广东气象灾害对经济建设的影响

气象灾害是影响社会经济发展的主要因素之一,中国是世界上气象灾害较严重的国家,其中广东又是气象灾害最频发的地区,成灾因子众多,灾情特别严重。因此,加强防灾减灾工作,建立防灾减灾系统,减轻灾害造成的损失,是快速发展广东经济建设的重大战略措施之一。     

厄尔尼诺现象诱发的气候变化异常与农业气象灾害防御

受厄尔尼诺现象的影响,极易出现各种各样的气候异常现象。由气候异常引发的气象灾害也是多种多样的,这对农业生产和社会经济发展产生了较大的影响。气候异常与农业气象灾害有密切的关系。根据气候异常和农业气象灾害发生的特点和规律,建立农业防灾减灾系统,对农业发展有积极作用。     

甘肃省河东地区气象干旱灾害风险评估与区划

干旱灾害是世界上危害最为严重的自然灾害之一。通过对干旱灾害风险成因的深入分析,结合灾害学理论,从干旱灾害的致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境脆弱性、承灾体暴露性和防灾减灾能力等4个方面入手,构建干旱灾害风险评估模型,然后依据甘肃省河东地区相关气象、生态和社会经济数据,在GIS平台下将干旱灾害的自然属性和社会属性统一起来进行干旱灾害风险评估与区划。结果表明：（1）研究区致灾因子危险性等级有自中部向东西两边逐渐降低的趋势,7个地区中干旱灾害危险性自大到小依次是天水、平凉、陇南、定西、临夏、甘南和庆阳。（2）研究区孕灾环境脆弱性有自北向南逐渐降低的趋势,脆弱性自大到小依次是庆阳、临夏、定西、平凉、天水、甘南和陇南。（3）研究区承灾体暴露性自大到小依次是天水、平凉、临夏、定西、陇南、庆阳和甘南。（4）防灾减灾能力自大到小依次是临夏、天水、平凉、定西、陇南、庆阳、甘南。（5）河东地区自北向南干旱灾害风险逐渐降低,干旱风险自大到小依次是定西、天水、庆阳、平凉、临夏、甘南和陇南。     

灾害天气对山地高速公路建设管理的影响分析——以山西省为例

利用1971-2000年30a山西省107个地面观测站气象观测资料以及高速公路管理部门有关资料，分析了山西省高速公路沿线大雾、降雪（积雪）、结冰等恶劣天气的分布特征及其成因，讨论了其影响，提出了一些合理化建议。     

基于信息扩散理论的气象灾害风险评估方法

基于信息扩散理论提出直接估计低温冷害、干旱和洪涝的风险评估方法,以低温冷害为例,将计算结果与风险指数法和主观频率法做比较.直接估计灾害风险具有:(1)计算过程简单,所需资料少;(2)可对灾害不同级别进行风险评估,利于进行灾害风险评价和区划;(3)此方法可触类旁通,应用到其它自然灾害风险评估;(4)此方法需要的资料年限短等优点,对开展乡(镇)级小区域自然灾害风险评估有借鉴作用.     

1990年以来中国小麦农业气象灾害时空变化特征

利用1991-2009 年中国农业气象站点记录的灾害及物候资料,首先对小麦各类气象灾害发生的频次及所在生长发育期进行了时空特征分析;然后通过对比较暖10 年（2000-2009）与其前10（1990-1999）年两个时期的灾害时空变化特点,探讨气候变化对灾害发生的影响。结果表明：干旱是小麦发生频率最高的灾害类型,其发生频率高达79.21%,冰雹、干热风、大风、连阴雨等灾害类型也在小麦生产过程中有较多发生。气候变化背景下,小麦典型气象灾害发生频次有所增加,并且主要发生在生殖生长期。空间上,灾害类型增加较为明显的有：山东半岛的干热风、西北地区东部的干旱、暴雨及冰雹。分析表明：不同灾害种类的发生及变化的空间分布与中国气候变化特征有很强的关系。     

