垂向二维非恒定流及悬浮物分布模型研究

采用σ坐标变换拟合复杂边界、VOF方法追踪自由水面变化和SIMPLE算法求解控制方程等建立垂向二维非恒定水流及悬浮物分布数学模型。该模型适用于变量在横向上分布基本均匀的水流流动特性及悬浮物扩散迁移过程的模拟,与刚盖假定或静水压强假定等条件下建立的垂向二维数学模型相比更符合实际情况。分别对概化水库水流结构的沿程变化、明渠均匀流及带有槽沟的明渠非均匀流及悬浮物浓度分布进行了模拟,计算结果与实测值符合良好。模型的应用可为河道或水库的洪水调度、水污染控制、取水工程优化等提供参考。     

基于溶质运移模拟的某化工场地污染物对拟建水库污染风险预测

溶质运移模拟是污染风险预测的一种有效手段。本研究为查明研究区内某有机污染场地作为污染源对拟建水库的影响,基于对区内流场的精确测量,建立了准确的地下水流模型和化工厂泄露有机污染物的溶质运移模型,预测分析了研究区拟建水库修建前、后地下水流场及污染物迁移情形的变化。模拟结果表明：水库和周边两种设计水头的截渗沟建成后,改变了自然条件下的流场,形成水库向截渗沟排泄、截渗沟向周边排泄以及水库和周边区域均向截渗沟排泄两种地下水流场。某些污染羽扩散范围虽比自然条件下有所增大,但向水库方向的扩散均未超出300 m,不会对水库水质构成污染风险。     

沐官岛水库蓄水初期盐分运移数值模拟

沐官岛水库是一个拟建的河口海湾水库,库底为富含咸水的潮滩沉积物。这一特殊的地质及水环境条件直接关系到水库未来的水质安全和正常的调度运行,所以必须准确地确定水库水体中盐分空间分布这一关键问题。本文依据现场调查、钻探及室内实验资料,通过垂直方向线性插值技术,建立了沐官岛水库蓄水初期盐分运移准三维模型,模拟了水库蓄水初期在内源盐分释放影响下,库水盐分的演化过程。结果表明:若遇平水年开始蓄水,当蓄水至1.5m时,该层含盐量在平面上的变化范围主要在0.30~1.30g/L之间;当蓄水至4.5m时,该层含盐量在平面上的变化范围主要在0.30~1.55g/L。     

河流型水库垂向二维水沙数学模型

在垂向二维水动力模型的基础上,叠加了泥沙模型,建立了垂向二维泥沙模型,该模型的主要特点是水动力模型采用斜压模式,可以模拟由于水库水温度分布时空变化对其水动力结构及泥沙沉降速度的影响;泥沙模型采用分步法求解,简化了计算;独立求解粘性泥沙及非粘性泥沙的沉降速度及水土界面交换通量;运用经验公式估算泥沙及水动力模型参数,弥补了资料不足的缺点。最后运用实测资料对所建泥沙模型进行了有效性验证,结果表明:悬沙模拟值与实测值相对误差较小,时空分布特征相似;同时,模型能较为准确反映由于水库出入流引起的库首与库尾水温及泥沙分布特征。     

蒲石河抽水蓄能电站上库三维渗流数值模拟

根据蒲石河抽水蓄能电站上库的地质及水文地质条件,建立了裂隙岩体三维渗流数值模拟模型,计算分析了水库-岩体系统地下水运动规律及各种运行工况下的上库渗漏量和渗流场的分布特征。将模拟计算区地下水流系统概化为非均质各向异性三维稳定地下水流系统,综合利用压水试验得到的平均渗透系数值和统计学方法得到的渗透张量方向,获得裂隙岩体的渗透系数张量。数值模拟结果表明,正常蓄水位运行工况下,整个库区均未进行防渗处理时,上库总渗漏量为5832.92m3/d,防渗后渗漏量减少了3571.27m3/d。     

