抗滑桩加固边坡三维数值分析中的几个问题

就当前抗滑桩加固边坡三维数值分析中存在的几个问题,开展了有针对性的研究。利用考虑桩-土-边坡相互作用的强度折减有限元程序,结合典型边坡算例,深入探讨了抗滑桩-边坡体系的计算模型尺度、设桩位置、桩间距（S）与桩径（D）之比（S/D）、桩长与桩底接触模式等因素对边坡稳定安全系数及临界滑动面的影响,以及不同桩头约束下抗滑桩内力分布等。研究表明,单桩取半、单桩、双桩取半、双桩、单桩加双桩取半5种尺度计算模型所得边坡的安全系数并无差异,模型尺度为0.5S时的计算工作量最小;抗滑桩加固于边坡中部可获得最大的安全系数,坡顶或坡脚处安全系数略高于无桩状态,总体上其安全系数与设桩位置的变化曲线近似为一抛物曲线;边坡安全系数随S/D的增加而减小,其最优的比值宜为S/D =2～6,此时桩间存在土拱效应;均质土坡中抗滑桩锚固深度宜为2/5桩长;其结果可为抗滑桩工程设计及规范修订提供参考。     

考虑桩间土体抗滑作用的单排抗滑桩受力计算方法

为了充分考虑桩间距范围内滑体对抗滑桩受力的影响,从单排抗滑桩加固边坡的整体稳定角度出发,在采用传递系数法分析指定设计安全系数情况下抗滑桩的内力时,提出对一个桩间距范围内的加固坡体进行整体分析,将抗滑桩所在部位单独划分条块,该条块包括桩体受荷段及其两侧桩间距范围内的滑体。推导了与此分析模型相应的桩体受荷段底端内力计算公式,并给出了在滑坡推力线性分布条件下作用于受荷段的净滑坡推力计算表达式。分析结果显示,在不考虑与完全考虑受荷段两侧桩间距范围内滑体抗力作用时,得到是桩体内力及位移的上、下边界值。实例分析进一步表明,理论分析与数值模拟结果具有良好的一致性。所提出的方法比传统方法更有利于抗滑桩设计的经济性。     

抗滑桩加固斜坡软弱地基路堤的数值模拟

在路堤荷载作用下,斜坡软弱地基易产生侧向变形过大、滑塌失稳等病害。路堤下坡脚处采用钢筋混凝土抗滑桩,以有效限制地基侧向变形,是斜坡软弱地基路堤的核心设计原则。采用三维快速拉格朗日有限差分法,经与室内土工离心模型试验成果对比、校核,建立抗滑桩加固斜坡软弱地基路堤的精细化数值分析模型,研究抗滑桩桩距、桩长、桩身弹性模量、桩身横截面尺寸及桩位等设计参数对其内力、变位的影响。研究表明：下坡脚处实施抗滑桩可显著约束斜坡软弱地基侧向变形;需综合考虑桩身受力、经济性、施工等因素确定合理的桩距;桩长应深入滑移面以下,但随着桩长的增长,加固效果增长不明显;随着桩身弹性模量、桩身横截面尺寸的增加,抗滑桩的加固效果得到一定提高;抗滑桩宜设置在下坡侧路堤边坡的中部。     

地震作用下抗滑桩—预应力锚索框架组合结构受力机制

为了解抗滑桩—预应力锚索框架组合结构在地震作用下的受力机制,基于四川省东北部某滑坡治理工程,采用MIDAS/GTS有限元程序建立抗滑桩—预应力锚索框架数值模型,利用位移时程曲线法对加固边坡进行稳定安全系数计算,而后输入不同峰值地震加速度（peak ground accelerations,PGA）的Wolong地震波,分析了加固边坡的加速度响应、桩锚结构内力变化以及荷载分担规律.研究结果表明,加固边坡的稳定安全系数满足规范要求,在地震作用下其上部存在潜在浅层滑面,中部和下部存在潜在深层滑面,与静力条件下加固边坡的潜在滑面分布不同,这是加速度高程放大效应所致;随着输入地震波PGA增大,加速度高程放大效应明显加强,且抗滑桩桩身弯矩和剪力增大,但其最大值出现位置不变,桩身正、负弯矩最大值分别位于距桩顶约0.7L和0.4L处,最大正、负剪力分别位于距桩顶约0.9L和0.7L处,实际工程中需注意防范抗滑桩在滑面附近发生破坏;同时随着输入地震波PGA增大,桩锚承担的荷载逐渐增大,但抗滑桩分担的下滑力比例增大,而锚索分担的下滑力比例减小,故实际工程设计中不应固定桩锚荷载分担比例.      

