中国大陆向东移动

以中科院院士叶叔华为首席科学家的我国科研人员,经研究证实,中国大陆在印度等板块的作用下正向东移动。科学家利用卫星激光测距、全球定位系统等现代空间技术,首次测定以上海为代表的中国东部地壳,相对于欧亚板块稳定部分存在水平移动,速率为每年7～8mm,方向朝东略微偏南。根据实际测量资料,科学家们验证了这样的推断：处于欧亚板块形变地区的上海地区,是在印度板块对青藏高原的挤压作用下,发生向东偏南水平运动的。综合全球资料,这些科学家进一步发现从总体上来说,美洲和亚洲正在缩短距离。我国科技人员的监测结果还表明,上海…     

由GPS网融合得到的中国大陆及周边地区的地壳水平运动

提出将不同GPS网融合为一体的方法，实现中国大陆及周边地区高精度GPS网的融合，获得中国大陆及周边地区ITRF2000水平运动的速度场。在此基础上，得到了中国大陆及周边地区相对于具有整体旋转的欧亚板块的速度场和相对于具有整体旋转和均匀应变的欧亚板块的速度场。分析了中国大陆及周边地区速度场的基本特征，并探讨了该地区水平运动与变形的动力源。     

利用GPS观测到中国大陆地壳水平运动

通过与一般GPS大地测量或工程测量对比，介绍利用GPS观测获取地壳运动信息的方法，包括野外观测及数据处理的方法。通俗地介绍了GPS处理与形变分析中的基本概念，如坐标系统的参考框架、无基准解、相似变换、位移基准、旋转与应变等。暖和 国地壳运动观测网络基本网、基准网1998年与2000年GPS观测结果所获得的中国大陆地壳水平运动信息。简要介绍GPS观测概况，用GAMIT／GLOBK软件对所获得GPS观测数据的处理及精度分析，基准网与基本网各年观测结果得到的网内点位精度，由两期观测得到的水平位移分量的精度。得到的1998年9月初至2000年6月中旬基本网、基准网的地壳运动，包括以位于东部的一级稳定点为基准的各观测站位移、网内各部分的应变及部分地区的旋转量，得到了我国大陆完整而详细的地壳水平运动图像，分析了中国大陆现今地壳运动的主要特征，在所述观测期间，我国东部地区相对较为稳定，相对东部稳定点组，东北块体向北运动；华南块体向东南运动。相对东部地区，新疆西北部地区以北西向运动为主；西南西藏地区以向北运动为主；西藏东部与云南地区形成非常明显的顺时针旋转构造运动。我国中部南北地震带是一强烈而复杂的变形带。GPS测量结果表明印度板块向北挤压是影响我国地壳运动的主要因素。     

中国地壳运动观测网络GPS数据处理进展

中国地壳运动观测网络是我国“九五”重大科学工程之一，以地震预报为主要目的，以GPS（全球卫星定位系统）为主要技术，GPS数据处理是工程取得成果的关键环节，本文介绍了中国地壳运动观测网络数据中心概况与数据处理进展；较为全面地介绍数据中心数据流程，获取地壳运动信息的GPS数据处理方法、软件与处理结果，详细介绍所获取的1998年9月初至1999年11月底基准网地壳运动，包括各基准站位移、风内各部位分的应变及每周计算结果时间序列，在所述观测期间，我国东部地区相对较高产田稳定；相对东部地区，西南部地区以北西向运动为主，而云南地区以向南运动为主，我国中南北地震带则是一强烈的剪切变形带，观测结果表明印度板块向北挤压依然是影响我国地壳运动的主要因素。     

球多面函数的福建地区水平形变特征分析

针对福建省东南沿海GNSS观测较少,缺乏对其地壳水平形变特征研究的问题,提出了在球坐标系下构建多面函数模型,并以此建立了福建省东南沿海地壳水平形变场。分析了现今我国大陆东南缘海西地区地壳运动基本趋势以及福建区域块体内部相对变形特征。实验结果表明,该区域的地壳形变驱主要受到菲律宾海板块与印度板块的联合作用。区域块体刚性运动特征明显,相对运动差异较小。区内分布的一组NE和NW向断裂共同控制了该地区的第四纪地形地貌演变与构造活动。     