基于三维渗流模拟的坝基渗漏和渗透稳定分析——以哇沿水库为例

水库坝基渗漏不但损失水库蓄水量,更重要的会引起大坝渗透变形失去稳定。应用三维地下水流数值模拟计算坝基渗漏量和分析渗透稳定,较好地解决了周边与底面边界的不规则问题和垂向上地层的非均质问题,提高了计算精度。以青海省哇沿水库为例,在充分分析水库坝基水文地质条件的基础上,建立了坝基渗漏三维地下水流数值模型,模拟了设置不同深度防渗墙时的渗漏量和坝后出溢段水力坡度。评价了大坝的渗透稳定性,为防止哇沿水库发生渗透变形,设置防渗墙深度应大于50m。当防渗墙深度为50m时,水库渗漏量为12 012m~3/d。     

方腔回流区水流运动特性三维数值分析

建立了一个三维水动力学模型,对方腔回流区水流运动特性进行了模拟分析。数学模型以三维浅水环流方程为基础,在垂向空间引入σ坐标变换,采用高分辨率半隐有限元离散格式。计算结果与解析解及水槽试验数据吻合良好。应用该模型对方腔回流区的水流运动特性进行了计算分析,进一步揭示了方腔回流运动的非定常非对称不封闭特性、流动结构表现为竖轴环流与立面环流相叠加、流速沿垂线分布相对均匀等流动规律。     

岩溶区地下水数值模拟研究进展

岩溶含水介质的不均一性导致岩溶地下水流动、溶质运移和热量迁移的数学模拟研究成为地下水模拟的难点。本文综述了岩溶区地下水流模拟的几种方法,重点阐述了等效多孔介质法、双重连续介质法和三重介质法的定义、发展过程和适用范围,并回顾了这几种方法的研究成果。从等效多孔介质法到三重介质法,模拟精度不断提高,适用范围也逐渐由大区域实际问题向小区域理论研究过渡。介绍了溶质运移模拟和热迁移模拟的研究方法及实例。溶质运移模拟以对流弥散方程为基础,其中尺度效应是溶质运移模拟的重点研究问题;热量迁移模拟应考虑地下热水密度变化对地下热水运动的影响。溶质运移模拟和热量迁移模拟往往是将迁移模型和已经调试成功的地下水流动模型相耦合,从而达到模拟溶质及热量迁移的目的。由于溶质运移和热量迁移的复杂性,现阶段水流模型多数处于等效多孔介质模型阶段。综合理论及实际应用,指出精确刻画裂隙及管道和注重基础数学算法是岩溶水数值模拟进步的关键。      

水库设计的三维可视化研究

为了提高水库设计的自动化水平,实现模型的三维可视化,本文研究了三维地形的建模方法及其在水库设计中的应用。采用了地性特征点和地性线参与三维建模的方法,提高了数字高程模型DEM的地形逼真度。在此基础上通过一种综合了水平线和覆盖消隐算法的合成消隐算法实现了彻底的消隐以及图像的快速生成。通过三维水库模型,不仅可以得到水库的容量、库水的淹没边界和淹没面积,而且还可以生成地形剖面图。如果地形剖面图与地质图、水文图、构造图等进行叠加,可以形成综合剖面图。文章最后采用三维可视化方法模拟了某水库的部分设计工作,结果表明,通过水库的三维地形模型可以简单直观的完成坝址的选择、水库容量以及蓄水的水位线的确定等方面的工作。     

黄河中游对硝基氯苯传输迁移转化模拟

进行了对硝基氯苯在黄河中游天然河道中的输送、迁移和转化的水质模拟研究。重点研究了大量泥沙对对硝基氯苯运动和归宿的影响及水质模型的率定和检验方法。模拟了在点源输入下,不同水情期,泥沙不同冲、淤格局的对硝基氯苯的输移。该水质模型由三个子模型构成,除了描述水流运动的水动力学模型外,还有描述河中可溶性有机碳沿程变化和对硝基氯苯在泥沙中的分配及其光解、挥发作用的子模型。     