Progressive failure behavior of pile-reinforced clay slopes under surface load conditions

Stabilizing piles are widely used to improve stability level of slopes to avoid landslides. In this paper, the full failure process of clay slopes reinforced using stabilizing piles was produced using serialized centrifuge model tests under surface loading conditions. The strength of pile material and the pile location closer to the slope top were both indicated to have a positive influence on the limit bearing capacity of the reinforced slope on the basis of test observations. The displacement field over the reinforced slope was measured during loading and used to capture a significant progressive failure caused by the surface loading. Local failure started near the inner edge of the load plate and expanded in a downward direction to produce a final slip surface. The pile exhibited a bending failure coupled with the progressive failure of the slope. The failure mechanism could be illustrated with the deformation localization in the slope that developed prior to the slip surface. The surface load exhibited a significant spreading behavior within the slope according to the displacement distribution of the slope.     

单排与三排微型抗滑桩大型模型试验研究

为了得到土质边坡中微型抗滑桩的破坏机制及边坡的破坏模式,通过3组大型物理模型试验对单排与三排微型抗滑桩加固黏性土边坡进行了研究。在加载过程中进行了位移和桩体应变的测量,最后进行开挖观察桩体破坏形态。试验结果表明,三排微型桩具有良好的抗滑效果,其承载力较单排桩提高了51.5%,且允许滑体产生较大位移,有效延缓坡体垮塌,适用于应急抢修工程。边坡会在加桩位置向前产生弧形次生滑面,并与预设滑面贯通;对于三排桩,第3排桩前出现桩土脱空区,坡面产生纵向劈裂缝。桩体变形呈S形,发生弯曲变形引起张拉与压剪破坏,而不是岩质边坡中滑面处的受剪断裂破坏。桩身所受最大弯矩分布于滑面以上,对于三排桩,第1排所受弯矩最大,第3排其次,第2排最小。其研究结果对了解微型桩的抗滑和破坏机制具有参考意义。     

抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性影响因素的参数分析

抗滑桩加固是滑坡治理的常用方法。本文采用强度折减有限元法分析了影响抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性的若干因素,计算了边坡抗滑桩在坡顶分级堆载过程中的桩身弯矩、剪力、位移和边坡安全系数,揭示了桩位、桩长等因素对抗滑桩加固边坡稳定状态的影响规律,获得了最优桩位及临界桩长等抗滑桩优化设计要素,为排桩的优化设计提供参考依据。并对抗滑桩在坡顶分级堆载下的桩身受力、变形特性及规律进行了分析。发现桩头水平位移在坡顶分级堆载下以指数函数形式发展,并建立了变形预测数学模型,为桩身变形控制提供了参考依据。     

考虑边坡内孔隙水压力效应的抗滑桩简化分析方法

将塑性极限分析上限定理与抗剪强度折减技术相结合,建立了考虑孔隙水压力效应的抗滑桩加固土坡的极限平衡状态方程,采用数学优化方法求解桩侧极限有效土压力及相应的潜在破坏模式,其中水对边坡的影响作用通过虚功方程来体现,将孔隙水压力当作外力荷载做功,进一步地,基于获得的桩侧无量纲极限有效土压力,建立了抗滑桩的挠曲微分方程,采用有限差分法求解桩身的反应。在此基础上,针对典型算例边坡进行变动参数计算与对比分析,探讨了孔隙水压力对抗滑桩加固力与最优加固位置的影响。     

A calculation method for the embedded depth of stabilizing piles in reinforced slopes