太平洋板块俯冲对中国大陆的影响

在中国大陆及周边地区ITRF2000速度场的基础上,建立欧亚板块整体旋转与线性应变运动模型,得到中国大陆及邻区的局部形变场,分析此形变场发现东北块体和华北块体东部地壳存在一致的向西或北西西向运动,平均运动速率东北为2.9 mm/a,华北东部为1.4 mm/a,推测这是太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲的影响。其影响范围仅限于东北和华北块体,影响较大的是120°E以东和40°N以北地区。并分析太平洋板块俯冲对中国大陆影响的表现形式和形成机制。     

利用GPS观测到的中国大陆地壳水平运动

通过与一般GPS大地测量或工程测量对比,介绍利用GPS观测获取地壳运动信息的方法,包括野外观测及数据处理的方法。通俗地介绍了GPS数据处理与形变分析中的基本概念,如坐标系统的参考框架、无基准解、相似变换、位移基准、旋转与应变等。介绍利用中国地壳运动观测网络基本网、基准网1998年与2000年GPS观测结果所获得的中国大陆地壳水平运动信息。简要介绍GPS观测概况、用GAMIT/GLOBK软件对所获得GPS观测数据的处理及精度分析。基准网与基本网各年观测结果得到的网内点位精度,由两期观测得到的水平位移分量的精度。得到的1998年9月初至2000年6月中旬基本网、基准网的地壳运动,包括以位于东部的一组稳定点为基准的各观测站位移、网内各部分的应变及部分地区的旋转量。得到了我国大陆完整而详细的地壳水平运动图像,分析了中国大陆现今地壳运动的主要特征。在所述观测期间,我国东部地区相对较为稳定。相对东部稳定点组,东北块体向北运动;华南块体向东南运动。相对东部地区,新疆西北部地区以北西向运动为主;西南西藏地区以向北运动为主;西藏东部与云南地区形成非常明显的顺时针旋转构造运动。我国中部南北地震带是一强烈而复杂的变形带。GPS测量结果表明印度板块向北挤压是影响我国地壳运动的主要因素。     

基于GPS速度场的中国大陆地壳运动特征研究

根据2007~2009年、2009~2011年、2011~2013年GPS速度场及前3期加权平均后的2007~2013年速度场,分析了中国大陆主要运动地块的活动特征。从整体来看,现今中国大陆地壳运动的驱动力仍来自于印度板块向北的挤压,地壳活动值得关注的区域是断裂、地块间GPS速度场存在大幅差异的区域,主要体现在青藏高原北部,天山地区,鄂尔多斯东、西缘以及川滇菱形地块。     

中国现今板块运动对陆态网基准站稳定性影响

中国大陆板块的整体漂移及其二级板块之间的相互运动必然会对大陆构造环境监测网络中的基准站稳定性造成一定的影响。本文使用最新5年的陆态网连续基准站观测数据计算出各站点的速度,从而分析二级板块的运动趋势;并利用极限误差椭圆法对陆态网中各基准站进行逐个分析,判断其稳定性。结果表明:各板块间的运动速度存在差异,特别是川滇地区板块运动相对活跃;陆态网中稳定性较差的台站大部分是分布在板块与板块的交接处。     

中国地区水平地壳形变模型的建立

我国大陆板块是欧亚大陆板块的重要组成部分,其板块运动剧烈,地质构造复杂,是全球研究板块运动的重要地区。本文通过对各个块体分别建模和解算,得出结论:中国地区除东北块体相对于欧亚板块不动外,其他块体均有不同程度的形变运动,东部形变较小,西部形变较大;华北块体总体上以大约6mm/a的速率向东运动;华南块体以约5~8mm/a的速率向东南方向运动;新疆块体以约10~15mm/a的速率向北东方向运动;西藏块体也向北东方向运动,但运动速率从南到北逐步减少。     

