山区土地评价的GIS空间分析建模研究

为了因地制宜地开发利用地形地貌复杂、土层较薄、基岩裸露率较高的山区土地,需要提前进行适宜性评价,目前主要采用Arc GIS空间分析方法进行分析处理,但是处理过程繁杂,易出错。本研究采用Arc GIS空间分析模型生成器对分析过程进行模型化处理,对每个评价因子数据处理过程进行处理流程建模,关联各个因子模型进行多因子综合评价,可得出山区土地资源建设适宜性评价模型。采用上述方法对研究区域进行相关分析处理,再结合大量地面调查,分析出的评估结果与实际土地开发利用适宜性有较高吻合度,验证了该GIS模型方法的科学性与可靠性,而且较常规的方法数据处理效率明显提高,数据处理模型也可以共享。     

Incorporating neighborhood scale effects into land loss modeling using semivariograms

Journal of Geographical Systems - Scale effects are pervasive in geospatial modeling and affect the reliability of analysis results. This paper examines the neighborhood scale effects on the...     

GIS-based modeling of a rescaled surface of land development pressure in the Macaronesian islands

Land development is one of the major anthropogenic processes shaping environmental sustainability. However, no standard method exists for evaluating this spatial process. This article proposes a method of modeling a spatially explicit representation of land development pressure, resorting to an inverse distance weighting interpolation. The study area encompasses four Macaronesian islands where land development has caused dramatic changes to the landscape: São Miguel, Madeira, Gran Canaria, and Tenerife. The method is demonstrated over 1990–2006, a period marked by a rapid increase in land development which ended with the 2007–2008 financial crisis. First, centroids of land change in/into artificial surfaces were used as a proxy of land development pressure. Second, these centroids were coupled with ancillary sampled points, which took into account a topographic resistance factor representing areas absent of land change. These ancillary points allowed for confinement of the interpolation values while acting as structural information for the rescaling of the interpolation into a higher resolution of a digital elevation model. The results show that the method captured the overall trend and magnitude of artificial land change. Quantifying and identifying the islands’ pattern of land development pressure creates a variable that can play an important role in further modeling of anthropogenic spatial processes.     

天气雷达基本反射率产品的地学可视化

对基本反射率产品进行可视化,是准确分析区域天气的基础.本文以梅州市CINRAD/SA型雷达该类产品为例,对该类数据的存储结构做了详尽的剖析,设计了产品径向数据向二维矩阵转换的算法,研究了该类数据转为极坐标系下矢量类型和直角坐标系下栅格类型存储的绘制模式,并采用ArcGIS Engine进行了实现.最后对两种生成显示回波的方法进行对比分析,结果表明:两种方法都能准确显示回波,应用时需根据实际情况采用相应的方法显示与分析雷达回波.     

Urban land cover thematic disaggregation,employing datasets from multiple sources and RandomForests modeling

Urban land cover mapping has lately attracted a vast amount of attention as it closely relates to a broad scope of scientific and management applications. Late methodological and technological advancements facilitate the development of datasets with improved accuracy. However, thematic resolution of urban land cover has received much less attention so far, a fact that hampers the produced datasets utility. This paper seeks to provide insights towards the improvement of thematic resolution of urban land cover classification. We integrate existing, readily available and with acceptable accuracies datasets from multiple sources, with remote sensing techniques. The study site is Greece and the urban land cover is classified nationwide into five classes, using the RandomForests algorithm. Results allowed us to quantify, for the first time with a good accuracy, the proportion that is occupied by each different urban land cover class. The total area covered by urban land cover is 2280 km² (1.76% of total terrestrial area), the dominant class is discontinuous dense urban fabric (50.71% of urban land cover) and the least occurring class is discontinuous very low density urban fabric (2.06% of urban land cover).     

