黑河中游甘州区居民文化类型及其对自然环境的认知

人的行为受文化价值观影响, 辨明居民不同文化类型及影响因素, 探讨不同文化类型居民的自然环境认知特征, 无疑是人地系统中人文因素作用研究的基础性问题.综述了文化人类学中格-群文化理论及其在不同领域的广泛应用; 开发调查问卷并对甘州区进行了实证调查, 初步判定了15个乡镇居民不同文化类型的比例, 分析了年龄、 教育程度、 收入等因素对文化类型的影响, 验证了甘州区各文化类型居民对自然环境认知的特征与理论分析的相符程度.结果表明: 在三类判定准则下, 甘州区居民文化类型有效判定比例分别为总调查样本的30.94%, 30.39%及54.70%, 各种文化类型比例由高到低分别为宿命论者、 等级主义者、 个人主义者与平均主义者.年龄等居民个体特征因素对文化类型的影响符合理论假设, 可初步解释居民不同文化类型的形成.实际调查获得的不同文化类型居民对自然环境的认知特征及偏好, 符合格-群文化理论对各文化类型居民的理论分析假设, 这验证了格-群文化理论在西北干旱区内陆河流域的适用与有效性.在此基础上探讨了关注居民文化类型差异对自然资源管理政策制定和实施的借鉴意义.     

Four cultures: the evolution of a parsimonious model

Cultural theory works with a parsimonious model of four cultural types, each emanating from a specific form of organisation. The four types are identified as attitudes and values that justify the organisation. The hierarchical type, with its ranked levels and symmetrical branchings, depends on the adoption of hierarchical values and the expression of matching judgements. Likewise for the enclavist culture, the individualist culture and that of the isolates. There is no assumption of fixity, on the contrary, the four types are represented in any community, and social life is in permanent tension and flux. This article gives a summary of the early history of the theory. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A political-cultural map of Europe. Family structures and the origins of differences between national political cultures in the European Union

Differences between the national political cultures of the European states are puzzling. They are too often taken for granted or treated as an elusive explanation for residual differences that can not be accounted for in comparative politics. Here they are put at the core of a comparative analysis. This article explores the origins of differences between national political cultures. It deals with national political cultures from the perspective of Cultural Theory or grid-group analysis. A national political culture is conceived as a ‘conversation’ between subcultures associated to national political institutions and practices (and not as an aggregated pattern of individual orientations toward political objects). National political cultures can be characterised on the basis of ideal typical patterns of relations between the basic cultures or rationalities distinguished by Cultural Theory. After an assessment of the differences between the national political cultures of the Member States of the European Union, the paper considers traditional family structures as possible sources of differentiation, elaborating upon the work of the French political historian Emmanuel Todd who has documented the correspondence between the geography of traditional family structures and the geography of ideologies in Europe. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A watershed on the Rhine: Changing approaches to international environmental cooperation

Since the 1950s, the governments of the riparian countries of the Rhine have attempted to protect the ecosystems of the river basin through international cooperation. Before 1987, their relations were unproductive and antagonistic. International programs for the protection of Rhine were far less effective than domestic policies. From 1987 onwards, international cooperation on the protection of the Rhine has been exemplary, and has led the way in domestic and international water protection policies. Many existing frameworks of international relations are not able to offer an adequate account of this wholesale change. In this article, an attempt is undertaken with the help of grid-group theory. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Political culture: a typology grounded on Cultural Theory

Political culture is an attractive concept to characterize the specific preferences regarding politics in different political communities. However, it is a blurred concept because of the confusion between patterns of individual values and collective culture at the one hand, and the disputable separation between orientations and practices at the other hand. This contribution explores the potential of Cultural Theory, also called the Theory of Sociocultural Viability, to analyze political culture. This theory postulates the existence of four viable ways of life, which are patterns of social interactions and rationalizations reinforcing each other. Each way of life offers a partial explanation of reality and therefore reaches out for cultural allies who can compensate for its weakness. Such an alliance, generally between two ways of life, can be quite stable and therefore determines to a large degree the nature and the stability of the political institutions of a country. The political culture of a political community can be characterized by the proportion of adherents of each way of life (its regime), and by the predominant alliance of two ways of life.     