Distribution of vertical crustal movement rates in the Tohoku district, Japan, predicted by least-squares collocation

Least-squares prediction using an empirically deduced local covariance function was performed to investigate the temporal change in the rates of vertical crustal movements in the Tohoku district, Japan. Levelling data covering an area of approximately 450 × 275 km² observed between 1966 and 1995 were used and the results shown in the form of contour maps. Firstly we derived a covariance function of the rates of vertical crustal movement with a Gaussian form function. We used this function to estimate the spatial distribution of the rates of vertical crustal movements. By the present method, a steady tilt of the Tohoku district to the east, toward the Japan Trench and an areal uplift in the southwestern part were well reproduced. Moreover, a significant temporal change in vertical movement rates is clearly seen. Received: 15 July 1996      

用大地测量方法分析三江地区运动态势

本文利用绝对重力测量、重力场、形变和GPS测量资料浅析该地区水平和垂直形变态势。用5′×5′实测资料编绘了布格异常图,编绘了1975～1997年川西垂直形变速率图及多年绝对重力变化图等。经分析研究有以下初步结果：1.重力异常等值线展布形态与构造格局一致,由北向南倾。此外,还发现了一条东西向异常梯级带,估计是一条未被证实的东西向断层,且是一条与构造活动密切相关的断层,应予以关注;2.布格异常等值线的舌状态势反映了川滇菱形断块南南东向楔入的运动状态。另外断层若是水平错断,则在布格异常图上没有梯级带表现;3.研究结果表明,川西地区的垂直形变是以隆升为主的继承性运动,北部山区的隆升速率大,由北向南,垂直形变速率绝对值减小。滇西的垂直形变速率与绝对重力的时间变化率基本呈逆相关。洱源、丽江位于隆升速率大的地区,也是绝对重力变化负值大的点,下关则位于垂直形变速率平缓的零值附近,它的绝对重力变化值也最小。     

REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY IN THE STUDY OF SETTLEMENT ON ALLUVIAL FANS

The authors describe how remote sensing imagery may be employed in the zonation and mapping of the alluvial fans of the Fergana Basin, USSR. Settlement patterns depicted on these maps can then be analyzed by planners and civil defense personnel with a view toward minimizing risks posed by natural hazards endemic to alluvial fans: mudflows and other seismically triggered mass movements. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1987, No. 3, pp. 50-55.     

CONTROLLING A 1:2500 SCALE ORTHOPHOTOMAPPING PROJECT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

Orthophotomaps at 1 : 2500 scale, contoured at 1 m vertical intervals, have been produced for an area of 52 km2 from 1 : 10 000 scale photography especially flown for the project. Planimetric and height information on published Ordnance Survey 1 : 2500 scale maps was used as control for the aerial triangulation on which the orthophotomapping was based.     

Global ionosphere maps based on GNSS,satellite altimetry,radio occultation and DORIS

GPS Solutions - Global ionosphere maps (GIMs) provided by the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) data are essential in ionospheric research as the source of the global vertical total...     

Assessing the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Map Colour for Colour Impairments Using an Eye-tracking Approach

Colour impairments influences access to geographical information which is usually represented by colour maps. Three dimensions of colour: Hue, Saturation and Value (HSV), are intuitive and most critical visual variables in map design. In this paper, we specifically focus on colour deficiency of red-green colour impairments. A controlled experiment was designed and conducted to explore how three colour dimensions (HSV) affect the abilities of people with normal colour vision or with red-green colour impairments to distinguish colours in maps. An eye-tracking approach was applied to quantify the accuracy and response time by capturing user eye movements to analyse the effectiveness and efficiency. In this study, we used one section of the administrative map of Hebei Province to test participant responses to area features. Differences of effectiveness and efficiency across normal colour vision and red-green colour impairments were compared. Multiple comparisons among Hue, Saturation and Value were analysed. Results show that for both normal colour vision and red-green colour impairments, Hue is the most differentiable than Saturation and Value. Saturation and Value are at the same level to be differentiated and more difficult to be distinguished. Guidelines of designing maps for both normal colour vision and red-green colour impairments were derived. The results of this study can be helpful to improve the map designs for colour deficiency.     