Visual clutter reduction in zoomable proportional point symbol maps

ABSTRACT

Proportional point symbols are commonly used in map displays. However, when such displays are zoomed out, the available map space shrinks and consequently symbols overlap and the display suffers from visual clutter. Therefore, solutions are needed to reduce visual clutter in zoomable map displays that contain proportional point symbols. The authors add to the body of knowledge through the investigation of the performance of three solutions: aggregation of unit areas, the displacement of overlapping symbols, and modified symbolization; four variations of modified symbolization are examined in detail. The original study begins with a consideration of the strengths and weaknesses of the solutions, with an emphasis on information loss. Thereafter, user sessions with 165 participants are arranged to gain empirical evidence of the performance of the solutions. The results reveal that although participants zoom out the map to zoom levels that implement visual clutter reduction techniques, they tend to zoom in the map and pan it to examine specific areas. Moreover, they willingly use the map with aggregated unit areas in cases when the solution facilitates task accomplishment. A certain amount of skepticism attaches to the solution that displaces overlapping symbols.     

复杂背景下的仿蝇视觉遥感异常检测

本文针对遥感影像复杂背景下,背景地物光谱特征与目标光谱特征之间存在较强相关性的问题,提出一种基于仿蝇视觉的复杂背景下遥感异常检测算法。首先构建并行多孔径背景模型,实现对复杂背景特征的自适应描述;然后基于异常目标的光谱特征相对异常性,采用相对马氏距离区分异常区域、不确定区域与无目标区域,消除背景与目标光谱相关性对检测结果干扰的同时,弥补了传统假设检验无法区分无目标和不确定问题的不足;最后融合多个背景模型的检测结果,实现异常目标检测。仿真实验将围绕多种背景地物并存复杂区域的异常检测验证本文算法的有效性。     

Environmental assessment and land change analysis in seminatural land covers applicable to land management

The present research is based on the hypertemporal analysis of a set of 212 images from the NDVI index from January 2003 to March 2012 provided by the medium-resolution sensor MODIS TERRA. The study area is located in the center of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain). The specific objectives of the study are to investigate the rhythms of the annual development of the NDVI of each of the classes, determine the classes that are most sensitive to climatic variability and define the interannual sequences of variation in NDVI with an associated trend analysis. The classes situated in lower-altitude areas are strongly dependent on autumn rainfall and present negative temporal tendencies, and those situated at mountaintops and on upper slopes are correlated with spring–summer temperatures and exhibit stable or positive tendencies.     

反射率因子和径向速度共同约束反演多普勒雷达风场

多普勒雷达可以提供降水回波区的风场信息。为了充分运用雷达资料分析中小尺度天气过程,本文假设反射率因子在短时间内的运动满足拉格朗日守恒,提出了采用连续两次的反射率因子回波和径向速度数据共同约束的方法来反演风场,在反演过程中避免了对径向速度的分布进行假设。针对连续两个时次之间反射率回波运动中产生的不同程度的误差做了模拟风场试验,结果表明,当回波运动随机误差不超过40%时,反演结果较为可靠。另外,本文还利用此风场反演方法进行两次中尺度天气过程的实例分析。结果表明,该方法反演的风场与实际风场结构相符,具有一定的应用价值。     

非球形冰晶的毫米波k-Ze关系研究

针对毫米波雷达处理数据的实际需要,应用离散偶极子近似法DDA,获得了非球形冰晶的后向散射及衰减截面并进行了参数化,并主要基于细化的冰云模型,假设冰晶粒子谱为Γ分布,通过模拟取样各1330次（代表1330种粒子分布）,分别计算得到了W波段（94 GHz）与Ka波段（35 GHz）毫米波雷达探测的冰云衰减系数k及雷达反射率因子Z_e,而且利用数值模拟的方法,建立了k-Z_e关系的具体表达式。计算表明,非球形和非瑞利散射对W波段毫米波雷达衰减的影响较大,而且在同样滴谱分布条件下,W波段毫米波雷达的衰减比Ka波段毫米波雷达的大几倍,此外细化的冰云模型对k-Z_e关系具有影响。本研究对中纬度非降水性冰云的毫米波雷达的衰减订正具有参考价值,并对中国的毫米波雷达应用具有借鉴作用。     