甘肃省农业干旱灾害损失特征及其对气候变暖的响应

随着全球气候变暖,干旱频次和强度增大,粮食生产与安全面临严重的挑战。利用1960-2012年甘肃省农业干旱灾情和气象资料,分析不同干旱程度的农业受灾率、成灾率和绝收率变化特征,并构建了农业干旱灾害风险指数(农业干旱综合损失率),揭示了甘肃农业干旱灾害损失特征及其对气候变暖的响应,讨论了关键时段气象条件对灾害损失的影响,阐述干旱灾害损失在气温和降水气候态中的分布特征,模拟出农业干旱受灾程度的气象阈值,并对未来情景下干旱灾害风险进行预测。结果表明:甘肃省近50多年农业干旱灾害范围、程度和频次均呈增加趋势,粮食受干旱灾害减产的风险加大。受灾率、成灾率、绝收率和综合损失率均呈明显上升趋势,尤其是20世纪90年代气温突变以后干旱灾害损失增大的趋势更明显。21世纪00年代干旱增幅最大,干旱受灾率、成灾率、绝收率和综合损失率均高于全国平均水平。多年平均综合损失率为10.8%,约为全国平均值(5.1%)的2倍。气温和降水量是甘肃农业干旱灾害损失的关键致灾因子,并且关键时段降水量和气温对干旱灾害的影响比全年平均值更加明显,年降水量每减少100 mm,综合损失率增加5.6%。年平均气温每升高1 ℃时,综合损失率增加6.3%。年平均气温6.45 ℃和年降水量460 mm是干旱高风险的临界值。未来气候变暖情境下,甘肃综合损失率增幅将可能达到1.85倍,气候变暖导致农业干旱灾害风险加大。     

贵州气象灾害预警信号的发布与解除探讨

根据中国气象局16号令《气象灾害预警信号发布与传播办法办法》第十六条规定:"省、自治区、直辖市制定地方性法规、地方政府规章或者规范性文件时,可以根据本行政区域内气象灾害的特点,选用或者增设本办法规定的预警信号种类,设置不同信号标准,并经国务院气象主管机构审查同意。"贵州省由于特殊的地形地势,不能完全适用《气象灾害预警信号发布与传播办法办法》中的标准,急需制定贵州省的气象灾害预警信号标准,由此进行了探讨。     

梅州市气象灾害的形成、特征及其防治

通过野外实地调研与室内资料整理,运用定性与定量综合分析方法,对梅州市气象灾害特征进行了分析。梅州气象灾害的形成、发生与发展是多种致灾因素交互作用的结果。复杂的地理环境孕育了孕灾环境的多样性和特殊性;不稳定的大气环流和天气系统是气象灾害形成的内在要素,影响着气象灾害的发生、发展与变化;社会经济环境、不合理的人类活动是气象灾害形成的外在条件,影响气象灾害发生的后果与程度。本文在对气象灾害致灾因子及驱动力分析的基础上,提出了防灾减灾的对策。     

全球气候变化对美国农业经济影响的再评估

本研究利用现代ＧＣＭ预测，改善了植物科学和水份供给数据以及模拟能力完善的经济模型，评估了长时间内气候变化夺美国农业的经济影响。对于作物产量，作物需水和因气候变化而增加的灌溉水的变化导致经济结果的变化，三个ＧＣＭ的预测结果各不相同；ＧＩＳＳ和ＧＦＤＬ－ＱＦｌｕｘ分析的结果是整体经济收入增加，而ＵＫＭＯ分析结果则包含有减少。     

甘肃陇中地区清代干旱灾害与气候变化研究

通过对历史文献资料的整理与统计分析,对甘肃陇中地区清代干旱灾害的等级序列特征、年代际变化、季节变化、空间变化及气候背景进行了研究。结果表明,陇中地区清代共发生旱害136次,平均每1.97年发生1次;干旱灾害以中度旱灾为主,占旱灾总次数的50%;其次是大旱灾,占旱灾总次数的30.9%;特大旱灾和轻度旱灾发生频率较低,各占旱灾总次数的11%和8.1%。旱灾可划分为4个阶段:第一阶段在1640—1700年代之间,为旱灾低发期;第二阶段在1710—1770年代之间,为旱灾增长的较高时期;第三阶段在1780—1820年代之间,为旱灾变化较小的较高时期;第四阶段在1830—1900年代之间,为旱灾高发期。旱灾在季节上以夏旱次数最多,其次为春旱和两季连旱,旱灾严重程度在空间上呈现由西南到东北增强的特点。该区清代的气候变化与西部树轮记录所显示的气候冷暖波动有较好的对应。     

