强；反之，则当秋季黑潮区域海温偏低时，当年的东亚冬季风指数也偏低，即东亚冬季风偏弱；秋季黑潮海温升高，我国东北和华北地区气温上升，其他地区冬季气温降低，华南地区降温幅度最大。江淮流域及华南地区降水量明显减少。     

异常东亚冬季风对赤道西太平洋纬向风异常的影响

ENSO由于经常带来大范围的气候异常而倍受关注,赤道西太平洋的纬向风异常对ENSO的发生起着重要作用.首先对赤道西太平洋纬向风异常的发生进行研究,其结果清楚地表明它同东亚冬季风的异常有密切关系.异常强(弱)的东亚冬季风不仅能激发产生赤道西太平洋的西(东)风异常,而且还将在菲律宾以东的西太平洋上导致一个气旋性(反气旋性)环流的形成.研究还表明,上述异常流型产生的物理过程是异常东亚冬季风所造成的气压形势的动力影响,因为在强(弱)东亚冬季风影响下,赤道西太平洋地区会形成向西(东)的气压梯度,即( )p/( )x＜0(( )p/( )x＞0)的异常气压形势.通过赤道太平洋的海-气相互作用,赤道西太平洋的持续西(东)风异常则将进一步导致El Nino(La Ni(n)a)事件的发生.     

东亚冬季风的演变特征

文章主要讨论了东亚冬季风和冷涌的演变特征，并与南亚作了对比，发现在东亚地区，冬季风演变主要表现为10月中旬经向环流的突变及9月初、11月中旬和1月末对流层低层温度的3次突变；而在南亚地区，经向环流的变化不如东亚地区明显，而且高层要先于低层变化，对流层低层温度存在2次突变。在整个冬季，东亚地区冷涌的演变过程，主要表现为南海地区冷涌在12月份出现最高频率，而西太平洋冷涌在1月份出现最高频率；南亚地区冷涌在12月份出现最高频率，但远小于东亚地区且衰减速度很快。另一个不同点是东亚地区的冷涌强度是往上衰减的，而南亚地区的冷涌强度则是往上增强的。这说明东亚冬季风和南亚冬季风的性质有较大的区别。     

一种东亚冬季风指数的环流意义及优化

论证了东亚冬季风环流指数IG与冬季蒙古高压强度和南北位置存在显著的同时相关,故IG本质上也是蒙古高压指数。在此基础上,构造了与IG结构相同的环流指数,从中筛选出一批优化的东亚冬季风指数IM。IM保持了IG结构简单、环流意义清晰的优点,且其格点选择更为合理,与中国同期气温负相关联系更强。因为定义IM的格点与蒙古高压关系密切,故IM也可称为蒙古高压指数。     

Influence of Low-frequency Solar Forcing on the East Asian Winter Monsoon Based on HadCM3 and Observations

In this study, we investigate the influence of low-frequency solar forcing on the East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM)by analyzing a four-member ensemble of 600-year simulations performed with Had CM3(Hadley Centre Coupled Model,version 3). We find that the EAWM is strengthened when total solar irradiance(TSI) increases on the multidecadal time scale. The model results indicate that positive TSI anomalies can result in the weakening of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, causing negative sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies in the North Atlantic. Especially for the subtropical North Atlantic, the negative SST anomalies can excite an anomalous Rossby wave train that moves from the subtropical North Atlantic to the Greenland Sea and finally to Siberia. In this process, the positive sea-ice feedback over the Greenland Sea further enhances the Rossby wave. The wave train can reach the Siberian region, and strengthen the Siberian high. As a result, low-level East Asian winter circulation is strengthened and the surface air temperature in East Asia decreases. Overall,when solar forcing is stronger on the multidecadal time scale, the EAWM is typically stronger than normal. Finally, a similar linkage can be observed between the EAWM and solar forcing during the period 1850–1970.     

ENSO冷暖位相影响东亚冬季风与东亚夏季风联系的非对称性

东亚冬季风（East Asian Winter Monsoon,简称EAWM）和东亚夏季风（East Asian Summer Monsoon,简称EASM）作为东亚季风系统的两个组成部分,他们之间存在显著的转换关系。前人的研究表明EAWM与次年EASM的转换关系只有在ENSO事件发生时才显著,然而这些研究都是基于ENSO对大气环流的影响是对称的这一假设下进行的。本文的研究表明EAWM和次年EASM的转换关系在ENSO冷暖事件中存在着明显的不对称性。通过将EAWM分为与ENSO有关的部分（EAWM_EN）和与ENSO无关的部分（EAWM_RES）,我们发现在强EAWM_EN年（即La Ni?a年）,在西北太平洋会存在一个从冬季维持到次年夏季的气旋性环流异常（the anomalous western North Pacific Cyclone,WNPC）,从而造成EASM偏弱;而在弱EAWM_EN年（即El Ni?o年时）,在西北太平洋会存在一个从冬季维持到次年夏季的反气旋性环流异常（the anomalous western North Pacific anticyclone,WNPAC）,从而引起次年EASM偏强。比较而言,WNPAC的位置比WNPC的位置偏南,且强度更强,因而在El Ni?o年能够引起次年EASM更大幅度的增强。造成这一不对称联系的主要原因是热带太平洋和印度洋异常海温的演变差异。在强EAWM_EN年,热带太平洋的负海温异常衰减地较慢,使得在次年夏季仍然维持着显著的负异常海温;相反,在弱EAWM_EN年,热带太平洋的正海温异常衰减地较快,以至于在次年夏季的异常海温信号已经基本消失,但此时印度洋却有着显著的暖海温异常。海温演变的差异进一步造成了大气环流的差异,从而导致EAWM与次年EASM联系的不对称性。     