Processes controlling the retention and release of manganese in the organic-rich catchment of Loch Bradan,SW Scotland

Loch Bradan, a drinking water reservoir in SW Scotland, frequently exhibits unacceptably high dissolved Mn concentrations. Both the surrounding catchment and the loch sediments are potential sources of Mn to the loch water. This study focused on the catchment soils, which are peaty, and found that redox cycling was an important process with respect to retention of Mn in the top sections (0–15 cm). Under more reducing conditions, reduction to Mn(II) and subsequent complexation by humic substances was observed at greater depth in some soil profiles. Complexation by humic substances is important because lateral water flow can remove soluble complexes and indeed this study observed that about 50% of Mn was humic-complexed in the stream waters feeding into the loch. It was particularly evident that the soil profile with the lowest Mn inventory exhibited the greatest extent of humification and that the remaining Mn was predominantly in a non-easily reducible form.     

Evaluation of the processes affecting vertical water chemistry in an alluvial aquifer of Mankyeong Watershed, Korea, using multivariate statistical analyses

Vertical variations of redox chemistry and groundwater quality were investigated in an alluvial aquifer beneath an agricultural area, in which deep groundwaters are free of NO₃, Fe, and Mn problems that are frequently encountered during the development of alluvial groundwaters. This study was performed to identify and evaluate vertical chemical processes attenuating these chemical species in the study area. For this study, the processes affecting groundwater chemistry were identified by factor analysis (FA) and the groundwater samples collected from six multilevel samplers were hierarchically classified into three different redox zones by cluster analysis (CA) based on the similarity of geochemical features. FA results indicated three major factors affecting the overall water chemistry: agricultural activities (factor 1), redox reactions (factor 2), and remnant seawater (factor 3). The groundwater quality in the study area was revealed to be controlled by a series of different redox reactions, resulting in different redox zones as a function of depth. It was also revealed that the low Fe and Mn levels in the groundwater of the deeper part are associated with sulfate reduction, which led to precipitation of Fe as iron sulfide and adsorption of Mn on it.     

利用碳酸盐岩的Fe/Mn比值恢复海洋的氧化还原状态

碳酸盐岩的Fe/Mn元素比值,作为一项新的地球化学指标,可以用于恢复海洋的氧化还原状态.在氧化条件下,Fe³⁺和Mn⁴⁺均不可溶,因此氧化海水中的溶解Fe和Mn的含量均很低.Fe³⁺和Mn⁴⁺在还原条件下可以被细菌还原为可溶的Fe²⁺和Mn²⁺,而氧化还原电位的计算表明,Mn⁴⁺的还原要早于Fe³⁺的还原,因此细菌的Mn还原过程发生在沉积物的更浅层.可溶的Fe²⁺和Mn²⁺向上扩散到海水中,替代碳酸盐岩晶格里的Ca²⁺,因此碳酸盐岩晶格中的Fe²⁺和Mn²⁺的含量受控于来自沉积物孔隙水的扩散,而后者又与水岩界面的氧化还原状态相关.因此可以预测,随着海水变得逐渐缺氧,碳酸盐岩中的Fe/Mn比值会逐渐增高.为了验证这一假说,我们分析了中元古代高于庄组白云岩的Fe/Mn比值.研究发现,几乎所有的样品的Fe/Mn比值介于20～30之间,显著高于泥盆纪末期深水碳酸盐岩和浅水台地碳酸盐岩的Fe/Mn比值.高于庄组碳酸盐岩高的Fe/Mn比值一方面可能指示了中元古代低的大气氧气浓度和海洋的广泛缺氧,也可能反映了白云岩形成于缺氧的沉积物空隙水里.     