Embedded stabilizing piles are a significant optimization measure for traditional piles used to reinforce slopes or landslides. The determination of the embedded depth of the pile top is essential for engineering design. On the basis of the potential overtop-sliding failure mechanism for a piled slope, the corresponding overall slip surface is assumed to consist of the upper part from the original slip surface of the landslide, and the lower part occurs in the local slide mass upslope of the piles. The imbalanced thrust force method is used to determine the thrust force of the upper slide mass, and a variational calculus method within the framework of limit equilibrium for the lower slide mass is provided to calculate its limit resistance. According to the equilibrium relationship between the thrust force and the limit resistance under a design factor of safety of the piled slope, a closed-form solution to the piled-slope stability is specifically derived. It can quantitatively exhibit the influences of some important factors, including the embedded depth on the factor of safety and the corresponding slip surface of the slope. The analysis results of some practical examples show that the factor of safety decreases nonlinearly as the embedded depth increases. The proposed method can be applied in practical engineering.     

基于复合抗滑桩模型加固边坡稳定性分析

数值分析方法能够同时考虑抗滑桩的受力行为及加固边坡稳定性,是研究抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性的重要手段。但在数值模拟计算中,尚未形成一种建模易、精度高和计算快的抗滑桩数值模拟模型。因此,提出一种复合单元抗滑桩模型,基于该模型系统研究抗滑桩顶部自由和固定约束条件下,不同桩位、间距等设计参数对抗滑桩加固边坡效果的影响以及抗滑桩潜在失效模式,研究结果表明,复合单元抗滑桩模型可以真实地模拟桩的力学性能,计算精度高且计算结果不受单元网格疏密的影响。抗滑桩布置在边坡中部时,加固边坡安全系数最大,越靠近边坡两端,加固边坡安全系数越小。当桩间距S≤3D时,边坡潜在滑面被分为两个独立部分,桩间土形成明显应力拱,当桩间距S≥4D时,桩间中心土体塑性剪切带完全贯通,桩间土体形成反向应力拱。桩顶自由和固定约束时,抗滑桩分别布置在边坡中部(Lx/L=0.5)和边坡中下部(Lx/L=0.3)时,抗滑桩易发生弯曲破坏。研究结果对抗滑桩加固边坡工程设计具有指导意义。     

Optimal location of piles in slope stabilization by limit analysis

Many studies have been conducted to establish the optimal location of a row of piles to reinforce and stabilize slopes. However, the results obtained are very different, and in some cases even inconsistent and contradictory. The factor of safety of piled slopes is determined by the magnitude of resistive forces exerted by the piles on the slope. At the same time, the maximum retaining forces provided by the piles are also affected by the pile position. In this paper, the problem of the optimal location of piles used to stabilize slopes is analyzed using a combination of limit slope stability analysis and the theory of Ito and Matsui (Soils Found 15:43?C59, 8) to calculate limit lateral loads on piles. Using an illustrative example slope, some of the issues including the most effective position, the most suitable position, and the position with the largest safety factor are discussed. The results show that the most effective pile position, the most suitable pile position, and pile position where the factor of safety can take maximum value are different from each other for a given slope.     

An approximate analysis procedure for piled raft foundations

A piled raft foundation comprises both piles and a pile cap that itself transmits load directly to the ground. The aim of such a foundation is to reduce the number of piles compared with a more conventional piled foundation where the bearing effect of the pile cap, or raft, is ignored. This paper describes a ‘hybrid’ approach for the analysis of piled raft foundations, based on a load transfer treatment of individual piles, together with elastic interaction between different piles and with the raft. The numerical analysis is used to evaluate a simple approximate method of estimating the overall response of the foundation from the response of the component parts. The method leads to estimates of the overall foundation stiffness, the proportion of load carried by the pile group and the raft, and an initial assessment of differential settlements. Parametric studies are presented showing the effect of factors such as raft stiffness and pile spacing, length and stiffness, and a worked example is included demonstrating the accuracy of the approximate design approach.     