第三次国土调查的图斑自动综合方法

从第三次国土调查数据库快速缩编派生出多尺度数据库,是地图制图的重要任务。本文针对大量图斑,首先通过研究图斑栅格综合,减少碎图斑数量;然后构建图斑语义邻近度模型、空间几何拓扑模型,分析了顾及拓扑和地区地理特征约束下的地类图斑制图综合方法;最后形成了自动化图斑缩编生产工艺流程。基于上述方法,采用计算机编程技术研发国土三调缩编系统,并应用于四川省某县23万图斑量的三调数据并试验验证。试验结果表明,通过本文方法的成果符合专题制图要求,极大地提高了三调图斑的自动综合效率。     

基于地面采样点的MODIS等效反射率计算与分析

本文介绍了等效反射率、平均等效反射率的概念及计算方法,以2006年10月在崇明东滩湿地采集的地面光谱反射率数据和MOD IS地面反射率产品为基础数据,计算了试验区等效反射率和平均等效反射率,开展了平均等效反射率与MOD IS反演反射率的比较分析,对MOD IS地面反射率产品精度作了分析和评价。     

Spatial-temporal impacts of urban land use land cover on land surface temperature: Case studies of two Canadian urban areas

The surface fabric of urbanized areas, (i.e. its constituent land covers and land uses) plays an essential role in the generation of the urban/rural temperature differences, i.e. the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. Land surface information, derived from satellite imagery, and complementary information such as demographics can be used as the basis for an understanding of the atmospheric and surface thermal variations within cities. The results of comprehensive land surface characterizations of two major Canadian urban areas, the Greater Toronto Area and Ottawa-Gatineau, are described. Spatial information, including land cover fraction maps, land use and its historic changes, population density maps are compared with intra-urban surface temperature variations derived from satellite thermal imagery. Three aspects of the impacts of land cover and land use on urban land thermal characteristics are addressed, namely, (a) the relationships between surface temperature and subpixel land cover and population density (b) intra-city seasonal temperature variations and (c) the intensification of the urban heat island effect due to urban built-up land growth.     

Hyperspectral imagery for disaggregation of land surface temperature with selected regression algorithms over different land use land cover scenes

Land surface temperature (LST), a key parameter in understanding thermal behavior of various terrestrial processes, changes rapidly and hence mapping and modeling its spatio-temporal evolution requires measurements at frequent intervals and finer resolutions. We designed a series of experiments for disaggregation of LST (DLST) derived from the Landsat ETM + thermal band using narrowband reflectance information derived from the EO1-Hyperion hyperspectral sensor and selected regression algorithms over three geographic locations with different climate and land use land cover (LULC) characteristics. The regression algorithms applied to this end were: partial least square regression (PLS), gradient boosting machine (GBM) and support vector machine (SVM). To understand the scale dependence of regression algorithms for predicting LST, we developed individual models (local models) at four spatial resolutions (480 m, 240 m, 120 m and 60 m) and tested the differences between these using RMSE derived from cross-validated samples. The sharpening capabilities of the models were assessed by predicting LST at finer resolutions using models developed at coarser spatial resolution. The results were also compared with LST produced by DisTrad sharpening model. It was found that scale dependence of the models is a function of the study area characteristics and regression algorithms. Considering the sharpening experiments, both GBM and SVM performed better than PLS which produced noisy LST at finer spatial resolutions. Based on the results, it can be concluded that GBM and SVM are more suitable algorithms for operational implementation of this application. These algorithms outperformed DisTrad model for heterogeneous landscapes with high variation in soil moisture content and photosynthetic activities. The variable importance measure derived from PLS and GBM provided insights about the characteristics of the relevant bands. The results indicate that wavelengths centered around 457, 671, 1488 and 2013–2083 nm are the most important in predicting LST. Nevertheless, further research is needed to improve the performance of regression algorithms when there is a large variability in LST and to examine the utility of narrowband vegetation indices to predict the LST. The benefits of this research may extend to applications such as monitoring urban heat island effect, volcanic activity and wildfire, estimating evapotranspiration and assessing drought severity.     