石家庄地区浅层地下水铁锰分布特征及影响因素分析

铁锰离子作为石家庄地区浅层超Ⅲ类地下水的主要贡献指标,严重威胁着当地供水水质安全及居民身体健康。本文在资料收集和水文地质调查的基础上,通过对138组地下水水样的采集和分析,研究了地下水中铁锰的空间分布特征,考虑水文地质条件差异和地下水开采、地表污染输入等人为因素,分析铁锰分布成因,并进行多元回归建立了影响因子和铁锰问题之间的数理关系,确定了区内铁锰分布的主控因素。结果表明:研究区Fe、Mn质量浓度平均值分别为0.2和0.04 mg/L,超Ⅲ类水样点分别占总水样点的15.2%、5.8%。其低值点主要分布在冲洪积扇顶部单元、地下水降落漏斗区域,主要受地下水开采影响,超采区易形成氧化环境使低价铁锰被氧化成高价难溶铁锰化合物,导致了铁锰浓度降低。铁锰中值点主要分布于冲洪积扇中部单元,中部单元岩性变细、水力梯度变小、易形成还原环境是导致铁锰集中在中部单元的天然优势。高值点呈点状或带状分布于石家庄市区北部、正定县、灵寿县南部等局部地区,主要由地表污染输入所贡献,污染物输入导致了氧化还原和酸碱环境的改变,促进了铁锰的还原溶解,造成铁锰浓度的升高。     

长江口氧化还原敏感元素的早期成岩过程

通过测试长江口沉积物及间隙水中Fe、Mn、U及Mo的含量,结合早期成岩模型及地球化学热力学分析,探讨了在河口环境中影响间隙水氧化还原敏感元素(Fe、Mn、U及Mo)分布的主要因素.根据Fick第一定律,估算了Fe、Mn、U及Mo在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量.结果表明,间隙水Fe、Mn、U及Mo的含量分别介于0.8~106μmol/L、14.8~258μmol/L、1.9~14.4nmol/L及60~546nmol/L之间.在垂直剖面上,间隙水Fe、Mn峰值分别出现在约5cm或10cm的深度.早期成岩过程是影响长江口沉积物间隙水Fe、Mn分布的主要因素.吸附系数对间隙水Fe、Mn的分布也有重要的影响.吸附系数越高,间隙水Fe、Mn浓度越低.影响间隙水U分布的主要因素为Fe,而Mo与Fe、Mn之间不存在相关性.通量计算结果显示Fe、Mn、U及Mo的扩散通量分别介于3.0~10.5μmol·(m2·d)-1、35.7~439.5μmol·(m2·d)-1、-2.3~0.2nmol·(m2·d)-1及-36.0~94.6nmol·(m2·d)-1之间.沉积物中自生铀组分约占总铀的6%~67%.      

Diagenetic cycling of trace elements in the bottom sediments of the Swan River Estuary,Western Australia

Teflon strips were used in-situ in the bottom sediments at two sites in the Swan River Estuary to collect diagenetic Fe–Mn oxyhydroxides and monitor monthly changes in their morphology and trace element geochemistry. This study demonstrates that substantial concentrations of trace elements accumulate at the redox front during the formation of diagenetic Fe–Mn oxyhydroxides. It is likely that the Fe–Mn oxyhydroxides initially nucleate and grow on the Teflon strips via bacterial activity. Trace element geochemistry of the diagenetic Fe–Mn oxyhydroxides is influenced by changes in the supply of trace elements from either the bottom sediments and/or water column or changes in the physico-chemical status of bottom and porewaters. If sufficient diagenetic Fe–Mn oxyhydroxides are preserved in the upper layer(s) of the bottom sediment it is possible that diagenetic (secondary) trace element enrichment profiles may be produced which modify the historical input of natural or anthropogenic trace element sources. Alternatively, partial or complete dissolution of the diagenetic Fe–Mn oxyhydroxides in response to temporal changes in the redox status of the bottom sediment may lead to a substantial underestimate of trace element fluxes in historical bottom sediment profiles. This study highlights that considerable care must be taken when interpreting short- to long-term geochemical profiles in bottom sediments due to the possible occurrence of rapid, seasonally mediated diagenetic processes.     