门架式抗滑桩设计参数优化与桩体变形分析

近年来,因门架式抗滑桩具有较高的能效比,可以更为经济地实现有效加固,因而在大型滑坡地质灾害的治理中被广泛使用。门架式抗滑桩的设计参数选取是实际工程中的难点,因此本文采用数值模拟的方法对其设计参数的选取进行了优化研究。首先,对门架式抗滑桩的加固机理进行了阐述,详细分析了桩土的耦合作用。然后,基于加固后边坡稳定性的变化以及潜在滑移面的形态演变,对桩的设计参数进行了优化分析。在此基础上考虑到门架式抗滑桩的显著特点是在联系梁作用下桩体结构的受力协调,本文重点量化分析了分级堆载情况下门架式抗滑桩体结构的受力协调性,特别是利用荷载分担比来量化分析前后排桩的受力协调性,根据其在不同设计参数下的变化规律,得出桩体最佳桩间距和桩排距范围分别是3D~5D和3D~4D(D为桩径);最后,建立了最佳桩体设计参数条件下桩顶位移与堆载之间关系的指数函数方程。这一研究将为门式抗滑桩的设计与变形控制提供理论依据。     

门架式抗滑桩设计参数优化与桩体变形分析

近年来,因门架式抗滑桩具有较高的能效比,可以更为经济地实现有效加固,因而在大型滑坡地质灾害的治理中被广泛使用。门架式抗滑桩的设计参数选取是实际工程中的难点,因此本文采用数值模拟的方法对其设计参数的选取进行了优化研究。首先,对门架式抗滑桩的加固机理进行了阐述,详细分析了桩土的耦合作用。然后,基于加固后边坡稳定性的变化以及潜在滑移面的形态演变,对桩的设计参数进行了优化分析。在此基础上考虑到门架式抗滑桩的显著特点是在联系梁作用下桩体结构的受力协调,本文重点量化分析了分级堆载情况下门架式抗滑桩体结构的受力协调性,特别是利用荷载分担比来量化分析前后排桩的受力协调性,根据其在不同设计参数下的变化规律,得出桩体最佳桩间距和桩排距范围分别是3D~5D和3D~4D（D为桩径）;最后,建立了最佳桩体设计参数条件下桩顶位移与堆载之间关系的指数函数方程。这一研究将为门式抗滑桩的设计与变形控制提供理论依据。     

Limit equilibrium analysis of seismic stability of slopes reinforced with a row of piles

An approach based on the category of limiting equilibrium analysis is proposed to consider the reinforcing effect of one row of vertical piles on slope under seismic conditions. The approach is based on an uncoupled formulation in which the pile response and slope stability are considered separately. Closed‐form equations are derived, allowing the yield acceleration coefficient to be determined for giving pile characteristics. Results were compared with those obtained using another limit equilibrium method. The effects of pile location on the effectiveness of increasing seismic stability of the slope–pile system were elucidated. It was found out that the piles should be installed in the middle–upper part of the slope to achieve greatest safety, but the pile length and other possible failure modes should be checked carefully in design. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three-dimensional finite element analysis for soil slopes stabilisation using piles

This paper presents the analytical methods of slope-stabilising piles using the three-dimensional (3-D) finite element (FE) analysis with the strength reduction method (SRM). This 3-D FE model is employed to overcome the limitations observed in two-dimensional (2-D) FE analysis. The solutions obtained from 3-D FE analyses are verified to be less conservative in this paper. The 3-D analysis is considered to be of particular importance to pile-slope problems. The soil that flows between piles cannot be taken account properly in the 2-D FE analysis. The method adopted in this paper can avoid the assumption of soil movement and the pressure distribution along the piles subjected to soil movement. The numerical analysis employs the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion with the strength reduction technique for soil and an elastic member for piles. The spacing effect of the pile is considered in the 3-D model, the S/D (S: centre to centre, D: diameter of pile) ratio, equal to 4.0, is found to be equivalent to the single pile stabilisation. The middle portion of the slope is identified as the optimal location to place the piles. The proper length of the pile, which can be used to stabilise the slope, is also examined using 3-D FE analyses. It is concluded that L/H greater or equal 0.70 is recommended (L: pile length, H: slope height). The numerical analyses are conducted based on a coupled analysis, which simultaneously considers both the slope stability and the pile response. The failure mechanisms of the pile-slope system subjected to the pile locations, pile head conditions and pile length are each discussed. The contact pressure, shear force and moment along the piles are presented to illustrate the pile stabilising mechanism herein.     