GIS支持下土地生态环境敏感性评价——以金坛市为例

针对传统的生态环境敏感性评价指标体系差异较大,尚未形成统一体系,并且各个指标之间的关系及相互影响的情况并没有得到体现的问题,该文在地理信息系统的支持下,选取土地质量尺度的土地利用类型、土壤质地,及生态尺度的水环境、植被覆盖度、人口密度、坡度作为生态环境敏感性因子,同时建立了以水环境为主要因子的土地生态敏感性指数模型,对金坛市生态环境敏感性进行单因子评价和多因子综合评价。评价结果显示,金坛市生态高敏感区和中敏感区占到全市总面积的78%,低敏感区和不敏感区占到全市总面积的22%。针对不同土地生态敏感性分区因地制宜提出用地策略,为土地利用总体规划和城市生态保护提供参考。     

Improving the image quality of spaceborne multiple-aperture SAR under minimization of sidelobe clutter and noise

As we know, a multiple-aperture radar carried by a group of formation-flying satellites can be used to improve the coverage and azimuth resolution of spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) simultaneously. However, in the case of the reconstruction of azimuth signal from a periodic nonuniform sampling sequence, the sidelobe clutter and noise may be amplified by tens of decibels in some cases, which makes the final SAR image blurry. In this letter, we present the analytical result of the amplification factor of sidelobe clutter and noise for the evaluation of the reconstruction performance. According to the result, we propose a method to reduce the sidelobe clutter and noise, which considerably improves the quality of SAR image. Computer simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the method.     

Application of remote sensing technology for land use/land cover change analysis

Land use/land cover changes over a period of 30 years were studied using remote sensing technology in a part of Gohparu block, Shahdol district of Madhya Pradesh. Land use/ land cover maps were prepared by visual interpretation of two period remotely sensed data. Post-classification comparison technique was adopted for this purpose. The loss of vegetation cover was estimated to be 22 percent and 14 percent of the land was found to have been tranformed into wasteland between 1967 and 1996. Overall rate of change was found to be 1.8 percent per year during this period.     

高精度建设用地变化自动提取技术在土地督察中的应用

为提高土地督察线索获取的快捷性和准确性,提出了一种基于稳定地物样本库的建设用地变化监测方法。首先,利用先验知识结合本底影像选取土地利用类型未发生变化的对象,形成稳定的地物样本库;然后,关联最新影像,动态筛选训练样本,实现建设用地变化自动监督分类;最后,基于先验知识对分类结果自动甄别,进行双重辅助变化信息提取,并利用相隔4个月的资源3号卫星数据开展对比试验。结果表明,该方法提取的建设用地变化位置准确率达72.82%(常规矢量监测法仅为33%),大大提高了违法用地位置信息发现的准确率,具有较高的可靠性和精度。     

Use of Landsat Thematic Mapper for urban land use/land cover mapping

Visual interpretation of Landsat Thematic Mapper data coupled with ground checking has been used to extract information for urban areas. The emphasis has been given on development of land use/land cover scheme and image interpretation keys for interpretation and delineation purposes using satellite remote sensing data. Lucknow city and its surroundings have been studied to evaluate the usefulness and potentiality of satellite data particularly Landsat Thematic Mapper for urban area studies. This study has demonstrated that remote sensing can provide a valuable tool for urban data acquisition.     

第三次全国国土调查土地利用矢量数据栅格化方法

第三次全国国土调查县级土地利用图斑层包含利用类型、耕地类型、坡度等级、种植属性等多属性信息,将县级土地利用矢量数据集成栅格化形成全国无缝的多尺度、多专题栅格产品存在一定技术难度。本文针对第三次全国国土调查土地利用栅格产品应用需求,探讨了多属性综合编码、全国基础地理网格框架、栅格化产品数据模型、矢量栅格化等技术方法,建立了全国土地利用栅格产品生产流程,开展了全国多尺度、多专题土地利用栅格产品生产验证。结果表明:本文方法能够实现第三次全国国土调查土地利用矢量图斑多属性信息集成栅格化和全国多尺度、多专题土地利用栅格产品工程化生产,可为今后的国土调查土地利用栅格产品生产和共享应用提供支撑。