综合指数法在石佛寺库区地下水水质评价中的应用

为更好的维护与管理石佛寺水库地下水资源,运用综合指数法,分别在枯水期与丰水期对其地下水水质进行现状评价.评价结果显示,地下水水质较差,主要由铁、锰超标引起.应该合理控制石佛寺库水水质与辽河入库水质对维护其地下水资源具有及其重要的意义.     

Deciphering As and Cu cycling in sediment pore waters in a large marina (Port Camargue,southern France) using a multi-tracer (Fe,Mn, U,Mo) approach

The sediments of the Port Camargue marina (South of France) are highly polluted by Cu and As (Briant et al., 2013). The dynamics of these pollutants in pore waters was investigated using redox tracers (sulfides, Fe, Mn, U, Mo) to better constrain the redox conditions.In summer, pore water profiles showed a steep redox gradient in the top 24 cm with the reduction of Fe and Mn oxy-hydroxides at the sediment water interface (SWI) and of sulfate immediately below. Below a depth of 24 cm, the Fe, Mn, Mo and U profiles in pore waters reflected Fe and Mn reducing conditions and, unlike in the overlying levels, sulfidic conditions were not observed. This unusual redox zonation was attributed to the occurrence of two distinct sediment layers: an upper layer comprising muddy organic-rich sediments underlain by a layer of relatively sandy and organic-poor sediments. The sandy sediments were in place before the building of the marina, whereas the muddy layer was deposited later. In the muddy layer, large quantities of Fe and Mo were removed in summer linked to the formation of insoluble sulfide phases. Mn, which can adsorb on Fe-sulfides or precipitate with carbonates, was also removed from pore waters. Uranium was removed probably through reduction and adsorption onto particles. In winter, in the absence of detectable pore water sulfides, removal of Mo was moderate compared to summer.Cu was released into solution at the sediment water interface but was efficiently trapped by the muddy layer, probably by precipitation with sulfides. Due to efficient trapping, today the Cu sediment profile reflects the increase in its use as a biocide in antifouling paints over the last 40 years.In the sandy layer, Fe, Mn, Mo and As were released into solution and diffused toward the top of the profile. They precipitated at the boundary between the muddy and sandy layers. This precipitation accounts for the high (75 μg g⁻¹) As concentrations measured in the sediments at a depth of 24 cm.     

A comparative study of iron and manganese diagenesis in continental slope and deep sea basin sediments off Uruguay (SW Atlantic)

Pore water and solid phase from surface sediments of the continental slope off Uruguay and from the Argentine Basin (southwestern Atlantic) were investigated geochemically to ascribe characteristic early diagenetic reactions of iron and manganese. Solid-phase iron speciation was determined by extractions as well as by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Both methods showed good agreement ( <6% deviation) for total-Fe speciation. The proportion of easy reducible iron oxyhydroxide relative to total-Fe oxides decreased from the continental slope to the deep sea which is attributed to an increase in crystallinity during transport as well as to a general decrease of iron mobilization. The product of iron reoxidation is Fe oxyhydroxide which made up less than 5% of total Fe. In addition to this fraction, a proportion of smectite bound iron was found to be redox reactive. This fraction made up to 10% of total Fe in sediments of the Argentine Basin and was quantitatively extracted by 1?N HCl. The redox reactive Fe(+II) fraction of smectite was almost completely reoxidized within 24?h under air atmosphere and may therefore considerably contribute to iron redox cycling if bioturbation occurs. In the case of the slope sediments we found concurrent iron and manganese release to pore water. It is not clear whether this is caused by dissimilatory iron and manganese reduction at the same depth or dissimilatory iron reduction alone inducing Mn(+IV) reduction by (abiotic) reaction with released Fe²⁺. The Argentine Basin sediment showed a significant manganese solid-phase enrichment above the denitrification depth despite the absence of a distinct pore-water gradient of Mn. This implies a recent termination of manganese mobilization and thus a non-steady-state situation with respect to sedimentation or to organic carbon burial rate.