路基填土对桥台桩基影响的试验与数值仿真分析

台后路基荷载会使地基软弱下卧层发生压缩和水平移动,致使桥台桩基的受力性状非常复杂。在现场测试结果的基础上,建立了三维有限元模型,模拟了台后路基荷载作用下桥台桩基的受力性状,并与实测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,有限元计算结果与实测结果较为一致。中间桩排和后排桩桩身最大弯矩与台后路基荷载的关系呈双折线型,与Stewart等提出的一致,但双折线转折点所对应的路基填土荷载并不一致。中间桩排的填土荷载为软土层固结不排水黏聚力强度ccu与土层厚度的加权平均值的3.34倍,后排桩约为2.22倍;前排桩的最大弯矩与路基填土荷载呈线性变化。桩顶变形与台后路基荷载呈非线性关系,可以分为两部分。前排桩桩身最大弯矩位置一直在软土层中,不随台后路基荷载变化;而后排桩桩身最大弯矩位置在台后路基荷载较小时位于软土层中,随着台后路基荷载的增大,最终出现在桩顶。     

基于桩体抗剪强度的复合地基路堤稳定性分析方法

根据瑞典条分法和简化毕肖普法分析边坡稳定性原理,通过对抗滑桩及桩间土的稳定力矩与滑动力距进行单独分析及计算,提出基于桩体强度的路堤边坡稳定性分析桩-土分算法。采用桩-土分算法和规范法对具有不同加固桩桩径、桩间距和路堤高度的边坡稳定性及滑坡破坏特点进行分析。结果表明,桩-土分算瑞典条分法计算所得稳定系数最大,桩-土分算毕肖普法次之,规范法所得稳定系数最小。基于3种方法的路堤边坡稳定系数均随坡高增大而降低,规范法与桩-土分算法计算所得稳定系数差值,随边坡高度增大呈先增大后减小的抛物线形变化。此外,桩-土分算法分析所得边坡最不利滑面位置出现了“下移”现象,根据规范法边坡最不利圆弧滑面穿过地基加固区中部,但当路堤边坡高度为9~15 m时,桩-土分算法分析所得最不利圆弧滑面绕开了柔性桩加固区域,位于柔性桩加固区底部以下区域,且此时边坡仍然存在不稳定性。     

Uncoupled analysis of stabilizing piles in weathered slopes

This paper describes a simplified numerical approach for analyzing the slope/pile system subjected to lateral soil movements. The lateral one-row pile response above and below the critical surface is computed by using load transfer approach. The response of groups was analyzed by developing interaction factors obtained from a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element study. An uncoupled analysis was performed for stabilizing piles in slope in which the pile response and slope stability are considered separately. The non-linear characteristics of the soil–pile interaction in the stabilizing piles are modeled by hyperbolic load transfer curves. The Bishop's simplified method of slope stability analysis is extended to incorporate the soil-pile interaction and evaluate the safety factor of the reinforced slope. Numerical study is performed to illustrate the major influencing parameters on the pile-slope stability problem. Through comparative studies, it has been found that the factor of safety in slope is much more conservative for an uncoupled analysis than for a coupled analysis based on three-dimensional finite element analysis.     

适用倾斜滑面的刚性抗滑桩最小嵌固深度计算方法

为计算确定桩前滑面倾斜情况下加固边坡的抗滑桩最小嵌固深度,基于倾斜地面条件的抗滑桩计算地基系数法,确定嵌固段桩侧土层压力,同时采用塑性极限分析方法,推导与滑面倾角密切相关的嵌固段土层极限抗力,并根据桩侧地层最大压力不超过其极限抗力的条件,建立了抗滑桩最小嵌固深度计算方法,并确定了其与滑面倾角的关系。实例分析表明,抗滑桩最小嵌固深度随滑面倾角呈非线性增大,在倾角为10°～30°范围内变化显著;嵌固段地层黏聚力、内摩擦角和重度对抗滑桩最小嵌固深度均有明显影响,且呈负相关关系;本文方法所得桩体最小嵌固深度比传统考虑桩前滑面倾斜影响的方法约小18%。