论自然灾害经济损失评估研究的重要性

本文就当前国内外对灾害经济损失的认识、损失评估在灾害管理中的重要作用、灾害直接经济损失和间接经济损失评估存在的问题进行了综合分析,论证了灾害损失评估研究的重要性,区分了直接损失和间接损失的差异,阐述了间接损失评估的必要性和可行性。研究结果表明,直接损失和间接损失的评估同等重要、通过合理的评估方法得到的直接和间接损失的评估结果既是防灾减灾的迫切需求,也有利于提高防灾减损的管理水平。灾害学与经济学相结合是有效改进评估方法并提高灾害经济损失评估水平的有效途径。     

Changes in inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 40 years

Inland lakes and alpine glaciers are important water resources on the Tibetan Plateau. Understanding their variation is crucial for accurate evaluation and prediction of changes in water supply and for retrieval and analysis of climatic information. Data from previous research on 35 alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were used to investigate changes in lake water level and area. In terms of temporal changes, the area of the 35 alpine lakes could be divided into five groups: rising, falling-rising, rising-falling, fluctuating, and falling. In terms of spatial changes, the area of alpine lakes in the Himalayan Mountains, the Karakoram Mountains, and the Qaidam Basin tended to decrease; the area of lakes in the Naqu region and the Kunlun Mountains increased; and the area of lakes in the Hoh Xil region and Qilian Mountains fluctuated. Changes in lake water level and area were correlated with regional changes in climate. Reasons for changes in these lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed, including precipitation and evaporation from meteorological data, glacier meltwater from the Chinese glacier inventories. Several key problems, e.g. challenges of monitoring water balance, limitations to glacial area detection, uncertainties in detecting lake water-level variations and variable region boundaries of lake change types on the Tibetan Plateau were discussed. This research has most indicative significance to regional climate change.     

Evaluating the impact and significance of meteorological factors upon dust storm occurrence

In this article, the quantitative impact and significance of factors on dust storm occurrence have been analyzed in detail, based on spring daily data sets of 17 meteorological factors and dust storm records during the period of 1954–2005 for 60 gauge stations distributed over Gansu Province of China. Results show that daily mean and maximum wind speeds and evaporation have a positive effect on dust storm occurrence, i.e., their increase can result in an increase of dust storm occurrence. Inversely, daily mean and minimum relative humidity, lowest surface air pressure, vapor pressure and number of sunny hours have a negative effect on dust storm occurrence. However, daily mean and highest surface air pressure; mean, highest and lowest surface air temperature; and precipitation of 20:00–08:00, 08:00–20:00 and 20:00–20:00 have a positive effect on dust storm occurrence in some places but negative in other places. On average, daily maximum and mean wind speeds, direction of the maximum wind, number of sunny hours and evaporation have a significant effect on dust storm occurrence in Gansu Province, but precipitation of 20:00–08:00, 08:00–20:00 and 20:00–20:00, and mean surface air pressure and temperature all have a minor influence upon dust storm occurrence.     

新疆近20a风灾研究

风灾是新疆的主要气象灾害之一。新疆风灾每年平均造成24亿元的经济损失。依据大风对农牧业所造成的灾害事件的损失,对风灾时空变化进行评估,其重要意义在于给出了描述大风灾害损失等级划分的量化标准。研究得出:新疆风灾可比损失值随着工农业生产总值的增长而增加,而且增长速度比经济增长速度快;阿克苏、喀什风灾次数较多,强度最大,巴州重大风灾受灾次数最多,是风灾防范和灾后救助的重点地区,和田、吐鲁番因次数较多,强度较大,哈密强度较大,是风灾防范和灾后救助的次重点地区;风灾在作物生长和收获的季节4、5、6、8月份危害最大;建议增加防治风灾投入,改善生态环境,加快退耕还林、退耕还草进程,把阿克苏、喀什、巴州等作为风灾重点防范区,和田、吐鲁番、哈密作为风灾防范和灾后救助的次重点地区,4、5、6、8月份作为重点防范季节。     

基于新经济地理学理论的甘肃省县域经济发展差异

针对甘肃省县域经济发展差异突出的问题,通过构建新经济地理学视角下的区域经济发展差异分析框架,提出了影响区域经济发展差异的相关因素;运用空间探索性数据分析方法分析甘肃县域经济的空间差异分布与集聚情况;通过引入空间矩阵对甘肃省县域经济发展差异进行空间计量分析。结果表明:甘肃省县域经济发展水平具有明显的空间差异性和空间正相关性;相对市场规模、知识存量、产业份额、城镇化水平、贸易自由度及资本投入均是导致县域经济发展差异的重要因素;基于新经济地理学理论的区域经济发展差异分析框架可以解释县域经济发展差异的成因。     