Topographic Maps to Support Courses for Visually Impaired Students

Abstract

This short paper describes an inexpensive method for making topographic maps to support visually impaired students. The maps are mainly for courses in geology and ecology, but maps for walking and other recreational purposes have also been produced. The method is not well suited to reproduction of multiple copies, but work is continuing to investigate replication. The paper also considers the choice of materials, scale (including vertical exaggeration) and optimum methods of labelling to meet the needs of both blind and partially sighted students. The project concentrates on making tactile maps affordable, and shows that these can be effective despite using simple tools and techniques from low cost (sometimes free, scrap) material.     

Macro Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping - Case Study from Bodi – Bodimettu Ghats Section,Theni District,Tamil Nadu - India

Landslide is a common natural hazard that usually occurs in mountainous areas. Rapid urban development and high traffic intensity movements have been hampered to a great extent by phenomenon of landslides. In Ghat section, vertical cuttings and steep slopes are induced slope failures. An assessment of landslide hazards is therefore a prerequisite for sustainable development of the hilly region. In the present study, Macro Landslide Hazard Zonation was carried out in the Bodi – Bodimettu ghats section, Western Ghats, Theni district. The slope spreads over an area of about 10.09 sq km encompassing Puliuttu Ar. sub-watershed. The study was made with help of different types of data including Survey of India topographic map, geology map, important inherent factors like lithology, structure, slope morphometry, relative relief, land use/land cover and hydrogeological conditions using Bureau of Indian Standard (BSI 14496 (Part 2):1998) and related thematic maps. Based on the thematic layers, landslide hazard evaluation factor (LHEF) and total estimated hazard (TEHD) were calculated and the macro hazard zonation map was prepared. Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) of the terrain shows that out of 17 facets, facets 1 to 5 and 8 falls under Moderate Hazard zone category and facets 6, 7 and 9 to 17 under the High Hazard zone category. The field study with further analysis for hazard concluded that about 68% of the total area falls in the high hazard zone.     

Geological mapping of Jharia Coalfield,India using GRACE EGM2008 gravity data: a vertical derivative approach

High-resolution satellite gravity data of gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) generated by Earth Gravity Model-2008 (EGM2008) have been utilised for geological mapping of the Jharia coalfield. The generated GRACE EGM2008 classical gravity data have been processed for estimation of gravity anomaly map. The gravity anomaly map has been enhanced using the first and second Vertical Derivatives techniques. Geological and structural maps of the study area have been overlapped over different derivative maps to analyse the correlation with the subsurface geological structures of the study area. Major distinct geological signatures, on different derivative maps, are correlated well with the existing geological map. Moreover, vertical derivative maps of the gravity data generated from GRACE EGM2008 model provide better agreement and understanding for geological setting of the Jharia coalfield.     

Investigating the Effectiveness of an Efficient Label Placement Method Using Eye Movement Data

Abstract

This paper focuses on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of dynamic and interactive maps in relation to the user. A label placement method with an improved algorithmic efficiency is presented. Since this algorithm has an influence on the actual placement of the name labels on the map, it is tested if this efficient algorithms also creates more effective maps: how well is the information processed by the user. We tested 30 participants while they were working on a dynamic and interactive map display. Their task was to locate geographical names on each of the presented maps. Their eye movements were registered together with the time at which a given label was found. The gathered data reveal no difference in the user’s response times, neither in the number and the duration of the fixations between both map designs. The results of this study show that the efficiency of label placement algorithms can be improved without disturbing the user’s cognitive map. Consequently, we created a more efficient map without affecting its effectiveness towards the user.