A political cultural map of Europe. A survey approach

The existence of culture is far less contested than the ways in which one can conceptualize, theorize and measure it. Grid-group theory is a typological contribution to the field of political culture. It identifies one dimension of individuality (grid) and one dimension of social incorporation (group). Combined, these dimensions demarcate four omnipresent and interdependent cultures - hierarchy, egalitarianism, individualism and fatalism - each of which interlocks a social pattern with a type of cultural bias. The overall political cultural configuration of a country is determined by the given combination of the four cultures, each of whose size can be measured by the number of adherents. The estimated configurations of twelve European countries are obtained by analyzing two waves of the World Values Study in 1981 and 1990 (N=34,858). The results show that egalitarianism is dominant in the Nordic countries and the Netherlands, whereas fatalism is dominant in Great Britain, Ireland and southern Europe. Further analysis confirms the hypothesized correspondance between egalitarianism and Inglehart's concept of postmaterialism, both of which, in turn, are related to proenvironmental concern. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

地洼学说的理论结构和发展纲领

地洼学说(活化区理论)自1956年诞生以来,经受过35年的实践检验,已发展成为包括五个组成部分和两个衍生学科的理论体系。它的理论结构是以第一个组成部分,即大陆地壳中发生于地台阶段之后,与地槽区不同特征的一种新型活动区—活化区即地洼区概念为内核,保护层为其余的组成部分和衍生学科,即地壳动定转化递进说、递进(地洼)成矿理论、壳体概念和地幔蠕动热能聚散交替假说,以及构造地球化学和成矿构造学。 地洼学说是属于作者建立的“历史—因果论大地构造学”范畴,它的发展纲领应是运用“历史—动力综合分析法”的研究方法,贯彻理论实践并重和切合生产需要的学术路线,采用充实和加固内核以及调整某些保护层的方式,按照自我完善与学百家之长相结合的原则,研究领域包括学说本身的进一步发展和运用它以解决实际问题。 内核的充实和加固包括两个方面;(1)理论方面的研究,例如地洼区的鉴别依据、类型划分、形成时代、分布地区、地壳运动等方面的问题。(2)实用方面的研究,例如运用区域地质、成矿规律及找矿预测、地热、水文地质、地貌、新构造等方面的问题。     

Epistemological possibilities and imperatives of complexity research: a reply to Reitsma

Reitsma (A response to ‘simplifying complexity’. Geoforum 34 (1) (2003) 13), in response to the article ‘Simplifying Complexity’ (Manson, S.M., Simplifying complexity: a review of complexity theory. Geoforum 32 (3) (2001) 405), highlights a number of interesting and important aspects of complexity theory that invite further discussion. In particular, there are three areas of complexity research that are open to deeper exploration: (1) the width and breadth of ‘complexity’ defined as a scientific endeavor; (2) the role of theory relative to practice and their relationship with pattern and process in complex systems; and (3) the need for greater discussion and exploration in order to define the conceptual bounds of complexity theory.     

卫星遥感数据的信息论理解

以信息论的观点，阐述了卫星遥感数据的信息含义，即遥感信息包含了物质信息和场信息两部分。可以简单地认为它是时间、光谱和空间纹理特征的函数，对它的深入理解，促使了遥感信息提取与识别方法的改进与提高；评述了传统的灰度统计模式识别、纹理特征分析以及基于地理信息系统、知识工程和专家系统的遥感图像识别技术，认为信息提取的一个重要方向是发展基于遥感影像理解的专家信息系统；并从信息论角度，指出了有关地质应用的遥感信息内涵、遥感信息时间特征的重要性以及遥感应用预处理的作用。     

Large-scale vulnerability assessments for natural hazards

This article examines the process by which vulnerability analysis takes place at the state level for State Hazard Mitigation Plans, as required by the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. The methods developed by the Center for Hazards Research and Policy Development at the University of Louisville are described, followed by a brief discussion on issues and challenges. A key finding in this article is the need to understand the impact and role of vulnerability analysis on planning and policy-making at the state and local level, as it applies to the investment of funding and resources in hazard mitigation. Recommendations for policy as well as directions in future research are offered in conclusion.     