Wet-dry changes in the borderland of Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia from 1208 to 1369 based on historical records

More than 240 items of historical records containing climatic information were retrieved from official historical books, local chronicles, annals and regional meteorological disaster yearbooks. By using moisture index and flood/drought (F/D) index obtained from the above information, the historical climate change, namely wet-dry conditions in borderland of Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (BSGN, mainly included Ningxialu, Hezhoulu, Gongchanglu, Fengyuanlu and Yan’anlu in the Yuan Dynasty) was studied. The results showed that the climate of the region was generally dry and the ratio between drought and flood disasters was 85/38 during the period of 1208–1369. According to the frequencies of drought-flood disasters, the whole period could be divided into three phases. (1) 1208–1240: drought dominated the phase with occasional flood disasters. (2) 1240–1320: long-time drought disasters and extreme drought events happened frequently. (3) 1320–1369: drought disasters were less severe when flood and drought disasters happened alternately. Besides, the reconstructed wet-dry change curve revealed obvious transition and periodicity in the Mongol–Yuan Period. The transitions occurred in 1230 and 1325. The wet-dry change revealed 10- and 23-year quasi-periods which were consistent with solar cycles, indicating that solar activity had affected the wet-dry conditions of the study region in the Mongol–Yuan Period. The reconstructed results were consistent with two other study results reconstructed from natural evidences, and were similar to another study results from historical documents. All the above results showed that the climate in BSGN was characterized by long-time dry condition with frequent severe drought disasters during 1258 to 1308. Thus, these aspects of climatic changes might have profound impacts on local vegetation and socio-economic system.     

甘肃省近30a来耕地空间动态变化与驱动力分析

通过采用主成分分析法与GM(1,1)模型,分析了近30 a来甘肃省耕地变化的总体趋势、空间差异、耕地复种指数的动态变化与耕地变化驱动力,并对未来耕地变化趋势进行了预测,结果表明:1978年以来,甘肃省耕地面积时增时减,总体呈递减趋势;各市(州)与全省耕地变化相比存在明显空间差异;耕地复种指数呈波动性上升,虽然总体水平在上升,但是耕地复种指数并不高,耕地利用程度有待提高;经济发展水平、人口因素、农业产业结构调整和农业现代化水平是耕地变化的主要驱动力;GM(1,1)预测分析表明在今后一段时间内,在影响因子不变的前提下,耕地面积将持续减少。     

甘肃省县域经济发展水平空间差异评价

运用<省级主体功能区划分技术规程>中经济发展水平指标的计算方法,以GDP增长率和人均GDP计算出甘肃省1998-2007年各县区的经济发展水平,将其划分为经济发展水平高值区域、较高值区域、中值区域、较低值区域和低值区域,并对近10 a来经济发展时空差异分两个阶段进行了评价.结果表明,甘肃省县域经济发展水平的时空差异十分...     

1208-1369年陕甘宁交界地区干湿变化

More than 240 items of historical records containing climatic information were retrieved from official historical books, local chronicles, annals and regional meteorological disaster yearbooks. By using moisture index and flood/drought (F/D) index obtained from the above information, the historical climate change, namely wet-dry conditions in borderland of Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (BSGN, mainly included Ningxialu, Hezhoulu, Gongchanglu, Fengyuanlu and Yan’anlu in the Yuan Dynasty) was studied. The results showed that the climate of the region was generally dry and the ratio between drought and flood disasters was 85/38 during the period of 1208–1369. According to the frequencies of drought-flood disasters, the whole period could be divided into three phases. (1) 1208–1240: drought dominated the phase with occasional flood disasters. (2) 1240–1320: long-time drought disasters and extreme drought events happened frequently. (3) 1320–1369: drought disasters were less severe when flood and drought disasters happened alternately. Besides, the reconstructed wet-dry change curve revealed obvious transition and periodicity in the Mongol-Yuan Period. The transitions occurred in 1230 and 1325. The wet-dry change revealed 10- and 23-year quasi-periods which were consistent with solar cycles, indicating that solar activity had affected the wet-dry conditions of the study region in the Mongol-Yuan Period. The reconstructed results were consistent with two other study results reconstructed from natural evidences, and were similar to another study results from historical documents. All the above results showed that the climate in BSGN was characterized by long-time dry condition with frequent severe drought disasters during 1258 to 1308. Thus, these aspects of climatic changes might have profound impacts on local vegetation and socio-economic system.