2014/2015年东亚冬季风活动特征及其可能成因分析

2014/2015年东亚冬季风强度较常年同期略偏弱,季内冬季风强弱转换阶段性特征明显,初冬强度偏强,隆冬和后冬转为偏弱。受其影响,冬季全国大部分地区气温较常年同期偏高,但季内变化显著,初冬冷、隆冬和后冬暖。进一步研究表明,冬季风强度偏弱与2014年9月北极海冰范围偏大（去线性趋势）有关,前期北极海冰偏大不利于西伯利亚高压偏强,进而导致冬季风偏弱和冬季气温偏高。中部型尼尔尼诺(El Ni〖AKn~D〗o)和太平洋十年振荡(PDO)暖位相的配合是造成冬季风强度偏弱的另一个重要外强迫。PDO位相在El Ni〖AKn~D〗o事件对东亚冬季风的影响中起调制作用,赤道中太平洋暖海温有利于偏南风距平控制我国东部及东部沿海地区,东亚冬季风强度偏弱,当PDO暖位相和El Ni〖AKn~D〗o事件协同作用时,东亚地区大气环流对El Ni〖AKn~D〗o事件的响应更加显著。东亚冬季风的季内变化则与大气对中部型El Ni〖AKn~D〗o事件的响应过程有关。     

An Index of East Asian Winter Monsoon Applied to the Description of China's Mainland Winter Temperature Changes

Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data （Version 1.0） and the observation data of China from January 1951 to February 2007, a new index of East Asian winter monsoon circulation （I EAWM） was defined based on the comparison of previous different winter monsoon indices and circulation factors influencing the winter climate over China. Its relationships with winter temperature over China and large-scale circulation were analyzed. Results show that IEAWM can successfully describe the variation of China＇s mainland winter temperature and the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM） system. This index reflects the integrated effect of the circulations over high and low latitudes and the thermal difference between the continent and the ocean. While in the previous studies, most monsoon indices only describe the single monsoon member. The IEAWM is a good indicator of the intensity of the EAWM. Positive values of/EAWM correspond to the strong EAWM, the stronger Siberian high and East Asian trough than normal , and the strengthening of the meridional shear of 500-hPa zonal wind between high and low latitudes over East Asia, and therefore, the southward cold advection becomes stronger and leads to the decrease in surface temperature over China; and vice versa. The IEAWM inter decadal change is obviously positive before the mid-1980s, but negative since the mid-1980s, in good agreement with the fact of the winter warming in China after 1985.     

近百年东亚冬季风与ENSO循环的相互关系及其年代际异常

运用相关及滑动相关的计算技术，讨论了近百年东亚冬季风与ENSO循环的相互关系及其年代际异常。研究指出，东亚冬季风与赤道东太平洋海温的年际关系具有年代际的变化特征；季风与ENSO循环的关系受到季风的QBO以及季风-海洋的年代际背景场配置关系的共同作用；当季风与海洋的背景场处于同样状态时，强冬季风有利于第二年冬季赤道东太平洋的升温，产生El Ni?o事件；当两者的背景场处于反位相状态时，强冬季风对应于第二年冬季的La Ni?a位相。     

东亚冬季风强度的统计预测方法研究

利用1961～2008年NCEP再分析和NOAA延长重构的月平均海温资料, 基于海气系统关键区的前期信号分析, 建立了一个东亚冬季风强度的统计预测方法。东亚冬季风强度与前期 (9～10月) 黑潮及其延伸区和热带西印度洋海温异常 (SSTA) 密切相关。强东亚冬季风活动与黑潮及其延伸区正SSTA和热带西印度洋负SSTA相对应。东亚冬季风强度还和一个前期 (10月) 北半球环流型存在显著相关, 其中环流型的活动中心分别位于北太平洋中部、 太平洋东北部、 北美和北大西洋。文中探讨了这三个预测因子对东亚冬季风强度的预测意义, 并揭示了其影响东亚冬季风活动的可能物理过程。该预测方法的历史拟合率和试报准确率较高, 可用于东亚冬季风强度的定性预测。     