地洼学说的理论结构和发展纲领

地洼学说(活化区理论)自1956年诞生以来,经受过35年的检验,已发展成为5个组成部分和2个衍生学科的理论体系。它的理论结构是以第一个组成部分,即大陆地壳中发生于地台阶段之后、特征与地槽区不同的一种新型活动区——活化区即地洼区概念为内核。保护层为其余的组成部分和衍生学科,即地壳动定转化递进说。递进(地洼)成矿理论、壳体概念和地幔蠕动热能聚散交替假说,以及构造地球化学和成矿构造学。 地洼学说是属于作者倡议建立的“历史—因果论大地构造学”范畴。它的发展纲领应是运用“历史—动力综合分析法”的研究方法;贯彻理论实践并重和切合生产需要的学术路线;采用充实和加固内核以及调整某些保护层的方式;按照自我完善与学百家之长相结合的原则,研究领域包括学说本身的进一步发展和运用它以解决实际问题。 内核的充实和加固包括两个方面:(1)理论方面的研究,例如地洼区的鉴别依据、类型划分、形成时代、分布地区、地壳运动等方面的问题。(2)实用方面的研究,例如用于区域地质、地貌、新构造、地震等方面的问题。 关于保护层的加强和扩大,主要有如下的工作:(1)地壳动定转化递进说——在理论方面为适用范围的检验,地壳发展按照动定转化规律的原因、超越发展阶段问题、可逆发展问题及哲学思维方法等的?     

The role of consumption and globalization in a cultural industry: The case of flamenco

The rise of cultural industries is in part facilitated by the rise of leisure and entertainment in the advanced industrialized economies. This article explores one such example, taking ‘ethnic’ art, flamenco, and examining the role of consumption in shaping flamenco, both as an art form and as an industry. The global reach of the flamenco industry is assessed by focusing on two major markets, Japan and the United States. It suggests the presence of a geographic paradox in contemporary cultural industries, which, on the one hand, points to the need to retain their place-based identity, and on the other hand, indicates the need for regional cultures to establish links to export markets for their survival. It also shows that contemporary cultural change is not a unilateral process of the global invading the local. Rather, it is a process of consumers interpreting, appropriating, and adopting a cultural commodity in their own terms.     

Fragmenting and isolating neighbourhoods: a way of creating flexible spaces and flexible behaviours?

The paper discusses changes that have occurred in Poznań neighbourhoods over the last decades. All issues discussed in the article are in the context of two kinds of flexibility: flexibility of neighbourhood spaces (city-planning meaning) and flexibility of neighbourhood behaviour (sociological meaning). A flexible neighbourhood space is understood here as one allowing various groups of inhabitants conflict-free and liberal use to pursue their individual lifestyles, but also a possibility of entering collective life. Flexible neighbourhood behaviours are such life strategies which are chosen by an individual without restraints resulting from a strictly developed area, formal commands, or cultural rituals. The aim of the paper is to seek an answer to the question of the extent to which fragmented and isolated neighbourhoods turn into a rigidly defined common territory and the extent to which they are a space allowing flexible behaviour patterns, and what social behaviours can be found in those areas. I examine this issue in two perspectives: city-planning (flexibility of neighbourhood spaces) and sociological (flexibility of neighbourhood behaviour).     

地理空间数据的尺度转换

尺度一般是指空间范围的大小,地理空间数据的尺度转换是尺度研究的重要问题之一。针对地理信息系统(GIS)技术支持下的地理空间数据尺度转换问题,首先回顾了尺度转换的理论基础,即等级理论、分形理论、区域化随机变量理论、地理学第一定律等理论的基本内涵;然后总结了地理学不同研究领域内主要的尺度转换方法,重点分析了重采样法、变异函数法、分形分维法及小波分析法的基本原理、模型方法与典型应用案例;最后介绍了地理空间数据尺度转换效应研究的进展。基于上述总结和分析认为:构建一套无级变换的、系统的尺度转换方法,整合不同学科领域的数据与过程模型、形成数据模型同化的技术体系,这是地理空间数据尺度转换研究的重要课题。     

Stepping from the wreckage: Geography, pragmatism and anti-representational theory

This paper draws out linkages between non-representational theory (NRT) and pragmatism. In doing so it sets NRT in a much wider, historical anti-representational movement. This should add momentum to its progress, and open up the considerable pragmatist and neo-pragmatist heritage as a resource for dealing with questions about methods, politics and ethics that NRT raises. Firstly I outline pragmatism and NRT to ground the discussion. Secondly the convergences between pragmatism, poststructuralism and the later work of Wittgenstein are considered. After that I go through a series of working principles which can underpin what is being termed anti-representational theory. These include; the primacy of life and action, pluralism, materiality/spatiality/temporality/relationality, anti-essentialism, creativity, collectivity, fallibilism, and disorder in method. I conclude by considering anti-representational knowledge production through radical incrementalism underpinned by witness and narrative.     