近百年东亚冬季风的突变性和周期性

该文利用海平面气压场资料,计算了1873～1990年的东亚冬季风强度指数,并用滑动t检验和奇异谱分析方法（SSA）对近百年的东亚冬季风的突变性和周期性进行了研究。研究表明:东亚冬季风强度具有显著的年际及年代际变化。当冬季风强时,中国大部分地区温度降低,蒙古高压升高,阿留申低压加深。当冬季风弱时,天气及环流特点几乎与之相反。东亚冬季风存在QBO、LFO和IDO现象,各振荡分量都具有年代际的差别。     

2012/2013年东亚冬季风活动特征及其可能成因分析

东亚冬季风目前处于年代际偏强的气候背景下,2012/2013年东亚冬季风强度指数(EAWM)为0.83,连续第六年强度偏强。2012/2013年冬季,北极涛动(AO)指数维持负位相,导致全国平均气温较常年同期略偏低。季内,西伯利亚高压强度变化显著,与之相对应,我国气温季内阶段性变化大,前冬冷、后冬暖。进一步研究表明,前秋北极海冰的大幅偏少是造成东亚冬季风偏强的重要原因,前期海冰范围的减少有利于冬季欧亚大陆北部的海平面气压出现正异常,致使西伯利亚高压的偏强,有利于冷空气南下我国。而西伯利亚高压和东亚冬季风季内变化主要是受平流层环流异常信号影响,1月中旬前后,北半球高纬地区平流层位势高度出现明显正异常并迅速下传影响对流层中低层,造成西伯利亚高压和冬季风季内阶段性偏弱。     

对流层上层副热带西风急流与东亚冬季风的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,研究冬季对流层上层西风急流的时空变化特征,提出表征急流强度和位置变化的指数,进而探讨西风急流与东亚冬季风的关系。结果表明:冬季西风急流强度指数体现了西太平洋与高纬大陆的热力对比,较好地反映了西伯利亚高压与阿留申低压的强度变化,可作为表征冬季风强弱变化的一个定量指标,急流增强(减弱)对应西伯利亚冷高压和阿留申低压加强(减弱),东亚冬季风偏强(弱)。急流强度指数与不同高度冬季风子系统的显著相关表明,东亚冬季风活动异常不只是对流层中低层的现象,而在整个对流层都有明显反映,低层的西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压、中层的欧亚脊、东亚大槽及西太平洋副热带高压与高层的西风急流是同相变化的。在此基础上还比较了急流强度指数和北极涛动指数(AO)与东亚冬季风的关系,急流强度变化体现了欧亚大陆与西太平洋的热力差异,而AO则主要反映极地与中纬度环状模的反相变化,所以急流强度变化与东亚冬季风的关系更为密切。     

东亚季风近几十年来的主要变化特征

本文简要综述了关于东亚夏季风和冬季风近几十年来的主要变化特征的若干研究结果,特别是关于其年代际变化方面.夏季风及夏季气候的主要变化特征有:1970年代末之后东亚夏季风的年代际时间尺度的减弱以及相应的我国夏季降水江淮流域增多而华北减少、1992年之后我国华南夏季降水增多、1999年之后我国长江中下游夏季降水减少而淮河流域夏季降水增多、东亚夏季风和ENSO之间的年际变化相关性存在不稳定性.而关于东亚冬季风与冬季气候的主要变化特征有:1980年代中期之后东亚冬季风及其年际变率减弱、1970年代中期之后冬季风和ENSO的年际变化相关性较弱、近年来的北极秋季海冰减少对北半球冬季积雪增多有显著贡献、东北冬季积雪在1980年代中期以后增多.与上述变化有关的极端气候和物候都发生了多方面的变化.     

Low- and Mid-High Latitude Components of the East Asian Winter Monsoon and Their Reflecting Variations in Winter Climate over Eastern China

The present study defines a low-latitude component (regionally averaged winter 1000-hPa V-winds over 10 25°N, 105 135°E) and a mid-high-latitude component (regionally averaged winter 1000-hPa V-winds over 30 50°N, 110 125°E) of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM), which are denoted as EAWM-L and EAWM-M, respectively. The study examines the variation characteristics, reflecting variations in winter climate over eastern China, and associated atmospheric circulations corresponding to the two components. The main results are as follows: 1) the EAWM-L and EAWM-M have consistent variation in some years but opposite variations in other years; 2) the EAWM-M index mainly reflects the extensive temperature variability over eastern China, while the EAWM-L index better reflects the variation in winter precipitation over most parts of eastern China; and 3) corresponding to the variation in the EAWM-M index, anomalous winds over the mid-high latitudes of East Asia modulate the southward invasion of cold air from the high latitudes and accordingly affect temperatures over eastern China. In combination with the variation in the EAWM-L index, anomalous low-latitudinal winds regulate the water vapor transport from tropical oceans to eastern China, resulting in anomalous winter precipitation. These pronounced differences between the EAWM-L and the EAWM-M suggest that it is necessary to explore the monsoons' individual features and effects in the EAWM study.