水洞沟:东西方文化交流的风向标?——兼论华北小石器文化和“石器之路”的假说

水洞沟文化从发现之初便以其所具有的西方旧石器中、晚期特点而引起了学者们的注意,并被后来的很多学者引证为东西方交流的有利证据。但是对于在这一文化现象里所发生的交流模式的探讨依然含糊,或者它不言而喻是一种“西来”的模式。随着对该文化中存在的“勒瓦娄哇石核”技术的揭示,这一观点似乎只会被加强。然而新的研究证据使人们有可能质疑过去的观点,而重新审视水洞沟文化的内涵和意义。文章通过水洞沟文化中“东谷坨石核”的再现,对水洞沟文化在东西方文化交流中的位置提出新的看法,进而探讨华北小石器文化的主导性与传播性,并指出确立旧石器时代早期“华北中心说”和“华北小石器文化自源性”概念的必要性,提出历史时期东西方文化交流中“丝绸之路”的前身应为史前时期即已存在的“石器之路”的假说,认为水洞沟是东西方文化交流与传播的风向标。     

Islam and cultural identity among the Berti of Sudan1

Focusing on the Berti of Sudan, this article assesses the role of Islam and Arabism as important variables in the social construction of cultural identity of the studied people. In line with most relevant recent literature, the author looks at cultural identity as a social construct, a dynamic ideology of shifting borders and a historical process that is grounded on diachronic social formation. The article argues that the present Berti identity is a conscious reflection of their subordinate position vis-à-vis the kingdoms and states which have dominated Sudan over the past few centuries. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Labour-Centred Development in Latin America: Two cases of alternative development

The ‘pink tide’ in Latin America is drawing increasing criticisms from the political left for its inability to confront existing socio-structural inequalities. This article contributes to these debates in two ways. First, as a means of understanding better the development strategies that have been followed by left-leaning governments, it highlights and critiques what it labels Elite Development Theory (EDT) encompassing Washington Consensus and Statist Political Economy. It shows how despite its self-stated objectives – the amelioration of the conditions of the poor and their uplifting – EDT is grounded in elite assumptions about social change: States and corporations are posited as prime-movers in the development process while collective efforts of labouring classes to pursue their own developmental strategies are ignored and/or de-legitimated. Exploitation, oppression and the ideological delegitimation of labouring class collective actions form the core of EDT. The second contribution of this article is to argue for an alternative form of what it terms Labour-Centred Development (LCD). This argument is supported through an examination of the Chilean cordones industriales and Argentinian empresas recuperadas por sus trabajadores (ERT) movements. The article concludes that whilst LCD may be a rarity, its existence offers the basis for alternative development theory and strategy.     

A rigorous solution for the stability of polyhedral rock blocks

Block theory has been widely applied to stability analysis of rock engineering due to its clear concept and elegant geometrical theory. For a general block with multiple discontinuity planes, it is assumed that contact is only maintained on a single plane (single-plane sliding) or two intersecting planes (double-plane sliding) in block theory analysis. Since the normal forces and shear resistances acting on the other discontinuity planes are omitted, it can cause unreasonable estimations of block failure modes and incorrect calculation of factors of safety. In this study, a new method is presented that permits to consider the contribution of the normal forces and shear resistances acting on each discontinuity plane to the block stability. The proposed method meets all of the force-equilibrium and moment-equilibrium conditions and provides a rigorous solution for stability of general blocks with any number of faces and any shape. Some typical polyhedral blocks in rock slopes are analyzed using block theory and the proposed method. The results indicate that the traditional block theory may give a misleading conclusion for the predictions of stability and sliding direction of rock blocks when contact occurs on more than two discontinuity planes.     

对库仑土压力理论的若干修正

库仑土压力理论至今仍是计算土压力的重要方法而被人们所熟知。通过分析库仑土压力的墙后土楔体的受力特点,特别是深入研究了土楔体与墙的作用力关系,对库仑土压力理论给出了一些修正。认为土楔体和挡土墙之间的作用力（即定义的土压力）,并非一定要达到极限状态,所以不能确定土压力的作用方向,但土压力的作用方向必须在其允许的角度范围之内。所以,认为库仑主动土压力为作用方向角度变化范围内的最大值,库仑被动土压力为作用方向角度变化范围内的最小值。对于墙后土楔体,认为墙体和土楔体是两个不同物体,土楔体的形成是因为土中产生潜在破裂面,而原库仑土压力理论要求墙体与土之间也达到临界状态是不必要的。墙体对土楔体的作用力（即土压力）实质就是相当于一物（墙）施加于另一物（土楔体）的力,即使土楔体滑动了,两物之间也并非要滑动。推导了主动土压力计算公式,给出了被动土压力的近似计算方案。算例证明,计算结果与原库仑理论有明显不同。该研究对库仑土压力的修正和求解值得引起重视。